DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY DIAMOND DRAKE DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY EDITED BY LESLIE STEPHEN VOL. XV. DIAMOND DRAKE MACMILLAN AND CO. LONDON : SMITH, ELDER, & CO. 1888 ag v.lS' LIST OF WRITERS IN THE FIFTEENTH VOLUME. J. G. A. . . J. G. ALGER. T. A. A. . . T. A. ARCHER. G. F. R, B. G. F. KUSSBLL BARKER. R. B THE REV. RONALD BATNE. T. B THOMAS BAYNE. G. T. B. . . G. T. BETTANT. A. C. B. . . A. C. BICKLEY. B. H. B. . . THE REV. B. H. BLACKER. W. G. B. . . THE REV. PROFESSOR BLAIKIE,D.D. G. C. B. . . G. C. BOASE. G. S. B. . . G. S. BOULGER. A. H. B. . . A. H. BULLEN. G. W. B. . . G. W. BURNETT. H. M. C. . . H. MANNERS CHICHESTER. M. C-Y. . . . MILLER CHRISTY. J. W. C-K.. J. W. CLARK. A. M. C. . . Miss A. M. CLERKE. T. C THOMPSON COOPER, F.S.A. W. P. C. . . W. P. COURTNEY. C. C CHARLES CREIGHTON, M.D. L. C LIONEL GUST. J. D JAMES DIXON, M.D. R. W. D. . . THE REV. CANON DIXON. A. D AUSTIN DOBSON. J. W. E. . . THE REV. J. W. EBSWORTH, F.S.A. F. E FRANCIS ESPINASSE. L. F Louis FAGAN. C. H. F. . . C. H. FIRTH. J. G JAMES GAIRDNER. S. R. G. . . S. R. GARDINER, LL.D. R. Gr RICHARD GARNETT, LL.D. J. W.-G. . . J. WESTBY-GIBSON, LL.D. J. T. G. . . J. T. GILBEBT, F.S.A. G. G GORDON GOODWIN. A. G THE REV. ALEXANDER GORDON. R. E. G. . . . R. E. GRAVES. G. J. G. . . G. J. GRAY. W. A. G. . . W. A, GREENHILL, M.D. J. A. H. . . J. A. HAMILTON. R. H ROBERT HARRISON. W. J. H. . . PROFESSOR W. JEROME HARRISON. T. F. H. . . T. F. HENDERSON. G. J. H. . . . G. J. HOLYOAKE. J- H Miss JENNETT HUMPHREYS. R. H-T. . . . THE LATE ROBERT HUNT, F.R.S. W. H. ... THE REV. WILLIAM HUNT. B. D. J. . . B. D. JACKSON. A. J THE REV. AUGUSTUS JESSOPP, D.D. T. E. K. . . T. E. KEBBEL. C. K CHARLES KENT. J- K JOSEPH KNIGHT. J. K. L. . . PROFESSOR J. K. LAUGHTON. S. L. L. . . S. L. LEE. H. R. L. . . THE REV. H. R. LUARD, D.D. VI List of Writers. N. McC. . . NORMAN MACCOLL. M. M. . . . JENEAS MACKAY, LL.D. N. M NORMAN MOORE, M.D. J. N PROFESSOR NICHOL. T. THE REV. THOMAS OLDEN. J. O JOHN ORMSBY. J. H. 0. . . THE REV. CANON OVERTON. H. P HENRY PATON. G. GK P. . . . THE KEV. CANON PERRY. N. P THE REV. NICHOLAS POCOCK. R. L. P. . . R. L. POOLE. S. L.-P. . . . STANLEY LANE-POOLE. A. W. R. . . A. WOOD RENTON. J. M. R. . . J. M. RIGG. C. J. R.. . . THE REV. C. J. ROBINSON. J. M. S. . E. S. S. . . W. B. S. . L. S. . . . H. M. S. . C. W. S. . H. R. T. . T. F. T. . E. V. . . . A. V. ... J. R. W. . M. G. W.. F. W-T. . W. W. . . J. M. SCOTT. . E. S. SHUCKBURGH. . W. BARCLAY SQUIRE. . LESLIE STEPHEN. . H. MORSE STEPHENS. . C. W. SUTTON. . H. R. TEDDER. . PROFESSOR T. F. TOUT. . THE REV. CANON VENABLES. . ALSAGER VIAN. . THE REV. J. R. WASHBOURN. . THE REV. M. G. WATKINS. . FRANCIS WATT. . WARWICK WROTH. DICTIONARY OF NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY Diamond Dibben DIAMOND, HUGH WELCH (1809- 1886), photographer, eldest son of William Batchelor Diamond, a surgeon in the East India Company's service, was educated at Norwich grammar school under Dr. Valpy. His family claimed descent from a French refugee named Dimont or Demonte, who settled in Kent early in the seventeenth cen- tury. Diamond became a pupil at the Royal College of Surgeons in London 5 Nov. 1828, a student at St. Bartholomew's Hospital in 1828, and a member of the College of Sur- geons in 1834. While a student he assisted Dr. Abernethy in preparing dissections for his lectures, and subsequently practised in Soho, where he distinguished himself in the cholera outbreak in 1832. He soon made mental diseases his speciality, and studied at Beth- lehem Hospital. From 1848 to 1858 he was resident superintendent of female patients at the Surrey County Asylum, and in 1858 he established a private asylum for female pa- tients at Twickenham, where he lived till his death on 21 June 1886. Diamond interested himself largely in the early success of photography. While im- proving many of the processes, he is said to have invented the paper or cardboard photo- graphic portrait ; earlier photographers pro- duced portraits only on glass. In 1853 he became secretary of the London Photographic Society, and edited its journal for many years. In 1853 and following years he contributed a series of papers to the first series of ' Notes and Queries ' on photography applied to ar- chaeology and practised in the open air, and on various photographic processes. He read a paper before the Royal Society t On the Appli- cation of Photography to the Physiognomic and Mental Phenomena of Insanity.' A com- mittee was subsequently formed among scien- tific men to testify their gratitude to Diamond VOL. xv. | for his photographic labours, and he was pre- sented, through Professor Faraday, with a 1 purse of 3001. Collections made by Diamond | for a work on medical biography were incorpo- ! rated by Mr. J. C. Jeaffreson in his ' Book about j Doctors.' Diamond was a genial companion I and an enthusiastic collector of works of art j and antiquities. Several valuable archseo- I logical memoirs by him appeared in the comic difficulties suitable for Seymour's illustra- tions. Dickens, wishing for a freer hand, and having no special knowledge of sport, substituted the -less restricted scheme of the Pickwick Club, and wrote the first number, :br which Seymour drew the illustrations. The first two or three numbers excited less attention than the collected ' Sketches/ which aad just appeared. Seymour killed himself Before the appearance of the second number. Robert William Buss [q. v.] illustrated the third number. Thackeray, then an unknow of Sco' Dickens 1 22 Dickens orip \, applied to Dickens for the post of ilius- i < "?'. - : but Dickens finally chose Hablot Browne [q. v.], who illustrated the * < urth and all the subsequent numbers, as well as many of the later novels. The success of ' Pickwick ' soon became ex- traordinary. The binder prepared four hun- dred copies of the first number, and forty thousand of the fifteenth. The marked suc- cess began with the appearance of Sam Wel- ler in the fifth number. Sam Weller is in fact the incarnation of the qualities to which the success was due. Educated like his creator in the streets of London, he is the - ideal cockney. His exuberant animal spirits, humorous shrewdness, and kindliness under a mask of broad farce, made him the fa- vourite of all cockneys in and out of Lon- don, and took the grayest readers by storm. All that Dickens had learnt in his rough initiation into life, with a power of observa- tion unequalled in its way, was poured out witlt boundless vivacity and prodigality of invention. The book, beginning as farce, became admirable comedy, and has caused more hearty and harmless laughter than any book in the language. If Dickens's later works surpassed ' Pickwick ' in some ways, l Pick- wick ' shows, in their highest development, the qualities in which he most surpassed other writers. Sam Weller's peculiar trick of speech - has been traced with probability to Samuel Vale, a popular comic actor, who in 1822 performed Simon Spatterdash in a farce called ' The Boarding House/ and gave currency to a similar phraseology {Notes and Queries, 6th ser. v. 388 ; and Origin of Sam Weller, with a facsimile of a contemporary piratical imita- tion of 'Pickwick/ 1883). Dickens was now a prize for which pub- lishers might contend. In the next few years he undertook a great deal of work, with con- fidence natural to a buoyant temperament, 'encouraged by unprecedented success, and achieved new triumphs without permitting himself to fall into slovenly composition. Each new book was at least as carefully written as its predecessor. ' Pickwick ' ap- peared from April 1836 to November 1837. 4 Oliver Twist ' began, while ' Pickwick ' was still proceeding, in January 1837, and ran till March 1839. ' Nicholas Nickleby ' overlapped ' Oliver Twist/ beginning in April 1838 and ending in October 1839. In February 1838 Dickens went to Yorkshire to look at the schools caricatured in Dotheboys Hall (for the original of Dotheboys Hall see Notes and Queries, 4th ser. vi. 245, and 5th ser. iii. 325). A short pause followed. Dickens had thought of a series of papers, more or less on the model of the old f Spectator/ in which there this time was to be a club, including the varied essays satirical and descriptive, occasional stories. The essays were to appear weekly, and for the whole he finally selected the title ' Master Humphrey's Clock.' The plan was carried out with modifications. It appeared at once that the stories were the popular part of the series ; the club and the intercalated essay disappeared, and ' Master Humphrey's Clock' resolved itself into the two stories, ' The Old Curiosity Shop ' and < Barnaby Rudge.' During 1840 and 1841 ' Oliver Twist ' seems to have been at first less popular than its fellow-stories ; but ' Ni- cholas Nickleby ' surpassed even ' Pickwick/ Sydney Smith on reading it confessed that Dickens had ' conquered him/ though he had - 1 stood out as long as he could.' * Master Humphrey's Clock' began with a sale of seventy thousand copies, which declined when there was no indication of a continuous story, but afterwards revived. The * Old Curiosity Shop/ as republished, made an extraordinary success. ' Barnaby Rudge ' has apparently never been equally popular. The exuberant animal spirits, and the amaz- ing fertility in creating comic types, which made the fortune of ' Pickwick/ were now combined with a more continuous story. The ridicule of ' Bumbledom ' in < Oliver Twist/ and of Yorkshire schools in i Nicholas Nick- leby/ showed the power of satirical portrai- ture already displayed in the prison scenes of 'Pickwick.' The humorist is not yet lost in the satirist, and the extravagance of- the caricature is justified by its irresistible fun. Dickens was also showing the command of the pathetic which fascinated the ordinary - reader. The critic is apt to complain that Dickens kills his children as if he liked it, and makes his victims attitudinise before the footlights. Yet Landor, a severe critic, thought 1 Little Nell ' equal to any character in fiction, and Jeffrey, the despiser of sentimentalism, declared that there had been nothing so good since Cordelia (FORSTER, i. 177, 226). Dickens had written with sincere feeling, and with thoughts of Mary Hogarth, his wife's sister, whose death in 1837 had profoundly affected him, and forced him to suspend the publica- tion of ' Pickwick ' (no number was published in June 1837). When we take into account the command of the horrible shown by the murder in ' Oliver Twist/ and the unvary- ing vivacity and brilliance of style, the se- cret of Dickens's hold upon his readers is tolerably clear. l Barnaby Rudge ' is remark- able as an attempt at the historical novel, repeated only in his ' Tale of Two Cities ; ' but Dickens takes little pains to give genuine local colour, and appears to have regarded the Dickens Dickens eighteenth century chiefly as the reign of Jack Ketch. Dickens's fame had attracted acquaintances, many of whom were converted by his ge- nial qualities into fast friends. In March 1837 he moved from the chambers in Furni- val's Inn, which he had occupied for some time previous to his marriage, to 48 Doughty Street, and towards the end of 1839 he moved to a * handsome house with a considerable garden ' in Devonshire Terrace, facing York Gate, Regent's Park. He spent summer holi- days at Broadstairs, always a favourite water- ing-place, Twickenham, and Petersham, and in the summer of 1841 made an excursion in Scotland, received the freedom of Edin- burgh, and was welcomed at a public dinner where Jeffrey took the chair and his health was proposed by Christopher North. He was at this time fond of long rides, and delighted in boyish games. His buoyant spirit and hearty good-nature made himacharminghost and guest at social gatherings of all kinds except the formal. He speedily became known to most of his literary contemporaries, such as Landor (whom he visited at Bath in 1841), Talfourd, Procter, Douglas Jerrold, Harrison Ainsworth, Wilkie, and Edwin Landseer. His closest intimates were Mac- ready, Maclise, Stanfield, and John Forster. Forster had seen him at the office of the I * True Sun,' and had afterwards met him at the house of Harrison Ainsworth. They had j become intimate at the time of Mary Ho- | garth's death, when Forster visited him, on ' his temporary retirement, at Hampstead. Forster, whom he afterwards chose as his biographer, was serviceable both by reading his works before publication and by helping his business arrangements. Dickens made at starting some rash agree- ments. Chapman & Hall had given him 151. 15s. a number for ' Pickwick/ with ad- ditional payments dependent upon the sale. He received, Forster thinks, 2,500/. on the whole. He had also, with Chapman & Hall, rebought for 2,000/. in 1837 the copyright of the ' Sketches ' sold to Macrone in 1831 for 150/. The success of ' Pickwick ' had raised the value of the book, and Macrone proposed to reissue it simultaneously with ' Pickwick ' and ' Oliver Twist.' Dickens thought that this superabundance would be injurious to his reputation, and naturally considered Macrone to be extortionate. When, however, Macrone died, two years later, Dickens edited the 1 Pic-Nic Papers ' (1841) for the benefit of the widow, contributing the preface and a story, which was made out of his farce l The Lamplighter.' In November 1837 Chapman & Hall agreed that he should have a share after five years in the copyright of ' Pick- wick,' on condition that he should write a similar book, for which he was to receive 3,000/., besides having the whole copyright after five years. Upon the success of ' Ni- cholas Nickleby,' written in fulfilment of this agreement, the publishers paid him an addi- tional 1,5001. in consideration of a further agreement, carried out by * Master Hum- phrey's Clock.' Dickens was to receive 50/. for each weekly number, and to have half the profits ; the copyright to be equally shared after five years. He had meanwhile agreed with Richard Bentley (1794-1871) [q. v.] (22 Aug. 1836) to edit a new magazine from January 1837, to which he was to supply a story ; and had further agreed to write two other stories for the same publisher. * Oliver Twist' appeared in ' Bentley's Miscellany' in accordance with the first agreement, and, on the conclusion of the story, he handed over the editorship to Harrison Ainsworth. In September 1837, after >some misunderstand- ings, it was agreed to abandon one of the novels promised to Bentley, Dickens under- taking to finish the other, ' Barnaby Rudge/ by November 1838. In June 1840 Dickens bought the copyright of ' Oliver Twist ' from Bentley for 2,250/., and the agreement for 'Barnaby Rudge' was cancelled. Dickens then sold ' Barnaby Rudge ' to Chapman & Hall, receiving 3,000/. for the use of the copy- right until six months after the publication of the last number. The close of this series of agreements freed him from conflicting and harassing responsibilities. The weekly appearance of ' Master Hum- phrey's Clock 7 had imposed a severe strain. He agreed in August 1841 to write a new novel in the ' Pickwick ' form, for which he was to receive 200/. a month for twenty numbers, besides three-fourths of the profits. He stipu- lated, however, in order to secure the much- needed rest, that it should not begin until November 1842. During the previous twelve months he was to receive 150/. a month, to be deducted from his share of the profits. When first planning 'Master Humphrey's Clock ' he had talked of visiting America to obtain materials for descriptive papers. The publication of the ' Old Curiosity Shop ' had brought him a letter from Washington Ir- ' ving ; his fame had spread beyond the At- lantic, and he resolved to spend part of the interval before his next book in the United States. He had a severe illness in the autumn of 1841 ; he had to undergo a surgical opera- tion, and was saddened by the sudden death of his wife's brother and mother. He sailed from Liverpool 4 Jan. 1842. He reached Boston on 21 Jan. 1842, and travelled by Dickens Dickens New York and Philadelphia to Washington and Richmond. Returning to Baltimore, he started for the west, and went by Pittsburg and Cincinnati to St. Louis. He returned to Cincinnati, and by the end of April was j at the falls of Niagara. He spent a month i in Canada, performing in some private thea- tricals at Montreal, and sailed for England about the end of May. The Americans re- j ceived him with an enthusiasm which was at times overpowering, but which was soon mixed with less agreeable feelings. Dickens i had come prepared to advocate international copyright, though he emphatically denied, in answer to an article by James Spedding in the * Edinburgh Review ' for January 1843, that he had gone as a ' missionary ' in that cause. His speeches on this subject met with little response, and the general opinion was in favour of continuing to steal. As a staunch abolitionist he was shocked by the sight of slavery, and disgusted by the general desire in the free states to suppress any discussion of the dangerous topic. To the average English- man the problem seemed a simple question of elementary morality. Dickens's judgment of America was in fact that of the average Englishman, whose radicalism increased his disappointment at the obvious weaknesses of the republic. He differed from ordinary ob- servers only in the decisiveness of his utter- ances and in the astonishing vivacity of his impressions. The Americans were still pro- vincial enough to fancy that the first impres- sions of a young novelist were really of im- portance. Their serious faults and the super- ficial roughness of the half-settled districts thoroughly disgusted him; and though he strove hard to do justice to their good quali- ties, it is clear that he returned disillusioned and heartily disliking the country. The feeling is still shown in his antipathy to the northern states during the war (Letters, ii. 203, 240). In the ' American Notes,' pub- lished in October 1842, he wrote under constraint upon some topics, but gave careful accounts of the excellent institutions, which are the terror of the ordinary tourist in Ame- rica. Four large editions were sold by the end of the year, and the book produced a good deal of resentment. When Macready visited America in the autumn of 1843, Dickens refused to accompany him to Liverpool, thinking that the actor would be injured by any indications of friendship with the author of the ' Notes ' and of ' MaVtin Chuzzlewit.' The first of the twenty monthly numbers of this novel appeared in January 1843. The book shows Dickens at his highest power. Whether it has done much to enforce its intended moral, that selfishness is a bad thing, may be doubted. But the humour and the tragic power are undeniable. Pecksniff and Mrs. Gamp at once became recognised types of character, and the American scenes, re- vealing Dickens's real impressions, are perhaps the most surprising proof of his unequalled power of seizing characteristics at a glance. Yet for some reason the sale was compara- tively small, never exceeding twenty-three thousand copies, as against the seventy thou- sand of l Master Humphrey's Clock.' After Dickens's return to England, his sister- in-law,Miss Georgina Hogarth, became, as she remained till his death, an inmate of his household. He made an excursion to Corn- wall in the autumn of 1842 with Maclise, Stanfield, and Forster, in the highest spirits, ' choking and gasping, and bursting the buckle off the back of his stock (with laughter) all the way.' He spent his summers chiefly at Broadstairs, and took a leading part in many social gatherings and dinners to his friends. He showed also a lively interest in bene- volent enterprises,especially in ragged schools. In this and similar work he was often as- sociated with Miss Coutts, afterwards Baro- ness Burdett-Coutts, and in later years he gave much time to the management of a house for fallen women established by her in Shepherd's Bush. He was always ready to throw himself heartily into any philan- thropical movement, and rather slow to see any possibility of honest objection. His im- patience of certain difficulties about the rag- ged schools raised by clergymen of the esta- blished church led him for a year or two to join the congregation of a Unitarian minister, Mr. Edward Tagart. For the rest of his life his sympathies, we are told, were chiefly with the church of England, as the least sectarian of religious bodies, and he seems to have held that every dissenting minister was a Stiggins. It is curious that the favourite author of the middle classes should have been so hostile to their favourite form of belief. The relatively small sale of ' Chuzzlewit ' led to difficulties with his publishers. The ' Christmas Carol,' which appeared at Christ- mas 1843, was the first of five similar books which have been enormously popular, as none of his books give a more explicit state- ment of what he held to be the true gospel of the century. He was, however, greatly disappointed with the commercial results. Fifteen thousand copies were sold,and brought him only 726/., a result apparently due to the too costly form in which they were pub- lished. Dickens expressed a dissatisfaction, which resulted in a breach with Messrs. Chap- man & Hall and an agreement with Messrs. Bradbury & Evans, who were to advance Dickens Dickens 2,800/. and have a fourth share of all his writings for the next eight years. Dickens's irritation under these worries stimulated his characteristic restlessness. He had many claims to satisfy. His family was rapidly increasing ; his fifth child was born at the beginning of 1844. Demands from more dis- tant relations were also frequent, and though he received what, for an author, was a very large income, he thought that he had worked chiefly for the enrichment of others. He also "felt the desire to obtain wider experience natural to one who had been drawing so freely upon his intellectual resources. He resolved, therefore, to economise and refresh his mind in Italy. Before starting he presided, in February 1844, at the meetings of the Mechanics' In- stitution in Liverpool and the Polytechnic in Birmingham. He wrote some radical articles in the ' Morning Chronicle.' After the usual farewell dinner at Greenwich, where J. M. W. Turner attended and Lord Normanby took the chair, he started for Italy, reaching Mar- seilles 14 July 1844. On 16 July he settled in a villa at Albaro, a suburb of Genoa, and set to work learning Italian. He afterwards moved to the Peschiere Palace in Genoa. There, though missing his long night walks in London streets, he wrote the ' Chimes/ and came back to London to read it to his friends. He started 6 Nov., travelled through Northern Italy, and reached London at the end of the month. He read the ' Chimes ' at Forster's house to Carlyle, Stanfield, Maclise, Laman Blanchard, Douglas Jerrold, Fox, Harness, and Dyce. He then returned to Genoa. In the middle of January he started with his wife on a journey to Rome, Naples, and Florence. He returned to Genoa for two months, and then crossed to St. Gothard, and returned to England at the end of June 1845. On coming home he took up a scheme for a private theatrical performance, which had been started on the night of reading the * Chimes.' He threw himself into this with his usual vigour. Jonson's ' Every Man in his Humour' was performed on 21 Sept. at Fanny Kelly's theatre in Dean Street. Dickens took the part of Bobadil, Forster appear- ing as Kitely, Jerrold as Master Stephen, and Leech as Master Matthew. The play succeeded to admiration, and a public per- ! formance was afterwards given for a charity. | Dickens is said by Forster to have been a very vivid and versatile rather than a finished actor, but an inimitable manager. His con- \ tributions to the ' Morning Chronicle ' seem to have suggested his next undertaking, the only one in which he can be said to have de- ! cidedly failed. He became first editor of the ! i ' Daily News,' the first number of which ap- | peared 21 Jan. 1846. He had not the neces- sary qualifications for the function of editor of a political organ. On 9 Feb. he resigned his post, to which Forster succeeded for a time. He continued to contribute for about three months longer, publishing a series of. letters descriptive of his Italian journeys. His most remarkable contribution was a series of letters on capital punishment. (For the fullest account of his editorship see WAKD, pp. 68, 74.) He then gave up the connection, resolving to pass the next twelve months in Switzerland, and there to write another book on the old model. He left England on 31 May, having previously made a rather singular overture to government for an appointment to the paid magistracy of London, and hav- ing also taken a share in starting the General Theatrical Fund. He reached Lausanne 11 June 1846, and took a house called Rose- mont. Here he enjoyed the scenery and sur- rounded himself with a circle of friends, some of whom became his intimates through life. He specially liked the Swiss people. He now began ' Dombey,' and worked at it vigorously, though feeling occasionally his oddly cha- racteristic craving for streets. The absence of streets ' worried him * in a most singular manner,' and he was harassed by having on hand both ' Dombey ' and his next Christmas book, 'The Battle of Life,' For a partial remedy of the first evil he made a short stay at Geneva at the end of September. The 'Battle of Life' was at last completed, and he was cheered by the success of the first numbers ! of 'Dombey.' In November he started for ! Paris, where he stayed for three months. He 1 made a visit to London in December, when he arranged for a cheap issue of his writings, which began in the following year. He was finally brought back to England by an illness of his eldest son, then at King's College School. His house in Devonshire Terrace was still let to a tenant, and he did not re- turn there until September 1847. ' Dombey and Son ' had a brilliant success. The first five numbers, with the death, truly or falsely pathetic, of Paul Dombey, were among his most striking pieces of work, and the book has had great popularity, though it after- wards took him into the kind of social satire in which he was always least successful. For the first half-year he received nearly 3,000/., and henceforth his pecuniary affairs were pro- sperous and savings began. Hefound time dur- ing its completion for gratifying on a large scale his passion for theatrical performances. In 1847 a scheme was started for the benefit of Leigh Hunt. Dickens became manager of a company which performed Jonson's comedy Dickens Dickens at Manchester and Liverpool in July 1847, ' and added four hundred guineas to the benefit i fund. In 1848 it was proposed to buy Shake- speare's house at Stratford-on-Avon and to , endow a curatorship to be held by Sheridan j u . Knowles. Though this part of the scheme | rich dropped, the projected performances were bout gi ven f or Knowles's benefit. The l Merry j 61 Wives of Windsor/ in which Dickens played j Shallow, Lemon Falstaff, and Forster Master 3 Ford, was performed at Manchester, Liver- pool, Edinburgh, Birmingham, and Glasgow, the gross profits from nine nights being 2,55 1/, i In November 1850 ' Every Man in his Hu- j mour ' was again performed at Knebworth, j Lord Lytton's house. The scheme for a 'Guild j of Literature and Art ' was suggested at j Knebworth. In aid of the funds, a comedy by j Lytton, * Not so bad as we seem,' and a farce j by Dickens and Lemon, ' Mr. Nightingale's j Diary,' were performed at the Duke of Devon- shire's house in London (27 May 1851), when the queen and prince consort were present. Similar performances took place during 1851 and 1852 at various towns, ending with Man- chester and Liverpool. A dinner, with Lyt- ton in the chair, at Manchester had a great success, and the guild was supposed to be effectually started. It ultimately broke down, though Dickens and Bulwer Lytton were en- thusiastic supporters. During this period Dickens had been exceedingly active. The ' Haunted Man or Ghostly Bargain,' the idea of which had occurred to him at Lau- sanne, was now written and published with great success at Christmas 1848. He then began ' David Copperfield,' in many respects the most satisfactory of his novels, and espe- cially remarkable for the autobiographical element, which is conspicuous in so many suc- ^essful fictions. It contains less of the purely farcical or of the satirical caricature than most of his novels, and shows his literary genius mellowed by age without loss of spon- taneous vigour. It appeared monthly from May 1849 to November 1850. The sale did not exceed twenty-five thousand copies ; but the book made its mark. He was now ac- _ cepted by the largest class of readers as the ~ undoubted leader among English novelists. While it was proceeding he finally gave shape to apian long contemplated for a weekly jour- nal. It was announced at the close of 1849, when Mr. W. H. Wills was selected as sub- editor, and continued to work with him until compelled to retire by ill-health in 1868. After many difficulties, the felicitous name, * Household Words/ was at last selected, and the first number appeared 30 March 1849, with the beginning of a story by Mrs. Gas- kell. During the rest of his life Dickens gave much of his energy to this journal and its successor, 'All the Year Round.' He gathered many contributors, several of whom became intimate friends. He spared no pains in his editorial duty ; he frequently amended his contributors' work and occasionally in- serted passages of his own. He was singularly quick and generous in recognising and en- couraging talent in hitherto unknown writers. Many of the best of his minor essays appeared in its pages. Dickens's new relation to his readers helped to extend the extraordinary popularity which continued to increase dur- ing his life. On the other hand, the excessive strain which it involved soon began to tell seriously upon his strength. In 1848 he had been much grieved by the loss of his elder sister Fanny. On 31 March 1851 his father, for whom in 1839 he had taken a house in Exeter, died at Malvern. Dickens, after at- tending his father's death, returned to town and took the chair at the dinner of the Gene- ral Theatrical Fund 14 April 1851. After his speech he was told of the sudden death of his infant daughter, Dora Annie (born 16 Aug. 1850). Dickens left Devonshire Ter- race soon afterwards, and moved into Tavi- stock House, Tavistock Square. Here, in November 1851, he began i Bleak House/ which was published from March 1852 to September 1853. It was followed by ' Hard Times/ which appeared in ' Household Words' between 1 April and 12 Aug. 1854 ; and by 1 Little Dorrit/ which appeared in monthly numbers from January 1856 to June 1857. Forster thinks that the first evidences of excessive strain appeared during the compo- sition of l Bleak House.' ' The spring/ says Dickens, ' does not seem to fly back again directly, as it always did when I put my own work aside and had nothing else to do.' The old buoyancy of spirit is decreasing ; the hu- mour is often forced and the mannerism more strongly marked ; the satire against the court of chancery, the utilitarians, and the * cir- cumlocution office' is not relieved by the irresistible fun of the former caricatures, nor strengthened by additional insight. It is superficial without being good-humoured. Dickens never wrote carelessly; he threw his whole energy into every task which he undertook ; and the undeniable vigour of his books, the infallible instinct with which he gauged the taste of his readers, not less than his established reputation, gave him an in- creasing popularity. The sale of l Bleak House ' exceeded thirty thousand ; * Hard Times ' doubled the circulation of ' House- hold Words ; ' and ' Little Dorrit ' ' beat even " Bleak House" out of the field; ' thirty-five thousand copies of the second number were Dickens Dickens d. * Bleak House ' contained sketches of ' Landor as Lawrence Boythorn, and of Leigh I Hunt as Harold Skimpole. Dickens defended himself for the very unpleasant caricature i of Hunt in ' All the Year Round,' after Hunt's death. While Hunt was still living, Dickens had tried to console him by explaining away the likeness as confined to the flatter- ing part ; but it is impossible to deny that he gave serious ground of offence. During this period Dickens was showing signs of increasing restlessness. He sought relief from his labours at ' Bleak House ' by spending ! three months at Dover in the autumn of 1852. In the beginning of 1853 he received a tes- timonial at Birmingham, and undertook in return to give a public reading at Christmas on behalf of the New Midland Institute. He read two of his Christmas books and made a great success. He was induced, after some hesitation, to repeat the experiment several times in the next few years. The summer of 1853 was spent at Boulogne, and in the autumn he made a two months' tour through Switzerland and Italy, with Mr. Wilkie Col- lins and Augustus Egg. In 1854 and 1856 he again spent summers at Boulogne, gaining materials for some very pleasant descriptions ; and from November 1855 to May 1856 he was ^ at Paris, working at ' Little Dorrit.' Dur- ing 1855 he found time to take part in some political agitations. In March 1856 Dickens bought Gadshill Place. When a boy at Rochester he had conceived a childish aspiration to become its owner. On hearing that it was for sale in 1855, he began negotiations for its purchase. He bought it with a view to occasional occu- pation, intending to let it in the intervals ; but he became attached to it, spent much money on improving it, and finally in 1860 sold Tavistock House and made it his per- manent abode. He continued to improve it till the end of his life. In the winter of 1856-7 Dickens amused himself with private theatricals at Tavistock House, and after the death of Douglas Jer- rold (6 June 1857) got up a series of per- formances for the benefit of his friend's family, one of which was Mr. Wilkie Collins's ' Frozen Deep,' also performed at Tavistock House. For the same purpose he read the ' Christmas Carol ' at St. Martin's Hall (30 June 1857), with a success which led him to carry out a plan, already conceived, of giving public read- ings on his own account. He afterwards made an excursion with Mr. Wilkie Collins in the north of England, partly described in 1 A Lazy Tour of Two Idle Apprentices.' A growing restlessness and a craving for any form of distraction were connected with domestic unhappiness. In the beginning of 1858 he was preparing his public readings. Some of his friends objected, but he decided to undertake them, partly, it would seem, from the desire to be fully occupied. He gave a reading, 15 April 1858, for the benefit of the Children's Hospital in Great Ormond Street, in which he was keenly interested, and on 29 April gave the first public reading for his own benefit. This was immediately followed by the separation from his wife. The eldest son lived with the mother, whil e the rest of the children remained with Dickens. Car- lyle, mentioning the newspaper reports upon this subject to Emerson, says : ' Fact of separa- tion, I believe, is true, but all the rest is mere lies and nonsense. No crime and no misde- meanor specifiable on either side ; unhappy to- gether, these two, good many years past, and they at length end it' (CARLYLE and EMER- SON, Correspondence, ii. 269). Dickens chose to publish a statement himself in l Household Words,' 12 June 1858. He entrusted another and far more indiscreet letter to Mr. Arthur Smith, who now became the agent for his public readings, which was to be shown, if ne- cessary, in his defence. It was published with- out his consent in the ' New York Tribune.' The impropriety of both proceedings needs no comment. But nothing has been made ' public which would justify any statement as to the merits of the question. Dickens'^ publication in * Household Words,' and their refusal to publish the same account in ' Punch,' led to a quarrel with his publishers, which ended in his giving up the paper. He began an exactly similar paper, called ' All the Year Round ' (first number 30 April 1859), and returned to his old publishers, Messrs. Chapman & Hall. Dickens seems to have thought that some public statement was made necessary by the quasi-public character which he now assumed. From this time his read- ings became an important part of his work. They formed four series, given in 1858-9, in 1861-3, in 1866-7, and in 1868-70. They finally killed him, and it is impossible not ta regret that he should have spent so much energy in an enterprise not worthy of his best powers. He began with sixteen nights at St. Martin's Hall, from 29 April to 22 July 1858. A provincial tour of eighty-seven read- ings followed, including Ireland and Scotland; He gave a series of readings in London in the beginning of 1859, and made a provincial tour in October following. He was everywhere received with enthusiasm ; he cleared 300/. a week before reaching Scotland, and in Scot- land made 500/. a week. The readings were from the Christmas books, ' Pickwick,' ' Dom- bey,' ' Chuzzlewit,' and the Christmas num- Dickens Dickens bers of ' Household Words.' The Christmas numbers in his periodicals, and especially in * All the Year Round,' had a larger circula- tion than any of his writings, those in All the Year Round ' reaching three hundred thou- sand copies. Some of his most charming papers appeared, as the ' Uncommercial Tra- veller,' in the last periodical. For his short story, * Hunted Down,' first printed in the * New York Ledger,' afterwards in ' All the Year Round,' he received 1,000/. This and a similar sum, paid for the ' Holiday Romance ' and 'George Silverman's Explanation' in a child's magazine published by Mr. Fields and in the ' Atlantic Monthly,' are mentioned by Forster as payments unequalled in the history of literature. In March 1861 he began a second series of readings in London, and after waiting to finish ' Great Expectations ' in ' All the Year Round,' he made another tour in the autumn and winter. He read again in St. James's Hall in the spring of 1862, and gave some readings at Paris in 'January 1863. The success was enormous, and he had an offer of 10,000/., ' afterwards raised,' for a visit to Australia. He hesitated for a time, but the plan was finally abandoned, and America, which had been suggested, was closed by the civil war. For a time he returned to writing. The 'Tale of Two Cities ' had ap- peared in ' All the Year Round ' during his first series of readings (April to Novem- ber 1859). ' Great Expectations ' appeared in the same journal from December 1860 to August 1861, during part of the second series. He now set to work upon ' Our Mu- tual Friend,' which came out in monthly numbers from May 1864 to November 1865. It succeeded with the public ; over thirty thousand copies of the first number were sold a-'. Scarting, and, though there was a drop in the sale of the second number, this circulation was much exceeded. The gloomy river scenes in this and in ' Great Expecta- tions ' show Dickens's full power, but both stories are too plainly marked by flagging invention and spirits. Forster publishes ex- tracts from a book of memoranda kept from 1855 to 1865, in which Dickens first began to preserve notes for future work. He seems to have felt that he could no longer rely upon spontaneous suggestions of the moment. His mother died in September 1863, and his son Walter, for whom Miss Coutts had obtained a cadetship in the 26th native in- fantry, died at Calcutta on 31 Dec. following. He began a third series of readings under ominous symptoms. In February 1865 he had a severe illness. He ever afterwards suffered from a lameness in his left foot, which gave him great pain and puzzled his\ physicians. On 9 June 1865 he was in a terrible railway accident at Staplehurst. The carriage in which he travelled left the line, but did not, with others, fall over the via- duct. The shock to his nerves was great and permanent, and he exerted himself excessively to help the sufferers. The accident is vividly described in his letters (ii. 229-33). In spite of these injuries he never spared himself; after sleepless nights he walked distances too great for his strength, and he now undertook a series of readings which involved greater labour than the previous series. He was anxious to make a provision for his large fa- mily,and, probably conscious that his strength would not long be equal to such performances, he resolved, as Forster says, to make the most money possible in the shortest time without regard to labour. Dickens was keenly affected by the sympathy of his audience, and the visible testimony to his extraordinary popularity and to his singular dramatic power was no doubt a powerful attraction to a man who was certainly not without vanity, and who had been a popular idol almost from boyhood. After finishing ' Our Mutual Friend,' he accepted (in February 1866) an offer, from Messrs. Chappell of Bond Street, of 507. a night for a series of thirty readings. The ar- rangements made it necessary that the hours not actually spent at the reading-desk or in bed should be chiefly passed in long railway journeys. He began in March and ended in June 1866. In August he made a new agree- ment for forty nights at 60/. a night, or 2,500/. for forty-two nights. These readings took ! place between January and May 1867. The success of the readings again surpassed all precedent, and brought many invitations from America. Objections made by W. H. Wills and Forster were overruled. Dickens said that he must go at once if he went at all, to avoid clashing with the presidential election of 1868. He thought that by going he could realise ' a sufficient fortune.' He ' did not want money,' but the ' likelihood of making a very great addition to his capital in half a year ' was an ' immense consideration.' In July Mr. Dolby sailed to America as his agent. An inflam mation of the foot, followed by erysipelas, gave a warning which was not heeded. On 1 Oct. 1867 he telegraphed his acceptance of the engagement, and after a great farewell banquet at Freemasons' Hall (2 Nov.), at which Lord Lytton presided, he sailed for Boston 9 Nov. 1867, landing on the 19th. Americans had lost some of their pro- vincial sensibility, and were only anxious to ^ckens Dickens show that old resentments were forgotten. ; (J. T. FIELDS, p. 24(5). He passed the ; Dickens first read in Boston on 2 Dec.; thence | at Gadshill, leaving it occasionally to atte! and he went to New York ; he read afterwards at Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, again at Philadelphia, Syracuse, Rochester, Buffalo, Springfield, Portland, New Bedford, and finally at Boston and New York again. He received a public dinner at New York (18 April), and reached England in the first week of May 1868. He made nearly 20,0007. in America, but at a heavy cost in health. He was constantly on the verge of a break- a few meetings, and working at his His last readings were given at St. James's Hall from January to March. On 1 March he took a final leave of his hearers in a few graceful words. In April appeared the first number of ' Edwin Drood.' In the same month he appeared for the last time in public, taking the cha lair at the newsvendors' dinner, and replying for ' literature ' at the dinner of the Royal Academy (30 April), when he down. He naturally complimented Ameri- : spoke feelingly of the death of his old friend cans, not only for their generous hospitality, | Maclise. He was at work upon his novel at but for the many social improvements since Gadshill in June, and showed unusual fatigue, his previous visits, though politically he saw On 8 June he was working in the ' chalet/ little to admire. He promised that no future j which had been presented to him in 1859 by edition of his ' Notes ' or < Chuzzlewit ' should | Fechter, and put up as a study in his garden, be issued without a mention of the improve- He came into the house about six o'clock, ments which had taken place in America, or and, after a few words to his sister-in-law, in his state of mind. As a kind of thank- I fell to the ground. There was an effusion offering, he had a copy of the l Old Curiosity j on the brain; he never spoke again, and died Shop ' printed in raised letters, and presented ; at ten minutes past six on 9 June 1870. He it to an American asylum for the blind. was buried with all possible simplicity in Unfortunately Dickens was induced upon | Westminster Abbey 14 June following, his return to give a final series of readings Dickens had ten children by his wife : in England. He was to receive 8,0007. for a Charles, born 1837 ; Mary, born 1838 ; Kate, hundred readings. They began in October born 1839, afterwards married to Charles Allston Collins [q. v.], and now Mrs. Peru- gini; Walter Landor, born 1841, died 12 Dec. 1863 (see above) ; Francis Jeffrey, born 1843; Alfred Tennyson, born 1845, settled in Aus- tralia ; Sydney Smith Haldemand, born 1847, in the navy, buried at sea 2 May 1867 ; Henry Fielding, born 1849 ; Dora Annie, born 1850, died 14 April 1851 ; and Edward Bulwer Lytton, born 1852, settled in Australia. Dickens's appearance is familiar by in- numerable photographs. Among portraits 1868. Dickens had preferred as a novelty a reading of the murder in ' Oliver Twist.' He had thought of this as early as 1863, but it was ' so horrible ' that he was then ' afraid to try it in public ' (Letters, ii. 200). The performance was regarded by Forster as in itself ' illegitimate,' and Forster's protest led to a ' painful correspondence.' In any case, it involved an excitement and a degree of physical labour which told severely upon his declining strength. He was to give weekly readings in London alternately with readings ' maybe mentioned (1) by Maclise in 1839 (en- in the country. In February 1869 he was forced to suspend his work under medical advice. After a few days' rest he began again, in spite of remonstrances from his friends and family. At last he broke down at Preston. On 23 April Sir Thomas Watson held a con- sultation with Mr. Beard, and found that he had been l on the brink of an attack of paralysis of his left side, and possibly of apoplexy,' due to overwork, worry, and ex- citement. He was ordered to give up his readings, though after some improvement Sir Thomas consented to twelve readings with- out railway travelling, which Dickens was anxious to give as some compensation to Messrs. Chappell for their disappointment. In the same autumn he began f Edwin Drood.' He was to receive 7,5007. for twenty-five thousand copies, and fifty thousand were sold during his life. It ' very, very far outstripped every one of its predecessors' graved as frontispiece to l Nicholas Nickleby '), original in possession of Sir Alfred Jodrell of Bayfield, Norfolk ; (2) pencil drawing by Maclise in 1842 (with his wife and sister) ; (3) oil-painting by E. M. Ward in 1854 (in possession of Mrs. Ward); (4) oil-painting by Ary Scheffer in 1856 (in National Portrait Gallery) ; (5) oil-painting by W. P. Frith in 1859 (in Forster collection at South Ken- sington). Dickens was frequently compared in later life to a bronzed sea captain. In early portraits he has a dandified appearance, and was always a little over-dressed. He pos- sessed a wiry frame, implying enormous ner- vous energy rather than 'muscular strength, and was most active in his habits, though not really robust. He seems to have over- taxed his strength by his passion for walk- ing. All who knew him, from Carlyle down- wards, speak of his many fine qualities : his generosity, sincerity, and kindliness. He bers of Dickens 3 fV^Sitensely fond of his children (see Mrs. ^J^kens's interesting account in Cornhill ' Magazine, January 1880) ; he loved dogs, and had a fancy for keeping large and even- tually savage mastiffs and St. Bernards ; and he was kind even to contributors. His weaknesses are sufficiently obvious, and are reflected in his writings. If literary fame could be safely measured by popularity with the half-educated, Dickens must claim the highest position among English novelists. It is said, apparently on authority (Mr. Mow- bray Morris in Fortnightly Review for De- cember 1882) that 4,239,000 volumes of his works had been sold in England in the twelve years after his death. The criticism of more severe critics chiefly consists in the assertion that his merits are such as suit the half- educated. They admit his fun to be irresis- tible ; his pathos, they say, though it shows boundless vivacity, implies little real depth or tenderness of feeling; and his amazing powers of observation were out of proportion to his powers of reflection. The social and political views, which he constantly inculcates, imply a deliberate preference of spontaneous in- stinct to genuine reasoned conviction; his style is clear, vigorous, and often felicitous, but mannered and more forcible than deli- cate ; he writes too clearly for readers who cannot take a joke till it has been well ham- mered into their heads ; his vivid perception of external oddities passes into something like hallucination ; and in his later books the constant strain to produce effects only legi- timate when spontaneous becomes painful. His books are therefore inimitable caricatures of contemporary ' humours ' rather than the masterpieces of a great observer of human nature. The decision between these and more eulogistic opinions must be left to a future edition of this dictionary. Dickens's works are : 1. ' Sketches by Boz, illustrative of Everyday Life and Everyday People,' 2 vols. 1835, 2nd series, 1 vol. De- cember 1836, illustrated by Cruikshank (from the ' Monthly Magazine,' the ' Morning ' and * Evening Chronicle,' ' Bell's Life in London,' and the ' Library of Fiction '). 2. ' Sunday under Three Heads : as it is ; as Sabbath-bills would make it ; as it might be. By Timothy Sparks,' illustrated by H. K. Browne, June 1836. 3. 'The Strange Gentleman,' a comic burletta in two parts 1837 (produced 29 Sept. 1836 at the St. James's Theatre). 4. ' The Vil- lage Coquettes,' a comic opera in two parts, December 1836 (songs separately in 1837). 5. ' Is she his Wife ? or Something Singular ; ' a comic burletta acted at St. James's Thea- tre, 6 March 1837, printed at Boston, 1877. 6. ' Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club,' i November 1837 (originally in monthly num- bers from April 1836 to November 1837), illustrated by Seymour, Bass, and H. K. Browne. 7. ' Mudfog Papers,' in ' Bentley's Miscellany ' (1837-9) ; reprinted in 1880. ' 8. ' Memoirs of Joseph Grimaldi ; edited by Boz,' 2 vols. 1838. 9. ' Oliver Twist ; or the Parish Boy's Progress,' 2 vols. October 1838 (in 'Bentley's Miscellany,' January 1837 to March 1839), illustrated by Cruikshank. 10. ' Sketches of Young Gentlemen,' illus- trated by H. K. Browne, 1838. 11. ' Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby,' Octo- ber 1839 (in monthly numbers April 1838 to October 1839). 12. -'Sketches of Young Couples, with an Urgent Remonstrance to the I Gentlemen of England (being bachelors or widowers) at the present alarming Crisis,' 1840, illustrated by H. K. Browne. 13. ' Mas- ter Humphrey's Clock,' in eighty-eight weekly numbers, from 4 April 1840 to 27 Nov. 1841, first volume published September 1840 ; se- cond volume published March 1841 ; third November 1841 ; illustrated by George Cat- termole and H. K. Browne (' Old Curiosity Shop ' from vol. i. 37 to vol. ii. 223 ; ' Barnaby Rudge' from vol. ii. 229 to vol. iii. 420). 14. ' The Pic-Nic Papers,' by various hands, edited by Charles Dickens, who wrote the pre- face and the first story, ' The Lamplighter ' (the farce on which the story was founded was printed in 1879), 3 vols. 1841 (Dickens had nothing to do with the third volume, Letters, 11. 91). 15. 'American Notes for General Cir- culation,' 2 vols. 1842. 16. 'A Christmas Carol in Prose ; being a Ghost Story of Christmas,' illustrated by Leech, 1843. 17. 'The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit,' il- lustrated by H. K. Browne, July 1844 (ori- ginally in monthly numbers from January 1843 to July 1844). 18. ' Evenings of a Working Man,' by John Overs, with a pre- face relative to the author by Charles Dickens, 1844. 19. 'The Chimes; a Goblin Story of some Bells that Rang an Old Year out and a New Year in,' Christmas, 1844 ; illustrated by Maclise, Stanfield, R. Doyle, and J. Leech. 20. 'The Cricket on the Hearth; a Fairy Tale of Home,' Christmas, 1845 ; illustrated by Maclise, Stanfield, C. Landseer, R. Doyle, and J. Leech. 21. ' Pictures from Italy,' 1846 (originally in ' Daily News ' from Janu- ary to March 1846, where it appeared as a series of ' Travelling Letters written on the Road'). 22. 'The Battle of Life; a Love Story,' Ciiristmas, 1846 ; illustrated by Mac- lise, Stanfield, R. Doyle, and J. Leech. 23. ' Dealings with the Firm of Dombey and Son, Wholesale, Retail, and for Exportation,' April 1848; illustrated by H. K. Browne (originally in monthly numbers from October Dickens Dickens 1846 to April 1848). 24. 'The Haunted Man, and the Ghost's Bargain ; a Fancy for Christ- mas Time/ Christinas, 1848 ; illustrated by Stanfield, John Tenniel, Frank Stone, and J. Leech. 25. 'The Personal History of David Copperfield/ November 1850; illus- trated by H.K. Browne (originally in monthly parts from May 1849 to November 1850). 26. 'Bleak House,' September 1853; illus- trated by H. K. Browne (originally in monthly numbers from March 1852 to Sep- tember 1853). 27. ' A Child's History of England/ 3 vols. 1854 (originally in ' House- hold Words ' from 25 Jan. 1851 to 10 Dec. i 1853). 28. ' Hard Times for these Times/ August 1854 (originally in 'Household Words' from 1 April to 12 Aug. 1854). 29. ' Little Dorrit/ June 1857 ; illustrated by H. K. Browne (originally in monthly numbers from December 1855 to June 1857). 30. 'A Tale of Two Cities/ November 1859 ; illustrated by H. K. Browne (originally in 'All the Year Round/ from 30 April to 26 Nov. 1859). I 31. ' Great Expectations/ 3 vols. August 1861 ; illustrated (when published in one volume 1862) by Marcus Stone (originally in 'All the Year Round ; from 1 Dec. I860 to 3 Aug. 1861). 32. 'Our Mutual Friend/ November 1865 ; illustrated by Marcus Stone , (originally in monthly numbers, May 1864 to November 1865). 33. 'Religious Opinions of the late Rev. Chauncy Hare Townshend/ edited by Charles Dickens, 1869. 34. ' The Mystery of Edwin Drood ' (unfinished) ; il- lustrated by S. L. Fildes (six numbers from April to September 1870). The following appeared in the Christmas numbers of ' Household Words ' and ' All the Year Round : ' ' A Christmas Tree/ in Christ- mas ' Household Words/ 1850 ; ' What Christmas is as we grow Older/ in ' What Christmas is/ ib. 1851 ; ' The Poor Rela- tion's Story' and 'The Child's Story/ in * Stories for Christmas/^. 1852 ; ' The School- boy's Story ' and ' Nobody's Story/ in ' Christ- mas Stories/ ib. 1853; 'In the Old City of Rochester/ ' The Story of Richard Double- dick/ and ' The Road/ in ' The Seven Poor Travellers/ #. 1854; 'Myself/ ' The Boots/ and ' The Till/ in ' The Holly Tree/ ib. 1855 ; 4 The Wreck/ in ' The Wreck of the Golden Mary/ ib. 1856 ;' The Island of Silver Store ' and "' The Rafts on the River/ in ' The Perils of certain English Prisoners/ ib. 1857 ; * Going into Society/ in ' A House to Let/ ib. 1 858 ; ' The Mortals in the House ' and ' The Ghost in Master B.'s Room/ in ' The Haunted House/ ' All the Year Round/ 1859 ; ' The Village' (nearly the whole), 'The Money/ and ' The Restitution/ in ' A Message from the Sea/ ib. 1860; 'Picking up Soot and Cinders/ ' Picking up Miss Kimmeens/ and ' Picking up the Tinker/ in ' Tom Tiddler's Ground/ ib. 1861 ; ' His Leaving it till called for/ ' His Boots/ ' His Brown Paper Parcel/ and ' His Wonderful End/ in ' Somebody's Luggage/ ib. 1862 ; ' How Mrs. Lirriper carried on the Business/ and ' How the Par- lour added a few Words/ in ' Mrs. Lirriper's Lodgings/ ib. 1863 : ' Mrs. Lirriper relates how she went on and went over ' and ' Mrs. Lirriper relates how Jemmy topped up/ in 'Mrs. Lirriper's Legacy/ ib. 1864; 'To be Taken Immediately/ ' To be Taken for Life/ and ' The Trial/ in ' Dr. Marigold's Prescrip- tions/ ib. 1865 ; ' Barbox Brothers/ 'Barbox Brothers & Co.' ' The Main Line/ the ' Boy at Mugby/ and ' No. 1 Branch Line : the Signalman/ in ' Mugby Junction/ ib. 1866 ; ' No Thoroughfare ' (with Mr. Wilkie Collins), ib. 1867. Besides these Dickens published the ' Lazy Tour of Two Idle Apprentices ' (with Mr. Wilkie Collins) in ' Household Words ' for October 1857 ; ' Hunted Down ' (originally in the ' New York Ledger ') in ' All the Year Round/ August 1860 ; ' The Uncommercial Traveller ' (a series of papers from 28 Jan. to 13 Oct. 1860, collected in December 1860). Eleven fresh papers from the same were added to an edition in 1868, and seven more were written to 5 June 1869. A ' Holiday Ro- mance/ originally in ' Our Young Folks/ and ' George Silverman's Explanation/ originally in the ' Atlantic Monthly/ appeared in ' All the Year Round/ from 5 Jan. to 22 Feb. 1868. His last paper in ' All the Year Round ' was ' Lander's Life/ 5 June 1869. A list of various articles in newspapers, &c., is given in R. H. Shepherd's ' Bibliography/ The first collective edition of Dickens's works was begun in April 1847. The first- series closed in September 1852 ; a second closed in 1861 ; and a third in 1874. The first library edition began in 1857. The ' Charles Dickens ' edition began in America, and was issued in England from 1868 to 1870. ' Plays and Poems/ edited by R. H. Shepherd, were published in 1882, suppressed as containing copyright matter, and reissued without this in 1885. ' Speeches ' by the same in 1884. For minuter particulars see ' Hints to Col- lectors/ by J. F. Dexter, in 'Dickens Me- mento/ 18'70; ' Hints to Collectors . . /by C. P.Johnson, 1885; 'Bibliography of Dickens/ by R. H. Shepherd, 1880 ; and ' Bibliography of the Writings of Charles Dickens/ by James Cook, 1879. [Life of Dickens, by John Forster, 3 vols. 1872, 1874 ; Letters (edited by Miss Hogarth and Miss Dickens), 2 vols. 1880, vol. iii. 1882; Charles Dickens, by G. A. Sala(1870); Charles Dickens Dickenson Dickinson as I Knew Him, by George Dolby, 1885 ; Yester- days -with Authors, by James T. Fields, 1872; Charles Kent's Charles Dickens as a Header, 1872 ; Percy Fitzgerald's Recreations of a Lite- rary Man, 1882, pp. 48-172; E. Yates's Recol- lections and Experiences, 1884, pp. 90-128 ; Kate Field's Pen Photographs of C. Dickens's Readings, 1868 ; James Payn's Literary Recol- lections, 1884; Frith's Autobiography, 1887; Cornhill Mag. for January 1880, Charles Dickens at Home (by Miss Dickens) ; Macmillan's Mag. July 1870, In Memoriam, by Sir Arthur Helps; Macmillan's Mag. January 1871, Amateur Thea- tricals ; Gent. Mag. July 1870, In Memoriam, by Blanchard Jerrold; Gent. Mag. February 1871, Guild of Literature and Art, by R. H. Home; Dickensiana, by F. G. Kitton, 1886 ; Charles Dickens, by Frank T. Marzials, Great Writers series, 1887 ; Dickens, by A. W. Ward, in Men of Letters series, 1882 ; Childhood and Youth of Dickens, by Robert Langton, 1883.] L. S. DICKENSON, JOHN (/U594), romance- writer, was the author of: 1. 'Arisbas, Eu- phues amidst his Slumbers, or Cupids Journey to Hell,' &c., 1594, 4to, dedicated ' To the right worshipfull Maister Edward Dyer, Es- quire.' 2. ' Greene in Conceipt. N v ew raised from his graue to Write the Tragique His- torie of Faire Valeria of London,' &c., 1598, 4to, with a woodcut on the title-page repre- senting Robert Greene in his shroud, writ- ing at a table. 3. ' The Shepheardes Com- plaint; a passionate Eclogue, written in English Hexameters : Wherevnto are an- nexed other Conceits,' &c., n. d. (circ. 1594), 4to, of which only one copy (preserved at Lamport Hall) is extant. Dickenson was a pupil in the school of Lyly and Greene. He had a light hand for verse (though little can be said in favour of his 'passionate Eclogue') and introduced some graceful lyrics into his romances. Three short poems from ' The Shepheardes Complaint ' are included in 1 England's Helicon,' 1600. There was also a John Dickenson who re- sided in the Low Countries and published : 1. 'Deorum Consessus, siue Apollinis ac Mineruae querela,' &c., 1591, 8vo, of which there is a unique copy in the Bodleian Li- brary. 2. 'Specvlum Tragicvm, Regvm, Prin- cipvm & Magnatvm superioris saeculi cele- briorum ruinas exitusque calamitosos bre- viter complectens,' &c., Delft, 1601, 8vo, re- printed in 1602, 1603, and 1605. 3. ' Mis- cellanea ex Historiis Anglicanis concinnata,' &c.,Leyden, 1606, 4to. It is not clear whether this writer, whose latinity (both in verse and prose) has the charm of ease and elegance, is to be identified with the author of the romances. Dr. Grosart has included the romances among his ' Occasional Issues.' [Grosart's Introduction to Dickenson's Works ; I Collier's Bibl. Cat. i. 219-20; England's Helicon, ed. Bullen, p. xviii.] A. H. B. DICKIE, GEORGE, M.D. (1812-1882), botanist, born at Aberdeen 23 Nov. 1812, was educated at Marischal College in that city, where he graduated A.M. in 1830, and pro- secuted the study of medicine in the univer- sities of Aberdeen and Edinburgh. From 1839 he lectured on botany for ten years in King's College, Aberdeen, and in that university for shorter periods on natural history and materia medica. In 1849 he was appointed professor of natural history in Belfast, where he taught botany, geology, physical geography, and zoo- logy. From this he was transferred in 1860 to the chair of botany at Aberdeen, which he held until 1877, when failing health caused his retirement. He was a fellow of the Royal and Linnean Societies, and was a constant contributor to many scientific journals, as may be seen by reference to the list given in the Royal So- ciety's * Catalogue of Scientific Papers.' His separate works are : 1. ' Flora of Aberdeen,' in 1838. 2. ' Botanist's Guide to the Counties of Aberdeen, Banff, and Kincardine,' in 1860. 3. ' Flora of Ulster,' in 1864. In conjunction with Dr. M'Cosh he wrote 'Typical Forms and Special Ends in Creation,' 1856 ; he also supplied much information to Macgillivray's ( Natural History of Deeside and Braemar, r 1855, and certain arctic narratives. His earlier articles deal with vegetable morphology and physiology, but from 1844 onwards his atten- tion was increasingly devoted to algae, and during his later years this group entirely en- grossed his attention. His knowledge of marine algae was very extensive, and collec- tions which were received at Kew were regu- larly sent to him for determination and de- scription. In 1861 a severe illness withdrew him from active fieldwork, while bronchial troubles and increasing deafness made him an invalid during his later years. He died at Aberdeen on 15 July 1882. [Proc. Linn. Soc. 1882-3, p. 40 ; Cat. Scientific Papers, H. 283, vii. 531.] B. D. J. DICKINSON, CHARLES (1792-1842), bishop of Meath, was born in Cork in August 1792, being the son (the youngest but one of sixteen children) of a respectable citizen, whose father, an English gentleman from Cumberland, had in early life settled in that city. His mother, whose maiden name was Austen, was of an old family in the same part of Ireland. He was a precocious child, and his readiness at arithmetical calculation when only five or six years old was surprising. He entered Trinity College, Dublin, in 1810, under the tutorship of the Rev. Dr. Mere- Dickinson 33 Dickinson dith. Here lie had some able competitors in his class, which was called ' All the Talents,' especially Hercules Henry Graves, son of Dr. Graves, fellow of the college, and subse- quently regius professor of divinity and dean of Ardagh, and James Thomas O'Brien, subse- quently a fellow, and bishop of Ossory, Ferns, and Leighlin. In 1813 Dickinson was elected a scholar, and about the same time he began Church Reform,' Dublin, 1833; 'An Appeal in behalf of Church Government,' London, 1840; * Correspondence with the Rev. Maurice James respecting Church Endowments/ 1833 ; * Conversation with two Disciples of Mr. Ir- ving,' 1836 ; and ' Letter to two Roman Ca- tholic Bishops [Murray and Doyle] on the subject of the Hohenlo'he Miracles,' Dublin, 1823. He was author likewise of the follow- to take a leading part in the College Histori- ' ing : l Obituary Notice of Alexander Knox cal Society. He graduated B. A. in 1815, and Esq.,' in the 'Christian Examiner' (July he stood for a fellowship unsuccessfully. A marriage engagement prevented him from again competing. In 1818 he entered into holy orders, and became curate of Castle- was awarded the gold medal for distinguished 1831), xi. 562-4 ; and ' Vindication of a Me- answering at every examination during his morial respecting Church Property in Ire- undergraduate course. He became M.A. in land,' &c., Dublin, 1836 1820, and B.D. and D.D. in 1834. In 1817 m fT > , ^ ,- .., D . [Kemains of Bishop Dickinson, with a Biogra- phical Sketch by John West, D.D., London, 1845; Dublin University Calendars; Todd's Ca- talogue of Dublin Graduates, 155 ; Cotton's Fasti , Ecclesise Hibernicse, iii. 125, v. 223; Slacker's knock, near Dublin, and in the following ; Contributions towards a proposed Bibliotheca year was appointed assistant chaplain of the ! Hibernica, No. vi.,in the Irish Ecclesiastical Ga- Magdalen Asylum, Dublin. In April 1820 I zette (April 1876), xviii. 115.] B. H. B. he married Elizabeth, daughter of Abraham Russell of Limerick, and sister of his friend and class-fellow, the late Archdeacon Rus- sell, by whom he had a numerous family. In the same year he succeeded to the chap- laincy of the Magdalen Asylum, which, how- ever, he resigned after a few months. In 1822 he accepted the offer of the chaplaincy of the Female Orphan House, Dublin. In 1832, while he held this chaplaincy, he first attracted the special notice of Archbishop Whately. The archbishop was frequently present at the lessons given by Dickinson in the asylum. Dickinson became one of the archbishop's chaplains, as assistant to Dr. Hinds ; and early in 1833, on Hinds's retire- ment, became domestic chaplain and secretary. In July 1833 the archbishop collated him to the vicarage of St. Anne's, Dublin, which he held with the chaplaincy. He was inti- mately associated with Whately till 1840. In October of that year he was promoted to the bishopric of Meath, and on 27 Dec. he was consecrated in Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin. He set about his new duties zeal- ously, but fell ill of typhus fever, and died 12 July 1842. There is a monument in Ard- braccan churchyard, co. Meath, where he is buried, andan inscription in St. Anne's Church, Dublin. A memoir by his son-in-law, John West, D.D., has been published, with a selection from his sermons and tracts. It includes : ' Ten Sermons ; ' ' Fragment of a Charge in- tended to have been delivered on 12 July DICKINSON or DICKENSON, ED- MUND, M.D. (1624-1707), physician and al- chemist, son of the Rev. William Dickinson, rector of Appleton in Berkshire, by his wife Mary, daughter of Edmund Colepepper, was born on 26 Sept. 1624. He received his pri- mary education at Eton, and in 1642 entered Merton College, Oxford, where he was ad- mitted one of the Eton postmasters. He took the degree of B.A. 22 June 1647, and was elected probationer-fellow of his college, ' in respect of his great merit and learning.' On 27 Nov. 1649 he had the degree of M.A. con- ferred upon him. Applying himself to the study of medicine, he obtained the degree of M.D. on 3 July 1656. About this time he made the acquaintance of Theodore Mundanus, a French adept in alchemy, who prompted him to devote his attention to chemistry. On leaving college he began to practise as a phy- sician in a house in High Street, Oxford, where he ' spent near twenty years practising in these parts ' (WooD, Athence, iv. 477). The wardens of the college made him superior reader of Linacre's lectures, in succession to Dr. Ly- dall, a post which he held for some years. He was elected honorary fellow of the College of Physicians in December 1664, but was not admitted a fellow till 1677. In 1684 he came up to London and settled in St. Mar- tin's Lane. Among his patients here was the Earl of Arlington, lord chamberlain, whom he was fortunate enough to cure of an ob- stinate tumour. By him the doctor was re- ' Pastoral Epistle from his Holiness commended to the king (Charles II), who 'ope to some Members of the University appointed him one of his physicians in qrdi- ford,' 4th ed. London, 1836 ; ' Obser- j nary and physician to the household. The on Ecclesiastical Legislature and monarch being a great lover of chemistry took v. D Dickinson 34 Dickinson the doctor into special favour and had a laboratory built under the royal bedchamber, with communication by means of a private staircase. Here the king was wont to retire with the Duke of Buckingham and Dickin- son, the latter exhibiting many experiments for his majesty's edification. Upon the ac- cession of James II (1685), Dickinson was confirmed in his office as king's physician, and held it until the abdication of James (1688). Being much troubled with stone, Dickin- son now retired from practice and spent the remaining nineteen years of his life in study and in the making of books. He died on 3 April 1707, aged 83, and was buried in the church of St. Martin-in-the-Fields, where a monument bearing an elaborate Latin in- scription was erected to his memory. While still a young man he published a book under the title of ' Delphi Phoanicizantes,' Oxford, 1665, in which he attempted to prove that the Greeks borrowed the story of the ' Pythian Apollo ' from the Hebrew scriptures. An- thony a Wood says that Henry Jacob, and not Dickinson, was the author of this book. This was followed by ' Diatriba de Noae in Italiam Adventu,' Oxford, 1655. In maturer age Dickinson published his notions of al- chemy, in which he seems to have believed, in * Epistola ad T. Mundanum de Quintessentia Philosophorum,' Oxford. 1686. The great work on which he spent his latest years was a system of philosophy set forth in a book entitled ' Physica vetus et vera,' Lond. 4to, 1702. In this laborious work, on which years had been spent, and part of which he had to write twice in consequence of an accident by fire to the manuscript, the author pretends to establish a philosophy founded on principles collected out of the < Pentateuch.' In a very confused manner he mixes up his notions on the atomic theory with passages from Greek and Latin writers as well as from the Bible. The book, however, attracted attention, and was published in Rotterdam, 4to, 1703, and in Leoburg, 12mo, 1.705. Besides these he left behind him in manuscript a treatise in the Latin on the ' Grecian Games,' which Blomberg published in the second edition of his life of the author. Evelyn went to see him and thus records the visit : ' I went to see Dr. Dickinson the famous chemist. We had a long conversation about the philosopher's elixir, which he believed attainable and had seen projection himself by one who went under the name of Mundanus, who sometimes came among the adepts, but was' unknown as to his country or abode ; of this the doctor has written a treatise in Latin, full of very astonishing relations. He is a very learned person, formerly a fellow of St. John's Col- lege, Oxford, in which city he practised physic, but has now altogether given it over, and lives retired, being very old and infirm, yet continuing chymistry.' [Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), i. 45, iii. 331, 477, 610, 1030; Fasti, ii. 103, 121, 193; Biog. Brit. (Kippis); Dickinson's Life and Writings by Blomberg, 1737, 2nd edit. 1739; Watt's Bibl. Brit. ; Munk's Coll. of Phys. i. 394-6 ; Evelyn's Diary, ii. 375.] E. H. DICKINSON, JAMES (1659-1741), quaker, born in 1659 at Lowmoor House, Dean, Cumberland, was the son of quaker parents of fair means and position, both of whom he lost when very young. He seems to have had more than the average education, and from his earliest years to have been very- susceptible to religious influences and some- what of a visionary. When nineteen he felt it his duty to become a quaker minister, of which body he was a birthright member. His first effort was at a presbyterian meeting at Tallentire, near Cockermouth; when being put out of the conventicle he continued his discourse through the window until thrown down and injured by the congregation. Till 1682 he chiefly laboured in the north of Eng- land, but in this year he visited Ireland and did much to strengthen the footing quakerism had already gained in Ulster. In 1669, after visiting Scotland, he went to New Jersey for a few months, and subsequently made a prolonged preaching excursion in England, frequently being ill-treated, but escaping im- prisonment. At an open-air meeting in the Isle of Portland he was seized by a constable and was dragged by the legs along the road and beaten till almost dead (see Piety Pro- moted}. On his recovery he visited Holland, being chased on the way by a Turkish ship. Dickinson claims to have had a ' sight of this strait ' and to have been assured that he should not be captured. As he could not speak Dutch, and was obliged to speak through an inter- preter, his visit was not successful. After another tour in England and Ireland he went into Scotland and laboured for some time with Robert Barclay of Ury, at whose death, which was occasioned by a disease contracted during this j ourney , he was present. Dickinson now sailed for Barbadoes in a ship which formed part of a convoy, the whole of which, with the exception of the ship he was in and two others, was captured by the French fleet, and these only escaped through a succession of fogs. After staying in Barbadoes a sufficient time to visit the different quaker meetings in the island, he went on to New York, and thence travelled through the New England states. Of this journey he gives a full and Dickinson 35 Dickinson graphic account in his ' Journal.' At Salem he was successful in partially healing the dissensions the defection of George Keith had caused among the Friends. In 1692 he left for Barbadoes in a ship so leaky that he barely escaped shipwreck. He returned to Scotland in 1693, and then visited most of the quaker meetings in the south of that country and England. He shortly after- wards married a quakeress, whose name is not positively known ; and a few weeks after his marriage he went to London, when, hearing of the death of Queen Mary, he was 'commanded' to go through the streets, crying ' Wo, wo, wo from the Lord ! ' but does not appear to have been molested. In 1696 he again visited America, returning the following year, and from that time till 1702 chiefly laboured in Ireland. In 1713 he visited America for the last time, re- turning to England at the end of the follow- ing year, and until 1726, when he lost his wife, was engaged in a series of preaching : excursions in England and Ireland. He I had for some time been in a weak state of health, and his grief at the death of his wife brought on an attack of paralysis, which closed his active ministry, although he con- tinued to attend to the affairs of the Society of Friends in the north, and on several oc- casions was present at the yearly meeting in London. Until about a year before his death an increase in his disorder totally in- capacitated him. He was buried on 6 June 1741 in the Friends' burial-ground near his | house at Eaglesfield, Cumberland, having | been a minister for sixty-five years. He ' was a powerful and successful preacher, and ! his careful avoidance of party questions, his j humility, prudence, and blameless character caused him not only to escape persecution, but to be one of the most prominent and respected members of the second generation of quaker ministers. His writings, with the exception of his ' Journal 'published in 1745, are unimportant. [Dickinson's Journal, W. & T. Evans's edition, 1848; George Fox's Journal, 1765; Besse's Sufferings; Smith's Catalogue of Friends' Books; Eutly's History of the Friends in Ireland ; Bowden's History of the Society of Friends in America.] A. C. B. DICKINSON, JOHN (1815-1876), writer on India, the son of an eminent papermaker of Nash Mills, Abbots Langley, Hertfordshire who with Henry Fourdrinier [q. v.] first patented a process for manufacturing paper of an indefinite length, and so met the increasing demands of the newspaper press was born -on 28 Dec. 1815. In due time he was sent to Eton, and afterwards invited to take part in his father's business. ' He had, however, no taste either for accounts or for mechanical processes ; and being in delicate health he was indulged in a wish to travel on the con- tinent, where, with occasional visits to nis friends at home, he spent several years, occu- pied in the study of languages, of art, and of foreign politics. His sympathies were en- tirely given to the struggling liberal party oi the continent, in whose behalf he wrote de- sultory essays in periodicals of no great note. It was not till 1850 that by an irresistible impulse he found his vocation as an inde- pendent Indian reformer. His Uncle, General Thomas Dickinson, of the Bombay engineers, and his cousin, Sebastian Stewart Dickinson, encouraged and assisted John in the prose- cution of this career. In 1850 and 1851 a series of letters appeared in the * Times ' on the best means of increasing the produce and promoting the supply to English manufac- turing towns of Indian cotton. These were from Dickinson's pen, and were afterwards published in a collected form, as * Letters on the Cotton and Roads of Western India' (1851). A public works commission was ap- pointed by Lord Dalhousie the next year to inquire into the deficiencies of administration pointed out by Dickinson and his friends. On 12 March 1853 a meeting was held in Dickinson's rooms, and a society was formed under the name of the India Reform Society. The debate in parliament that year on the renewal of the East India Company's charter gave the society and Dickinson, as its honorary secretary, constant occupation. Already in 1852 the publication of ' India, its Govern- ment under a Bureaucracy ' a small volume of 209 pages had produced a marked effect. It was reprinted in 1853 as one of a series of 1 India Reform Tracts,' and had a very large circulation. The maintenance of good faith and good will to the native states was the substance of all these writings. Public atten- tion was diverted from the subject for a time by the Crimean war, but was roused again in 1857 by the Indian mutiny. Dickinson wonked incessantly throughout the two years of mutiny and pacification and afterwards, when the transfer of the Indian government from the company to the crown was carried into effect. He spared neithertime nor money in various efforts to moderate public excite- ment, and to prevent exclusive attention to penal and repressive measures. With this view he organised a series of public meetings, which were all well attended. After 1859 the India Reform Society began to languish, and at a meeting in 1861 Mr. John Bright resigned the chairmanship, and carried by a unanimous vote a motion appointing Dickin- D2 Dickinson Dickinson son his successor. The publication in 1864-5 of two pamphlets entitled ' Dhar not re- stored ' roused in Calcutta a feeling- of great indignation against the writer, Dickinson, who was stigmatised as a 'needy adven- turer.' On the death of his father in 1869 Dickin- son, who inherited a large fortune, was much occupied in the management of his property, and being in weak health he gave a less close attention to the business of the society than he had done. Still, he kept alive to the last his interest in India, corresponding with Holkar, maharajah of Indore, with great re- gularity. He indignantly repelled the accu- sation made against Holkar in the affair of Colonel Durand [see DURAND, SIK HENRY MARION]. In 1872 Dickinson was deeply grieved by the death of his youngest son, and in 1875 felt still more deeply the loss of his wife, whom he did not long survive. On 23 Nov. 1876 he was found dead in his study, at 1 Upper Grosvenor Street, London. From the papers lying on the table it was evident that he had been engaged in writing a reply to Holkar's assailants, which was afterwards completed and published by his friend Major Evans Bell under the title of ' Last Counsels of an Unknown Counsellor.' The published works of Dickinson, chiefly in pamphlet form, are as follows : 1. 'India, its Government under Bureaucracy,' Lon- don, 1852, 8vo. 2. ' The Famine in the North- West Provinces of India,' London, 1861, 8vo. 3. * Reply to the Indigo Planters' pamphlet en- titled "Brahmins and Pariahs," published by the Indigo manufacturers of Bengal,' London, 1861, 8vo. 4. 'A Letter to Lord Stanley on the Policy of the Secretary of State for India/ London, 1863, 8vo. 5. ' Dhar not re- stored,' 1864. 6. 'Sequel to "Dhar not re- stored," and a Proposal to extend the Prin- ciple of Restoration,' London, 1865, 8vo. 7. < A Scheme for the Establishment of Effi- cient Militia Reserves,' London, 1871, 8vo. 8. ( Last Counsels of an Unknown Counsel- lor,' edited by E. Bell, London, 1877, 8vo, of which a special edition, with portrait, was published in 1883, 8vo. [Memoir by Major Evans Bell prefixed to Last Counsels of an Unknown Counsellor.] E. H. DICKINSON, JOSEPH, M.D. (d. 1865), botanist, took the degree of M.B. at Dublin 1837, and proceeded M.A. and M.D. in 1843, taking also an ad eundem degree at Cambridge. About 1839 he became physician to the Liver- pool Royal Infirmary, and subsequently also to the Fever Hospital, Workhouse, and South Dispensary. He lectured on medicine and on botany at the Liverpool School of Medi- cine, and in 1851 published a small 'Flora of Liverpool,' to which a supplement was issued in 1855. He served as president of the Liverpool Literary and Philosophical Society, and was a fellow of the Royal and Linnean Societies, and of the Royal College of Physicians. He died at Bedford Street South, Liverpool, in July 1865. [Medical Directory, 1864; local press; Flora of Liverpool.] G. S. B. DICKINSON, WILLIAM (1756-1822), topographer and legal writer, whose origi- nal name was William Dickinson Rastall, was the only son of Dr. William Rastall, vicar-general of the church of Southwell. He was born in 1756, and became a fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1777, M.A. in l780(GmduatiCanta- brigienses, ed. 1856, p. 316). On leaving the university he devoted himself to the study of the law. In 1795, at the request of Mrs. Henrietta Dickinson of Eastward Hoo, he assumed the name of Dickinson only. His residence was at Muskam Grange, near New- ark, and he was a justice of the peace for the counties of Nottingham, Lincoln, Middlesex, Surrey, and Sussex. He died in Cumberland Place, New Road, London, on 9 Oct. 1822. By his wife Harriet, daughter of John Ken- rick of Bletchingley, Surrey, he had a nume- rous family. His works are : 1. ' History of the Anti- quities of the Town and Church of South- well, in the County of Nottingham,' London, 1787, 4to ; second edition, improved, 1801-3, to which he added a supplement in 1819, and prefixed to which is his portrait, engraved by Holl, from a painting by Sherlock. 2. < The History and Antiquities of the Town of Newark, in the County of Nottingham (the Sidnaeester of the Romans), interpersed with Biographical Sketches,' two parts, Newark, 1806, 1819, 4to. These histories of South- well and Newark form four parts of a work which he entitled : ' Antiquities, Historical,. Architectural, Chorographical, and Itinerary,, in Nottinghamshire and the adjacent Coun- ties,' 2 vols. Newark, 1 801-19, '4to. 3. ' A Practical Guide to the Quarter and other Sessions of the Peace,' London, 1815, 8vo ; 6th edition, with great additions by Thomas Noon Talfourd and R. P. Tyrwhitt, London, 1845, 8vo. 4. ' The Justice Law of the last five years, from 1813 to 1817,' London, 1818, 8vo. 5. ( A Practical Exposition of the Law relative to the Office and Duties of a Justice of the Peace,' 2nd edition, 3 vols. London,. 1822, 8vo. Dickinson 37 Dickons [Gent. Mag. Ivii. 424, Ixxi. 925, Ixxiii. 1045, Ixxvi. 1025, xcii. 376; Evans's Cat. of Engraved Portraits, No. 3141 ; Biogr. Diet, of Living Au- thors (1816), p. 94; Cat. of Printed Books in Brit. Mus. ; Lowndes's Bibl. Man. (Bohn), 2051 ; Clarke's Bibl. Legum, p. 120; Marvin's Legal Bibliography, p. 266; Upcott's English Topo- graphy, ii. 1062-5.1 T. C. DICKINSON, WILLIAM (1746-1823), mezzotint engraver, was born in London in 1746. Early in life he began to engrave in mezzotint, mostly caricatures and portraits after R. E. Pine, and in 1767 he was awarded a premium by the Society of Arts. In 1773 he commenced publishing his own works, and in 1778 entered into partnership with Thomas Watson, who engraved in both stipple and mezzotint, and who died in 1781. Dickinson appears to have been still carrying on the business of a printseller in 1791, but he after- wards removed to Paris, where he continued the practice of his art, and died in the sum- mer of 1823. Some of Dickinson's plates are among the most brilliant examples of mezzotint en- graving. -They are excellent in drawing and render with much truth the characteristics of Reynolds and other painters after whose works they were engraved. Fine proofs of these have become very scarce, and fetch high prices when sold by public auction. Dickinson's most important works are por- traits, especially those after Sir Joshua Rey- nolds, which include full-length portraits of George III in his coronation robes, Charles, duke of Rutland, Elizabeth, countess of Derby, Diana, viscountess Crosbie, Mrs. Sheridan as 4 St. Cecilia,' Mrs. Pelham, Mrs. Mathew, Lord Robert Manners, and Richard Barwell and son; and three-quarter or half-length por- traits of Jane, duchess of Gordon, Emilia, duchess of Leinster, Lady Charles Spencer, Lady Taylor, Richard, earl Temple, Admiral Lord Rodney, Sir Joseph Banks, Dr. Percy, bishop of Dromore, Soame Jenyns, and the Hon. Richard Edgcumbe. He engraved also portraits of John, duke of Argyll, after Gains- borough ; Lord-chancellor Thurlow (full- length), Admiral Lord Keppel, Thomas, lord Grantham, Sir Charles Hardy, Dr. Law, bi- shop of Carlisle, Isaac Reed, and Miss Ra- mus (afterwards Lady Day), after Romney ; George II (full-length), Ferdinand, duke of Brunswick, David Garrick, Miss Nailer as 4 Hebe,' Mrs. Yates (full-length), John Wilkes {two plates), and James Worsdale, after Pine ; Richard, first earl Grosvenor (full-length), after Benjamin West ; the Duke and Duchess of York (two full-lengths), after Hoppner ; Mrs. Siddons as ' Isabella ' (full-length), after Beach ; Charles, second earl Grey, and Wil- liam, lord Auckland, after Sir Thomas Law- rence; Samuel Wesley when a boy (full- length), after Russell ; Mrs. Gwynne and Mrs. Bunbury as the ' Merry Wives of Windsor,' after D. Gardner ; Sir Robert Peel, after North- cote; Charles Bannister, after W. C. Lind- say ; Mrs. Hartley as ' Elfrida.' after Nixon ; Napoleon I, after Gerard (1815) ; Catharine, empress of Russia ; and others after Angelica Kauffmann, Dance, Wheatley, Gainsborough, Dupont, Stubbs, and Moiiand. Besides these he engraved a ' Holy Family,' after Correggio ; heads of Rubens, Helena Forman (Rubens's second wife), and Vandyck, after Rubens ; ' The Gardens of Carlton House, with Nea- politan Ballad-singers,' after Bunbury ; ' The Murder of David Rizzio ' and ' Margaret of Anjou a Prisoner before Edward IV,' after J. Graham ; ' Lydia,' after Peters ; and * Ver- tumnus and Pomona ' and ; Madness,' after Pine, some of which are in the dotted style. Mr. Chaloner Smith, in his ' British Mezzo- tinto Portraits,' describes ninety-six plates by Dickinson. [Eedgrave's Diet, of Artists of the English School, 1878; Chaloner Smith's British Mezzo- tinto Portraits, 1878-83, i. 171-203; Blanc's Manuel de 1' Amateur d'Estampes, 1854-7, ii. 125-6.] E. E. GK DICKONS, MARIA (1770 P-1833), vo- calist, whose maiden name was Poole, is said to have been born in London about 1770, though the right date is probably a few years later. She developed a talent for music at an early age : when six she played Han- del's concertos, and when thirteen she sang at Vauxhall. She was taught singing by Rauzzini at Bath, and after appearing at the Antient concerts in 1792, was engaged at Covent Garden, where she made her debut as Ophelia on 9 Oct. 1793, introducing the song of 'Mad Bess.' On the 12th of the same month she appeared as Polly in the ' Beggar's Opera,' in which part she was said to be delightful. After 1794 Miss Poole seems to have confined herself chiefly to the provinces. She was married in 1800, and for a time retired, but her husband having sus- tained losses in trade, she resumed her pro- fessional career, and reappeared at Covent Garden on 20 Oct. 1807 as Mandane in ' Ar- taxerxes.' In 1811 she joined the Drury Lane company, then performing at the Ly- ceum, where she appeared on 22 Oct. as Clara in the ' Duenna.' On 18 June 1812 she sang the Countess in Mozart's ' Nozze di Figaro ' to the Susanna of Catalan!, on the production of the work at the King's Theatre for the first time in England. She also sang at the Drury Lane oratorios in 1813 and 1815. When Catalani left England she took Mrs. Dickson Dickson Dickons to sing with her at Paris, but the English soprano had no success there, and went on to Italy, where she was more ap- preciated. At Venice she was elected an honorary member of the Institute Filarmo- nico. She was engaged to sing with Velluti, but the death of a near relation recalled her to England, where she reappeared at Co vent Garden on 13 Oct. 1818 as Rosina in Bishop's perversion of Rossini's ( Barbiere di Siviglia.' She also sang the Countess in a similar version of the ' Nozze di Figaro ' on 6 March 1819, in which her success was brilliant. About 1820 she retired from the profession. The reason of her taking this step is said by some to have been ill-health, and by others a bequest which rendered her in- dependent. She is said to have suffered from cancer, and latterly from paralysis. She died at her house in Regent Street, 4 May 1833. Not many detailed accounts of Mrs. Dickons's singing are extant, but her voice seems to have been 'powerful and mellifluous,' and she possessed ' a sensible and impressive into- nation and a highly polished taste.' Another account says that when she sang sacred music ' religion seemed to breathe from every note.' The following portraits of her were en- graved : 1. Full face, painted by Miss E. Smith, engraved by Woodman, junior, and published 1 May 1808. 2. Profile to the right, engraved by Freeman, and published 1 July 1808. 3. Full face, holding a piece of music, engraved by M. A. Bourlier, and published 1 July 1812. 4. Full face, holding up the first finger of her left hand, painted by Bradley, engraved by Penry, and published 1 May 1819. Mathews's theatrical gallery in the Garrick Club also contains a portrait. Her mother died at Newingtonin March 1807, and her father at Islington 17 Jan. 1812. [Grove's Diet, of Music, i. ; Fetis's Biographie des Musiciens, iii. 16 ; Genest's Hist, of the Stage, via. 696 ; Pohl's Mozart und Haydn in London, i. 148 ; Busby's Anecdotes, iii. 21 ; Parke's Musical Memoirs, i. 136 ; Quarterly Musical Eeview, i. 62, 403, 406; Gent. Mag. for 1807, p. 283, 1812, p. 93, 1833, p. 649; Georgian Era, iv. 302 ; playbills and prints in Brit. Mus.] W. B. S. DICKSON, ADAM (1721-1776), writer on agriculture, son of the Rev. Andrew Dick- son, minister of Aberlady, East Lothian, was born in 1721 at Aberlady, and studied at Edinburgh University, where he took the degree of M. A. From boyhood he had been destined by his father for the ministry, and was in due time appointed minister of Dunse in Berwickshire in 1750, after a long lawsuit on the subject of the presentation. He soon lived down the opposition of a party which this raised in his parish. After residing' twenty years at Dunse, he was transferred in 1769 to Whittinghame in East Lothian, and died there seven years after in conse- quence of a fall from his horse on returning from Innerwick. He married, 3 April 1742, Anne Haldane. One of his two daughters gave a short biography of her father to the editor to be prefixed to his chief work, ' The Husbandry of the Ancients.' He had also a son, William. Dickson was a man of quick apprehension and sound judgment. He died universally regretted, not merely as a clergy- man and scholar, but still more on account of his benevolence and good works, and his readiness in counsel. He passed his life be- tween his cherished country employments on a large farm of his father's, where he lost no- opportunity of gathering experience from the conversation of the neighbouring farmers,. and the duties of his holy office. Having early shown a great taste for agriculture, he watched its processes carefully, and made rapid progress in it, as he always connected practice with theory. On moving to Dunse he found more real improvements in the art r and also more difficulties to be surmounted than had been the case in East Lothian. Observing that English works on agriculture were ill adapted to the soil and climate of Scotland, and consisted of theories rather than facts supported by experience, he de- termined to compose a ' Treatise on Agricul- ture ' on a new plan. The first volume of this appeared in 1762, and was followed by a second in 1770. This treatise is practical and excellently adapted to the farming of Scotland, its first four books treating of soils, tillage, and manures in general, the other four of schemes of managing farms, usual in Scotland at that time, and suggestions for their improvement. Dickson's^next publi- cation was an * Essay on Manures ' (1772), among a collection termed ' Georgical Es- says.' His views are quite in accordance with modern practice. It was directed against a Mr. Tull, who held that careful ploughing alone provided sufficient fertilisation for the soil, and is almost a reproduction, word for word, of a section in Dickson's ' Treatise.' He also wrote ' Small Farms Destructive to the Country in its present Situation,' Edin- burgh, 1764. Twelve years after his death (1788) the work by which Dickson is best known was; printed with a dedication to the Duke of Buccleuch. 'The Husbandry of the An- cients ' was composed late in life, and cost the author much labour. He collects the agricultural processes of the ancients under their proper heads, and compares them with Dickson 39 Dickson modern practice, in which his experience ren- ders him a safe guide. The first volume con- tains accounts of the Roman villa, crops, manures, and ploughs ; the second treats of the different ancient crops and the times of sowing. He translates freely from the * Scrip- tores Rei Rusticse,' and subjoins the origi- nal passages ; but if his practical knowledge enabled him to clear up difficulties which had been passed by in former commentators, his scholarship, according to Professor Ram- say {Diet, of Greek and Roman Antiquities, 'Agricultura '), was so imperfect that in many instances he failed to interpret correctly the originals. The book was translated into French by M. Paris (Paris, 1802). [An account of the author, probably the one written by his daughter, is prefixed to the Hus- bandry of the Ancients, which forms the sub- stance of the notices of him in Didot, Nouvelle Biographie Generale, and the Biographic Uni- verselle; Dickson's own works ; Scott's Fasti Ecclesise Scoticanse; Presbytery Register and Aberlady Session Register ; Whittinghame Mi- nutes of Session.] M. G. W. DICKON, SIR ALEXANDER (1777- 1840), major-general, royal artillery, was third son of Admiral William Dickson of Sydenham House, Roxburghshire, by his first wife, the daughter of William Colling- wood of Unthank, Northumberland, and brother of Admiral Sir Collingwood Dickson, second baronet (see FOSTER, Baronetage} . He was born 3 June 1777, and entered the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, as a cadet 5 April 1793, passing out as second lieutenant royal artillery 6 Nov. 1794. His subsequent commissions in the British artillery were dated as follows : first lieutenant 6 March 1795, captain-lieutenant 14 Oct. 1801, captain 10 April 1805, major 26 June 1823, lieutenant- colonel 2 April' 1825, colonel 1 July 1836. As a subaltern he served at the capture of Minorca in 1798, and at the blockade of Malta and siege of Valetta in 1800, where he was employed as acting engineer. As captain he commanded the artillery of the reinforce- ments sent out to South America under Sir Samuel Auchmuty [q. v.],which arrived in the Rio Plate 5 April 1807, and captured Monte Video, and was afterwards present at, but not engaged in, the disastrous attempt on Buenos Ayres. For a time he commanded the artillery of the army, in which he was succeeded by Augustus Frazer (DUNCAN, Hist. Roy. Art. ii. 170, 176, 178). When Colonel Howorth arrived in Portugal to assume command of the artillery of Sir Arthur Wellesley's army in April 1809, Dickson, who was in hopes of obtaining employment in a higher grade in the Portuguese artillery under Marshal Beresford [q. v.], accompanied him, and served as his brigade-major in the operations before Oporto and the subsequent expulsion of Soult's army from Portugal. Soon after he was appointed to a company in the Portuguese artillery in the room of Captain (afterwards Sir John) May, returning home. He subsequently be- came major and lieutenant-colonel in the Portuguese service, which gave him prece- dence over brother officers who were his se- niors in the British artillery. In command of the Portuguese artillery he took part in the battle of Busaco in 1810, the affair of Campo Mayor, the siege and capture of Oli- venza, and the battle of Albuera in 1811. His abilities were recognised by Lord Wel- lington, and the artillery details at the various i sieges were chiefly entrusted to him (GuR- WOOD, Well. Desp. v. 91). He superintended the artillery operations in the first and second I sieges of Badajoz under the immediate orders I of Lord Wellington in 1811 ; also at the siege and capture of Ciudad Rodrigo, the siege and capture of Badajoz, the attack and capture of the forts of Almaraz, the siege and capture of the forts of Salamanca, and the siege of Burgos, all in 1812. He commanded the reserve artillery at the battle of Sala- manca and capture of Madrid in the same year. Dickson, a lieutenant-colonel in the Portuguese artillery, and brevet-major and first captain of a company of British artillery (No. 5 of the old 10th battalion R.A., which under its second captain, Cairns, did good service in the Peninsula, and was afterwards disbanded), became brevet lieutenant-colonel in the British service on 27 April 1812. Writing of him at the period of the advance into Spain in the spring of 1813, the historian of the royal artillery observes : * Whilst at Villa Ponte awaiting further advance his correspondence reveals more of the personal element than his letters, as a rule, allow to become visible. The alternate hoping and despairing as to orders to advance the ennui produced by forced idleness the im- petuous way in which he would fling himself into professional discussions with General Macleod (deputy adjutant-general of artil- lery), merely to occupy his leisure the spas- modic fits of zeal in improving the arrange- ments of his immense train, all unite to pre- sent to the reader a very vivid picture of him whose hand, so long still, penned these folded letters. His recurring attacks of fever, followed by apologies like the following: " The fact is when I am well I forget all, take violent exercise, and knock myself up ; but I am determined to be more careful in future," followed by the inevitable relapse proof of the failure of his good intentions combine Dickson Dickson to put before the reader a very lovable picture of a very earnest man ' (ib. ii. 311). In May 1813 the Marquis of Wellington, whose re- lations with the commanding officers of royal artillery in Spain for some time past had been very unsatisfactory, invited Dickson to take command of the allied artillery, his brevet rank giving him the requisite seniority (GuRwoor, Well. Desp. vi. 472). Dickson, still a captain of artillery, thus succeeded to what properly was a lieutenant-general's command, having eight thousand men and between three thousand and four thousand horses under him (Evidence of Sir H. Har- dinge before Select Committee on Public Ex- penditure, 1828, p. 44). He commanded the allied artillery at Vittoria, and by virtue of his brevet rank was senior to Augustus Frazer, under whom he had served in South America, at the siege of St. Sebastian. Frazer in one of his letters alludes to the ' manly simpli- city ' of character of Dickson, to whom he refers in generous and chivalrous terms. Dickson commanded the allied artillery at the passage of the Bidassoa, in the battles on the Nivelle and Nive, at the passage of the Adour, and the battle of Toulouse. After the war the officers of the field train depart- ment who had served under him presented him with a splendid piece of plate, and the officers of the royal artillery who served under him in the campaigns of 1813-14 presented him with a sword of honour. Dickson commanded the artillery in the unfortunate expedition to New Orleans and at the capture of Fort Bowyer, Mobile. He returned from America in time to take part in the Waterloo campaign. At this time he was first captain of G (afterwards F) troop of the royal horse artillery, of whose doings its second captain, afterwards the late Gene- ral Cavallier Mercer, has left so graphic an account (see CAVALLIER MERCER, Waterloo). Dickson was present at Quatre Bras and Wa- terloo, in personal attendance on Sir George Wood, commanding the artillery (DUNCAN, ii. 435). He subsequently commanded the battering-train sent in aid of the Prussian army at the sieges of Maubeuge, Landrecies, Philipville, Marienburg, and Rocroy,in July- August 1815, but which the Duke of Wel- lington, disapproving of the acts of Prince Augustus of Prussia, directed later to with- draw to Mons (see GTJRWOOD, viii. 198, 208, 227, 256). In all his campaigns Dickson was never once wounded. In 1822 Dickson was appointed inspector of artillery, and succeeded Lieutenant-general Sir John Macleod as deputy adjutant-general royal artillery on the removal of the latter to the office of director-general in 1827. On Macleod's death in 1833 Dickson succeeded him, and combined the offices of director- general of the field train department and deputy adjutant-general of royal artillery up to his death, a period during which all ar- tillery progress was stifled by parliamentary retrenchment. He became a major-general 10 Jan. 1837. In 1838 Dickson, who had re- ceived the decorations of K.C.B. and K.C.H., was made G.C.B., being the only officer of royal artillery then holding the grand cross of the military division of the order. He was also aide-de-camp to the queen, and one of the commissioners of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. He was one of the original fel- lows of the Royal Geographical Society and a fellow of other learned societies. He died at his residence, Charles Street, Berkeley Square, 22 April 1840, at the age of sixty- two, and was buried in Plumstead old church- yard. In 1847 a monument was erected to his memory by regimental subscription in the grounds of the Royal Military Repository, Woolwich. Dickson was not only a great artilleryman but also a most industrious and methodical collector and registrar of details which came under his notice. During the various sieges in the Peninsula which were conducted by him he kept diaries, mentioning even the most trifling facts, and on his return to Eng- land he procured from General Macleod the whole of the long series of letters he had written to him between 1811 and 1814. This mass of information was placed by the present possessor, General Sir Collingwood Dickson, V.C., in the hands of Colonel Duncan when that officer was preparing his ' History of the Royal Artillery,' and forms the basis of the narrative there given of the later Peninsula campaigns, the great intrinsic value of the memoranda being enhanced by the fact that many of the letter-books of the deputy ad- jutant-general's department for the period are or were missing (DUNCAN, vol. ii.) Seve- ral portraits of Dickson are extant, among which may be mentioned the figure (in spec- tacles) in Hayter's ' Waterloo Guests,' and a very spirited half-length photograph forming the frontispiece to the second volume of Colonel Duncan's ' History of the Royal Ar- tillery.' Dickson married, first, on 19 Sept. 1802, Eulalia, daughter of Don Stefano Briones of Minorca, and by her (who died 24 July 1830) had a numerous family of sons and daugh- ters; secondly, on 18 Dec. 1830, Mrs. Mea- dows, relict of Eustace Meadows of Conholt Park, Hampshire, who survived him and re- married Major-general Sir John Campbell [q. v.], Portuguese service. Dickson Dickson Dickson's third son by his first wife is the present General Sir Collingwood Dickson, V.O., K.C.B., royal artillery, late president of the ordnance select committee, an artillery officer who served with much distinction in the Crimea, and in India during the mutiny, and who, as before stated, is the holder of his father's professional memoranda, &c. [Foster's Baronetage, under 'Dickson ; ' Dun- can's Hist. Roy. Artillery ; Gurwood's Well. Desp. particiilarly vols. v. vi. and viii. ; Kane's List of Officers Roy. Artillery (revised ed. 1869) ; Gent. Mag. 1831, 1840.] H. M. C. DICKSON, ALEXANDER (1836-1887), botanist, descended from a family long the proprietors of Kilbucho, Lanarkshire, and Hartree, Peeblesshire, was born in Edinburgh on 21 Feb. 1836, and graduated in medicine at Edinburgh University in 1860. He had pre- viously written some papers for the * Trans- actions of the Edinburgh Botanical Society,' and he was selected in 1862 to lecture on botany at Aberdeen University during the illness of Professor George Dickie [q. v.] Having continued to study and write upon the development and morphology of flowers, Dickson was appointed professor of botany at Dublin University on the death of Dr. Harvey. In 1868 he became professor of botany at Glasgow, and in 1879 he suc- ceeded Dr. J. H. Balfour in the botanical chair at Edinburgh, and as regius keeper of the Royal Botanic Garden. He was a suc- cessful lecturer, having a very attractive and kind manner ; an excellent draughtsman and field botanist, and a skilled musician and col- lector of Gaelic airs. He was also a generous and improving landlord. He died suddenly, of heart disease, during an interval of a curl- ing match, in which he was a leading player, at Thriepland Pond, near Hartree, where he was spending the Christmas vacation, on | 30 Dec. 1887. Dickson's very numerous papers on botany were published in the ' Transac- \ tions of the Edinburgh Botanical Society,' j 4 Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal,' ! 4 Proceedings ' and ' Transactions of Royal ! Society, Edinburgh,' and * Journal of Botany.' , Many of them are of considerable morpho- logical value, but Dickson was essentially a j cautious botanist. He also contributed a ! paper ' On Consanguineous Marriages viewed < in the light of Comparative Physiology ' to ! the < Glasgow Medical Journal,' iv. 1872. He ' was hon. M.D. Dublin, LL.D. Glasgow, F. R.S. ! Edinb., and had been twice president of the I Botanical Society of Edinburgh. [Scotsman, 31 Dec. 1887, 5 Jan. 1888; Na- ture, 5 Jan. 1888; Athenaeum, 14 Jan. 1888.] G. T. B. DICKSON or DICK, DAVID (1583?- ! 1663), Scottish divine, was the only son of | John Dick or Dickson, a wealthy merchant I in the Trongate of Glasgow, whose father was an old feuar of some lands called the Kirk of Muir, in the parish of St. Ninians, Stirlingshire. He was born in Glasgow about 1583, and educated at the university, where he graduated M.A., and was appointed one of the regents or professors of philosophy. These regents, according to the recommenda- tions of the general assembly, only continued in office eight years, and on the conclusion of his term of office Dickson was in 1618 or- dained minister of the parish of Irvine. In 1620 he was named in a leet of seven to be a minister in Edinburgh, but being suspected of nonconformity his nomination was not pressed (CALDERWOOD, History of the Kirk of | Scotland, vii. 448). Having publicly testi- I fied against the five articles of Perth, he was ! at the instance of Law, archbishop of Glas- gow, summoned to appear before the high court of commission at Edinburgh, 9 Jan. 1622, but having declined the jurisdiction of the court, he was subsequently deprived of his ministry in Irvine, and ordained to proceed to Turriff, Aberdeenshire, within twenty days (z'^.vii. 530-42). When about to proceed on his journey northward, the Archbishop of Glas- gow, at the request of the Earl of Eglinton, permitted him to remain in Ayrshire, at Eglin- ton, where for about two months he preached in the hall and courtyard of the castle. As great crowds went from Irvine to hear him, he was then ordered to set out for Turriff, but about the end of July 1623 was permitted to return to his charge at Irvine, and remained there unmolested till 1637. Along with Alexander Henderson and Andrew Cant, he attended the private meeting convened in the latter year by Lord Lome, afterwards Marquis of Argyll, at which they began to regret their dangerous estate with the pride and avarice of the prelates (SPALDING, Me- morials of the Troubles, i. 79). The same year he prevailed on the presbytery of Irvine for the suspension of the service-book, and he formed one of the deputation of noblemen and influential ministers deputed by the co- venanters to visit Aberdeen to ' invite the ministry and gentry into the covenant ' (GoR- DON, Scots Affairs, i. 82 ; SPALDING, Memo- rials, i. 91). The doctors and professors of Aberdeen proved, however, ' not easily to be gained,' and after various encounters with the covenanters published l General Demandis concerning the lait Covenant,' &c. 1638, re- printed 1662 (the latter edition having some copies with the title-page dated 1663), to which Henderson and Dickson drew up a Dickson Dickson reply entitled ' Ansueris of sum Bretheren of the Ministrie to the Replyis of the Minis- teris and Professoris of Divinity at Abirdein/ 1638, reprinted 1663. This was answered by the Aberdeen professors in l Duplyes of the Minsteris and Professoris of Abirdein/ 1638. At the memorable assembly which met at Glasgow in 1638 Alexander Hender- son was chosen in preference to Dickson to fill the chair, but Dickson distinguished him- self greatly in the deliberations, delivering a speech of great tact when the commissioner threatened to leave the assembly, and in the eleventh session giving a learned discourse on Arminianism (printed in ' Select Biogra- phies,' Wodrow Society, i. 17-27). The assembly also named him one of the four j inspectors to be set over the university cities, the city to which he was named being Glas- j gow (GORDON, Scots Affairs, ii. 169), but in ! his case the resolution was not carried out ; till 1640, when he was appointed to the newly instituted professorship of divinity. In the army of the covenanters, under Alex- ander Leslie, which encamped at Dunse Law in June 1639, he acted as chaplain of the Ayrshire regiment, commanded by the Earl of Loudoun, and at the general assembly which, after the pacification, met at Edin- burgh in August of the same year, was chosen moderator. In 1643 he was appointed, along with Alexander Henderson and David Cal- derwood, to draw up a ' Directory for Public Worship/ and he was also joint author with James Durham [q. v.], who afterwards suc- ceeded him in the professorship in Glasgow, of the ' Sum of Saving Knowledge/ fre- quently printed along with the ' Confession of Faith ' and catechisms, although it never received the formal sanction of the church. In 1650 he was translated to the divinity chair of the university of Edinburgh, where he delivered an inaugural address in Latin, which was translated by George Sinclair into English, and, under the name of ' Truth's Victory over Error/ was published as Sin- clair's own in 1684. The piracy having been detected, it was republished with Dickson's name attached and a ' Life ' of Dickson by Wodrow in 1752. In 1650 he was appointed by the committee of the kirk one of a deputa- tion to congratulate Charles II on his arrival in Scotland. For declining to take the oath of supremacy at the Restoration he was ejected from his chair, and the hardships to which he had to submit had such injurious effects that he gradually failed in health and died in the beginning of 1663. By his wife, Margaret Roberton, daughter of Archibald Roberton of Stonehall, a younger brother of the house of Er- nock, Lanarkshire, he had three sons, of whom John, the eldest, was clerk to the exchequer in Scotland, and Alexander, the second son, was professor of Hebrew in the university of Edinburgh. Besides the works already re- ferred to, he was the author of: 1. 'A Trea- tise on the Promises/ 1630. 2. 'Explana- tion of the Epistle to the Hebrews/ 1635. 3. ' Expositio analytica omnium Apostoli- carum Epistolarum/ 1645. 4. ' A Brief Ex- position of the Gospel according to Matthew/ 1651. 5. 'Explanation of the First Fifty Psalms/ 1653. 6. 'Explication upon the Last Fifty Psalms/ 1655. 7. ' A Brief Ex- plication of the Psalms from L to C/ 1655. 8. * Therapeutica Sacra, seu de curandis Casi- bus Conscientiae circa Regenerationem per Fcederum Divinorum applicationem/ 1656,. of which an edition by his son, Alexander Dickson, entitled 'Therapeutica Sacra, or Cases of Conscience resolved/ was published in 1664; and an English translation, en- titled ' Therapeutica Sacra, or the Method of healing the Diseases of the Conscience con- cerning Regeneration/ in 1695. His various commentaries were published in conjunction with a number of other ministers, each of whom, in accordance with a project initiated by Dickson, had particular books of the ' hard parts of scripture ' assigned them. He was also the author of a number of ' short poems on pious and serious subjects/ which were ' spread among country people and servants/ to ' be sung with the common tunes of the Psalms.' Among them were ' The Christian Sacrifice/ ' Mother dear, Jerusalem/ ' True Christian Love/ and ' Honey Drops, or Crys- tal Streams.' Several of his manuscripts were printed among his ' Select Works/ pub- lished with a life in 1838. [Life by Wodrow, prefixed to Truth's Victory, and reprinted in Select Biographies published by Wodrow Society in 1847, ii. 1-14 ; additional details in i. 316-20; Robert Baillie's Letters and Journals (Bannatyne Club) ; Calderwood's History of the Kirk of Scotland, vol. vii. ; Spal- ding's Memorials of the Troubles (Spalding Club) ; Gordon's Scots Affairs (Spalding Club) ; Sir James Balfour's Annals; Wodrow's History of the Sufferings of the Church of Scotland ; Lane's Memorials ; Life of Robert Blair ; Hew Scott's Fasti Eccles. Scot. ii. 8 ; Chambers's Eminent Scotsmen, i. 446-9.] T. F. H. DICKSON, DAVID, the elder (1754- 1820), theologian, was born in 1754, at New- lands in Peeblesshire, where his father was minister. He studied at the universities of Glasgow and Edinburgh, and was ordained minister of Libberton, in his native county, in 1777. ' There/ says his biographer in Kay's ' Portraits/ ' he began that course of faithful and zealous labour among all classes of the- Dickson 43 Dickson people, not in the pulpit only, but from house to house, by which he was so peculiarly distin- guished throughout the remainder of his life.' In 1783 he was translated to Bothkennar in Stirlingshire ; in 1795 to the chapel in New Street, Edinburgh ; and thereafter to the College Church, and finally to the New North Church in the same city. After en- larging onthe qualities of his preaching, which was thoroughly in the evangelical spirit, the writer above quoted says : t Of this, the gene- ral strain of his sermons, more particularly the addresses at their conclusion, of which the volume that he published in 1817 fur- nishes a number of interesting and valuable specimens, afforded the most unequivocal proofs. But perhaps his correspondence by letter with a number of private individuals in every rank of society with youthful in- quirers and aged believers, with doubting and afflicted and sorrowful, as well as confirmed and prosperous and rejoicing believers attests the fact still more powerfully.' Dickson was a cordial supporter of the measures in the church of Scotland promoted by the evangelical party. He was one of those who voted in the general assembly against receiving the explanation of Dr. M'Gill of Ayr as a satisfactory explanation of the heresy with which he was charged. This was the case referred to in the well-known poem of Robert Burns, l The Kirk's Alarm.' ' On two several occasions also, viz. the settle- ments of Biggar and Larbert, he actually braved the highest censure of the ecclesiasti- cal courts rather than surrender the dictates of his conscience to what he had thought their time-serving policy and unconstitu- tional decisions.' Dickson, who was also pro- prietor of the estate of Kilbucho in Peebles- shire, died in 1820. [Scott's Fasti ; Kay's Por traits, ii. 310 ; Sermons preached on different occasions, by the Rev. David Dickson, Edinb. 1818.] W. GK B. DICKSON, DAVID, the younger (1780- 1842), presbyterian divine, was born in 1780 at Libberton, N.B., of which parish his father, David Dickson the elder [q. v.], was minister, and was educated at the parish school of Bothkennar and afterwards at Edinburgh University. In 1801 he was accepted as a preacher in the established church of Scot- land, and appointed early in 1802 to a chapel at Kilmarnock, which he held until in 1803 he was chosen junior minister of St. Cuth- bert's Church, Edinburgh. After the death of the Rev. Sir Henry Moncrieff in 1827 he was made senior minister, a position he held till his death. In 1808 he married Janet, daughter of James Jobson of Dundee, by whom he had a family of three sons and three daughters, and in 1824 the university of Edin- burgh conferred on him the degree of D.D. He had some reputation as a Hebrew scholar; his sermons were plain and sound ; in private life he was genial and benevolent, and he avoided mixing in the doctrinal disputes which culminated in the disruption of the Scotch church. On the occasion of Sir Wal- ter Scott's funeral he was chosen to hold the service in the house at Abbotsford. Dickson was secretary of the Scottish Missionary So- ciety for many years ; wrote several articles in the ' Edinburgh Encyclopaedia ' and in the 1 Christian Instructor' and other magazines; and published f The Influence of Learning on Religion ' in 1814, and a small volume of sermons in 1818. ' Discourses, Doctrinal and Practical,' a collection of his homilies, was published in 1857. He also published five separate sermons (1806-31), and edited l Me- moir of Miss Woodbury,' 1826 ; Rev. W. F. Ireland's sermons, 1829; and lectures and sermons by the Rev. G. B. Brand, 1841. He died 28 July 1842, and was buried in St. Cuthbert's Church, where a monument was subsequently erected to his memory, which shows an accurate likeness of him in his later years. [Old and New Edinburgh, ii. 134; Hew Scott's Fasti Eccl. Scot. sect. i. 127, iii. 177 ; Crombie's Modern Athenians, p. 6 (with portrait).] A. C. B. DICKSON, ELIZABETH (1793?-1862) r philanthropist, was a daughter of Archibald Dalzel, author of ' The History of Dahomy r (1793), governor of Cape Coast Castle, and for many years connected with the commerce of West Africa. Elizabeth was probably born at Cape Coast Castle in 1793. When quite young she was sent to visit a brother, the British vice-consul at Algiers, and there the sufferings of the British captives all over Barbary made so deep an impression on her,, that about 1809, when still only sixteen years old, she wrote to the English press to make known what she had seen, and to en- treat that immediate steps might be taken to relieve the captives. Her communications attracted the attention of the Anti-Piratical Society of Knights and Noble Ladies, from whom she received the rights of membership and a gold medal. The matter roused public feeling, was taken up by parliament, and re- sulted in the despatch of Lord Exmouth's expedition [see PELLEW, EDWAKD]. Miss Dalzel married John Dickson, a sur- geon in the royal navy. She continued to reside in Africa, chiefly at Tripoli, where she was highly esteemed; and there she died, 30 April 1862, aged about seventy. Dickson 44 Dickson [Gent. Mag. 1862, ii. 112, quoting from the Malta Times ; Dalzel's History of Dahomy.] J. H. DICKSON, JAMES (1737 P-1822), bo- tanist, was born at Kirke House, Traquair, Peeblesshire, of poor parents, in 1737 or 1738, and began life in the gardens of Earl Traquair. While still young he went to Jeffery's nur- sery-garden at Brompton,and in 1772 started in business for himself in Covent Garden. Sir Joseph Banks threw open his library to him, I and he acquired a wide knowledge of botany, and especially of cryptogamic plants. Sir J. E. Smith bears testimony in an epitaph (Memoir and Correspondence of Sir J. E. Smith, ii. 234) to his ' powerful mind, spot- less integrity, singular acuteness and ac- ! curacy/ and L'H6ritier dedicated to him ' the genus Dicksonia, among the tree-ferns. Dickson made several tours in the highlands in search of plants between 1785 and 1791, that of 1789 being in company with Mungo Park, whose sister became the second wife of the botanist. He published between 1785 and 1801 four ' Fasciculi Plantarum Crypto- gamicarum Britannia,' 4to, containing in all four hundred descriptions ; between 1789 and 1799, < A Collection of Dried Plants, named on the authority of the Linnrean Herbarium,' in seventeen folio fascicles, each containing twenty-five species ; in 1795, a ' Catalogus Plantarum Cryptogamicarum Britannia ;' and between 1793 and 1802, his ' Hortus Siccus Britannicus,' in nineteen folio fascicles, be- sides various memoirs in the ' Transactions of the Linnean Society.' Dickson in 1788 became one of the original members of this society, and in 1804 was one of the eight original members and a vice-president of the Horticultural Society. He died at Broad Green, Croydon, Surrey, 14 Aug. 1822, his wife, a son, and two daughters surviving him. His portrait by H. P. Briggs, R.A. (1820), has been lithographed. [Trans. Hort. Soc. v. Appendix, pp. 1-3 ; Biog. TJniverselle, vol. Ixii. ; Koyal Society's Catalogue, ii. 285.] G. S. K DICKSON, ROBERT, M.D. (1804-1875), physician, was born at Dumfries in 1804, and educated at the high school and university of Edinburgh, where he graduated M.D. in 1826. Having settled in London, he became a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1855, and continued to practise there till 1866, when he retired to the country. He was an accomplished botanist, and lectured on botany at the medical school in Webb Street, and afterwards at St. George's Hos- pital. All the articles on ' Materia Medica ' in the * Penny Cyclopaedia ' were by him, and he also published several articles on popular science in the ' Church of England Maga- zine.' He died on 13 Oct. 1875. In 1834 he married Mary Ann Coope, who also died in 1875. There were six surviving children. [Medical Times and Gazette, 30 Oct. 1875.] J. D. DICKSON, SAMUEL, M.D. (1802- 1869), author of the ' Chrono-thermal System of Medicine,' was born in 1802. He studied medicine at Edinburgh (where he attached himself to Liston in anatomy and surgery) and at Paris, qualifying at the Edinburgh College of Surgeons in 1825. Having obtained a commission as assistant-surgeon in the army, he went to India to join the 30th regi- ment of foot at Madras. During five years' service in India he acquired a large surgical experience (he speaks of performing forty operations for cataract in one morning), be- came distrustful of the current rules and maxims of medical treatment, and speculated on the nature of cholera. On his return home he graduated M.D. at Glasgow in 1833, and began private practice, first at Cheltenham and afterwards in Mayfair, London. His first published work was l Hints on Cholera and its Treatment/ Madras, 1829, in which he traced the phenomena of the disease to influences act- ing on the nervous centres and the pneumo- gastric nerve. An English edition, with new matter, appeared under the title ' The Epi- demic Cholera and other prevalent Diseases of India,' London, 1832. When the next epidemic came, he returned to the subject in 'Revelations on Cholera,' Lond. 1848, and ' The Cholera and how to cure it,' Lond. 1849 (?). Shortly after settling in London, where he had no connection with medical corporations, societies, hospitals, or schools of medicine, he began a series of clever polemical writings, in which he cast ridicule both on the intelligence and on the honesty of contemporary practice by way of recom- mending his original views. The following is a list of them : 1. ' The Fallacy of Physic as taught in the schools, with new and 'im- portant Principles of Practice,' 1836. 2. ' The Unity of Disease analytically and syntheti- cally proved, with facts subversive of the received practice of physic,' 1838. 3. ' Fal- lacies of the Faculty, with the principles of the Chrono-thermal System,' 1839. 4. ' What killed Mr. Drummond the lead or the lan- cet?' 1843. 5. 'The History of Chrono- thermal Medicine ' (title quoted by himself without date ; not in catalogues). 6. ' The Destructive Art of Healing, or Facts for Families ; a sequel to the " Fallacies of the Faculty," ' 1853. 7. ' London Medical Prac- Dickson 45 Dickson tice and its Shortcomings,' 1860. - 8. ' Me- morable Events in the Life of a London Physician/ 1863. 9. The Medical Commis- sion now sitting at the Admiralty/ 1865. In 1850 he started a monthly journal, l The Chrono-thermalist, or People's Medical In- quirer/ which ran for twenty-two months, being entirely from his own pen, and, like all the rest of his writings, devoted to the dual purpose of advocating Dicksonian truth and exposing other people's errors. Several of his writings went through more than one edition, at home as well as in the United States ; under their various titles they all cover much the same ground. The central idea of the chrono-thermal system is the periodicity and intermittency of all vital ac- tions, ague being regarded as the type-disease. The system is, of course, very inadequate, both as an analysis and as a synthesis ; but its author's writings are often instructive, both for theory and practice, here and there truly profound, and always lively and enter- taining in style, some parts of his later polemic being in spirited rhymed couplets modelled on Pope. He was early in the field against blood-letting, and even got credit for his originality and sagacity in that matter in an article in the ' Brit, and For. Med.-Chir. Rev.' (1860). He was ignored by most of the leaders of medicine, several of whom he cir- cumstantially accused of plagiarising the ideas that he had long advocated on vital chrono- metry and other points. His tone towards the medicine of the schools was met by in- tolerance. According to his own statement, the leading medical journal refused even to insert the advertisement of his writings on the money being tendered ; and it is certain that none of the English journals of the pro- fession referred to his death, or gave any sketch of his career. Although he was not without supporters at home, his chief follow- ing was in the United States, where the Penn Medical College of Philadelphia was founded to teach his doctrines, the entire staff of ten professors subscribing a prospectus, or confession of faith, on behalf of * the sys- tem for which we are indebted to that master mind, Samuel Dickson of London.' He died at Bolton Street, Mayfair, on 12 Oct. 1869. [Dickson's Memorable Events in the Life of a London Physician (which contains little personal history), and the Medical Directory, 1869-70.] C. C. DICKSON, WILLIAM (1745-1804), bishop of Down and Connor, son of an Eng- lish clergyman, James Dickson, who was dean of Down from 1768 till 1787, was born in 1745, and educated at Eton, where he formed a lifelong friendship with Charles James Fox and several of Fox's nearest friends, one of whom, Lord Robert Spen- cer, became his executor. He entered Hert- ford College, Oxford, graduating B.A. 1767, M.A. 1770, and D.D. by diploma 1784. He was first chaplain to Lord Northington, who became lord-lieutenant of Ireland 3 June 1783, and was promoted to the bishopric of Down and Connor by patent dated 12 Dec. following. He was indebted to Fox for this rapid promotion, and Bishop Mant says the intelligence was communicated to him in a letter to this effect : ' I have ceased to be minister, and you are bishop of Down ' (His- tory of the Church of Ireland, ii. 686). He was thus the official superior of his father, who was still dean of Down. He was too modest to push himself forward in public life ; but his manners were charming, his domestic life blameless, and he was admired by men of all parties. He married a Miss Symmes, and by her had six children, of whom one son, John, was archdeacon of Down 1796- 1814 ; another, William, prebendary of Rat h- sarkan or Rasharkin, in the diocese of Connor, 1800-50 ; and a third, Stephen, prebendary of Carncastle, in the same diocese, 1802-49. Dickson died at the house of his old friend Fox, in Arlington Street, London, 19 Sept. 1804, and was buried in the cemetery of St. James's Chapel, Hampstead Road, where a monument has been erected to his memory. [Gent, Mag. (1804), Ixxiv. 890 ; Annual Re- gister (1804), xlvi. 501 ; Cat. of Oxford Gradu- ates (1851), 186 ; Cotton's Fasti EcclesiaeHiber- nicse, iii. 212, 228 ; Bishop Mant's History of the Church of Ireland, ii. 686, 760, 762.] B. H. B. DICKSON, WILLIAM GILLESPIE (1823-1876), legal writer, bom 9 April 1823, was the second son of Henry Gordon Dickson, writer to the signet in Edinburgh. He was educated at the Edinburgh Academy and Uni- versity, and destined for the legal profession. On 9 March 1847 he was 'admitted a member of the Faculty of Advocates, and practised at the bar of the supreme court of Scotland in Edinburgh for some years. His success as an advocate was moderate, and he em- ployed the leisure of his first years of prac- tice in preparing the work upon which his fame mainly depends 'A Treatise on the Law of Evidence in Scotland/ the first edition of which was published in July 1855. The work had immediate success. A second edition was published in 1864, but by this time the sphere of the author's labours was changed. In July 1856 he accepted the office of procureur and advocate-general of the Mauritius, where he remained for the next ten years. In 1867, Dickson 4 6 Dickson on account of the failing health of his wife, he obtained leave of absence, and while in this country in 1868 he was offered by Sheriff Glassford Bell, then sheriff-principal of La- narkshire, the office of sheriff-substitute in Glasgow. This he accepted, much to the regret of his friends in the Mauritius, by whom his labours were cordially appreciated, and where he was greatly liked, and on Sheriff Bell's death in 1874, he succeeded him as sheriff-depute (or principal sheriff) of the county. He was installed on 21 Jan. 1874, and shortly afterwards (in April 1874) he received from his alma mater the honorary degree of LL.D. He died suddenly on 21 Oct. 1876. In Glasgow as in the Mauritius Dick- son made himself a general favourite. His great legal attainments and his extreme in- dustry gained him the respect of the members of his profession. As a judge he was consci- entious and painstaking in the highest degree. It is, however, by his legal writings, where his attainments as a scientific jurist had freer scope, that he will always be best known. His work on evidence is distinguished by thorough investigation, comprehensive grasp of the subject, and logical arrangement of its various branches. It rapidly became and still is the standard authority for the practising lawyer in Scotland, and a third edition, which, con- sidering the age of the work, is now much needed, is understood to be at present in course of preparation. Dickson's amiability and geniality made him popular in private life. [Journal of Jurisprudence, 1876 ; Scotsman and Glasgow Herald, 20 Oct. 1876; Dickson's Treatise on the Law of Evidence in Scotland.] Gr. W. B. DICKSON, WILLIAM STEEL, D.D. (1744-1824), United Irishman, eldest son of John Dickson, tenant farmer of Ballycraigy, parish of Carnmoney, co. Antrim, was born on 25 Dec. 1744, and baptised on 30 Dec. by the name of William. Jane Steel was his mother's maiden name, and on the death (13 May 1747) of his uncle, William Steel, family usage gave the addition to Dickson's name (improperly spelled Steele). In his boyhood Dickson went through the ' almost useless routine of Irish country schools,' but was grounded in scholarship and ' taught to think ' by Robert White, presbyterian minis- ter of Templepatrick. He entered Glasgow College in November 1761, and owns his great obligations to Moorhead, professor of Latin, Adam Smith, John Millar, professor of law, and Principal Leechman. From Leechman 'he derived his theological, and from Millar his political principles. On leav- | ing college he seems to have been employed I for a time in teaching ; his adoption of the ministry as a profession was due to the ad- I vice of White. In March 1767 he was li- ! censed, but got no call till 1771, in which | year he was ordained to the charge of Bally- | halbert (now Glastry), co. Down, by Kille- ! leagh presbytery, on 6 March. His social I qualities had ingratiated him during his pro- | bationary years with several of the leading i county families, and it was probably to the influence of Alexander Stewart, father of the first Lord Londonderry, that he owed his settlement at Ballyhalbert. Till the out- break of the American war of independence he occupied himself mainly in parochial and domestic duties, having become ' an husband and a farmer.' A sermon against cock-fight- ing (circulated in manuscript) had an appre- ciable effect in checking that pastime in his neighbourhood. His political career began in 1776, when he spoke and preached against the ' unnatural, impolitic and unprincipled ' war with the American colonies, denouncing it as a ' mad crusade.' On two government fast-days his sermons on 'the advantages of national repentance' (13 Dec. 1776), and on ' the ruinous effects of civil war ' (27 Feb. 1778) created considerable excitement when published, and Dickson was reproached as a traitor. Political differences were probably at the root of a secession from his congrega- tion in 1777. The seceders formed a new congregation at Kirkcubbin, in defiance of the authority of the general synod. Dickson entered with zest into the volun- teer movement of 1778, being warmly in favour of the admission of Roman catholics to the ranks. This was resisted ' through the greater part of Ulster, if not the whole.' In a sermon to the Echlinville volunteers (28 March 1779) Dickson advocated the en- rolment of catholics, and though induced to modify his language in printing the dis- course, he offended ' all the protestant and presbyterian bigots in the country.' He was accused of being a papist at heart, ( for the very substantial reason, among others, that the maiden name of the parish priest's mother was Dickson.' On 1 Feb. 1780 Dickson resigned the charge of Ballyhalbert, having a call to the neigh- bouring congregation of Portaferry in suc- cession to James Armstrong (1710-1779), whose funeral sermon he had preached. He was installed at Portaferry in March, on a stipend of 100/., supplemented by some 91. (afterwards increased to 301.} from the re- gium donum. He realised another 100/. a year by keeping a boarding-school, and was not without private means. On 27 June Dickson 47 Dickson 1780 he was elected moderator of the general synod of Ulster at Dungannon, co. Tyrone. Though the contrary has been stated, Dick- son was not a member of the volunteer con- ventions at Dungannon in 1782 and 1783. He threw himself heart and soul into the famous election for county Down in August 1783, when the houses of Hill and Stewart, representing the court and country parties, first came into collision. Dickson, with his forty mounted freeholders, failed to secure the re-election of Robert Stewart, who even- tually took refuge ' under the shade of a peerage/ But in 1790 he successfully exerted himself for the return of Stewart's son (also Robert), better known as Lord Castlereagh. Castlereagh proved his gratitude by referring at a later date to Dickson's popularity in 1790, as proof that he was ' a very dangerous person to leave at liberty.' In 1788 Dickson was a candidate for the agency of the regium donum, but the post was conferred on Robert Black [q. v.] As early as December 1791, Dickson, who was now a D.D. of Glasgow, took the test as a member of the first society of United Irish- men, organised in October at Belfast by Theo- bald Wolfe Tone. He labours to prove that lie attended no further meetings of this body, devoting himself to spreading its principles among the volunteer associations, in opposi- tion to the l demi-patriotic ' views of the whig clubs. At a great volunteer meeting in Belfast on 14 July 1792 he opposed a re- solution for the gradual removal of catholic disabilities, and assisted in obtaining a una- nimous pledge in favour of total and imme- diate emancipation. Parish and county meet- ings were held throughout Ulster, culminating in a provincial convention at Dungannon on 15 Feb. 1793. Dickson had been a leading spirit at many of the preliminary meetings, and, as a delegate from the barony of Ards, he had a chief hand in the preparation of the Dungannon resolutions. Their avowed ob- ject was to strengthen the throne and give vitality to the constitution by ' a complete and radical reform.' Dickson was nominated on a committee of thirty to summon a na- tional convention. Before he left Dungan- non he was called upon for a sermon to the times, and had an immense audience, the es- tablished and catholic clergy being present. The Irish parliament went no further in the direction of emancipation than the Relief Act (33 Geo. Ill, c. 21), which received the royal assent on 9 April, and remained unex- tended till 1829 ; while the passing of Lord Clare's Convention Act (33 Geo. Ill, c. 29), still in force, made illegal all future as- semblies of delegates ' purporting to repre- sent the people, or any description of the people.' The Convention Act put an end to the existence of the volunteers as a political party ; those who were disinclined to accept the situation became more and more identi- fied with the illegal operations of the United Irishmen. Dickson got up political meetings and preached political sermons, which were considered * fraught with phlogistick prin- ciples ' (MTJSGKAVE). He maintains that he exerted himself to prevent outbreak, and that ' reform alone was sought for.' In October 1796 several members of his congregation were arrested, and a reward of 1,000/. was offered to one Carr, a weaver, for evidence which would secure Dickson's conviction. The suspects were liberated without trial at the summer assize in Downpatrick, 1797 ; and Dickson, though a watch was kept on his movements, would have been safe but for his own folly. In March and April 1798 he was in Scotland arranging family affairs. During his absence the plan of the northern insurrection was digested, and Dickson soon after his return agreed to take the place of Thomas Russell as ' adjutant-general of the United Irish forces for county Down.' This appointment he does not deny, though with great ingenuity he disposes of the insufficient evidence brought forward in proof of it : ' I may have been a general for aught that ap- pears to the contrary ; and I may not have been a general, though people said I was.' A few days before the projected insurrection he was arrested at Ballynahinch. The date of the arrest has been variously stated, but his own very circumstantial narrative fixes it on Tuesday evening, 5 June. He was con- veyed to Belfast, and lodged in the ' black hole ' and other prisons, till on 12 Aug. he was removed to the prison ship, and de- tained there amid considerable discomfort till 25 March 1799. From Ireland he was transferred to Fort George, Inverness-shire, arriving there on 9 April. Here, with his fellow-prisoners, he was exceedingly well treated. His liberty was offered him on con- dition of emigration, but he demanded a trial, which was never granted. At length, on 30 Dec. 1801, he was brought back from Fort George, and given his freedom in Bel- fast on 13 Jan! 1802. Dickson returned to liberty and misfor- tune. His wife had long been a helpless invalid, his eldest son was dead, his pro- spects were ruined. With fierce humour he reckons his losses at 3,61 8/., and sets down his compensation as 0,000/. His congrega- tion at Portaferry had been declared vacant on 28 Nov. 1799. William Moreland, who Dickson 4 8 Dicuil had been ordained as his successor on 16 June j 1800, at once offered to resign, but Dickson would not hear of this. He had thoughts of j emigration, but decided to stand his ground, j Overtures from the congregation of Donegore : were frustrated by hints of the withdrawal | of the regium donum. At length he was \ chosen by a seceding minority from the con- | gregation of Keady, co. Armagh, and in- stalled minister of Second Keady on 4 March | 1803, on a stipend of 50/., without regium \ donum. He soon became involved in syno- | dical disputes with Black, the leader of j synod, and on the publication of his ' Narra- ' tive ' (1812) he narrowly escaped suspension ab ojficio. His political career closed with his attendance on 9 Sept. 1811 at a catholic meeting in Armagh, on returning from which he was cruelly beaten by Orangemen. In 1815 he resigned his charge in broken health, and henceforth subsisted on charity. Joseph Wright, an episcopalian lawyer, gave him a j cottage rent free in the suburbs of Belfast, j and some of his old friends made him a \ weekly allowance. He lived to exult in j Black's fall from power. At the synod in ; 1816 William Neilson, D.D., of Dundalk, j proposed Dickson as a fit person to fill the divinity chair which was about to be erected, but the suggestion was not entertained. He acted on the committee for examining theo- logical students till April 1824. His last appearance in the pulpit was early in 1824. Robert Acheson of Donegall Street, Belfast (d. 21 Feb. 1824), failed to meet his congre- | gation : Dickson, who was present, gave out a psalm and prayed, but did not preach. He died on 27 Dec. 1824, having just passed his eightieth year, and was buried ' in a pauper's grave ' at Clifton Street cemetery, Belfast. He married in 1771 Isabella Gamble, who died at Smylodge, Mourne, co. Down, on 15 July 1819 ; she appears to have had some means, which died with her. Dickson's eldest > son, a surgeon in the navy, died in 1798 ; his second son was in business ; of other two j sons, one was an apothecary ; Dickson had also two daughters, but seems to have sur- vived all his children. A grandson was a struggling physician in Belfast. Dickson was a man of genius, a wit, and a demagogue ; his writings give the impres- sion that he would have shone at the bar ; as a clergyman he was strongly anticalvi- nistic in doctrine, assiduous in pastoral duties, and of stainless character. He published : 1. 'A Sermon . . .before the Echlinville Volunteers,' &c., Belfast, 1779, 4to. 2. ' Funeral Sermon for Armstrong,' Belfast, 1780, 4to. 3. < Sermons,' Belfast [1780], 12mo. (two fast sermons and two others). 4. ' Psalmody,' Belfast, 1792, 12mo (an address to Ulster presbyterians, issued with the approbation of nine presbyteries). 5. ' Three Sermons on the subject of Scrip- ture Politics,' Belfast, 1793, 4to (reprinted as an appendix to No. 6). 6. ' A Narrative of the Confinement and Exile,' &c., Dublin, 1812, 4to ; 2nd edition same year (both edi- tions were published by subscription; the second was of two thousand copies at a guinea, but it fell flat, and is exceedingly scarce). 7. f Speech at the Catholic Dinner, 9 May, 7 Dublin, 1811, 8vo. 8. ' Retractations,' &c., Belfast, 1813, 4to (a defence of No. 6 against Dr. Black). 9. < Sermons,' Belfast, 1817, 4to. [For Dickson's life the main authority is his own Narrative, amended on some minor points- in his Retractations, but bearing evident marks of genuineness and truth. A short biography is given in Witherow's Hist, and Lit. Mem. of Presb. in Ireland, 2ndser. 1880, p. 226 sq.; Classon Porter, in Irish Presb. Biog. Sketches, 1883, p. 1 sq., is fuller, but often inaccurate. Northern Star, 14 July 1792, 16 and 20 Feb. 1793 ; Re- port from the Committee of Secrecy, 1798, App. pp. cxxv, cxxix ; Musgrave's Mem. of the different Rebellions in Ireland, 2nd ed. 1801, pp. 123 sq., 183 ; Northern Whig, 30 July 1819 ; Teeling's Personal Narrative of the Irish Rebellion, 1828, p. 226 sq. ; Montgomery's Outlines of the Hist, of Presb. in Ireland, in Irish Unit. Mag. 1847, p. 333 sq. ; Madden's United Irishmen, 2nd ser. ii. 431; Reid's Hist. Presb. Church in Ireland (KiUen), 1867, iii. 396 sq. ; Killen's Hist. Congr. Presb. Church in Ireland, 1886. pp. 148, 163, 215 sq. ; Minutes of Gen. Synod ; information from Rev. C. J. M'Alester, Holywood, and Mr. A. Hill, Ballyearl, Carnmoney.] A. G-. DICUIL (fl. 825), Irish geographer, is only known by his work, l Liber de Men- sura Orbis terrae.' That he was an Irishman by birth, if not by residence, is proved by his phrases, ' heremitae ex nostra Scottia navi- gantes ' (p. 44), and ' circum nostram insulam Hiberniam ' (p. 41) ; for Scottia was not used as the equivalent of the modern Scotland till a century after Dicuil's time at the very earliest. In the same direction tends his accurate knowledge of the islands near Bri- tain and Ireland, ' in alias quibus ipsarum habitavi, alias intravi, alias tantumvidi, alias legi ' (p. 41). On the other hand it has been plausibly maintained that he was a member of one of the numerous Irish monasteries that in his days still flourished in different parts of the Frankish empire (WEIGHT, i, 372, &c.) This theory may perhaps be sup- ported by his allusion to the Gallic poet Sedulius, ' auctoritate aliorum poetarum et maxime Virgilii, quern in talibus causis nos- ter simulavit Sedulius, qui in heroicis car- minibus,' &c. ; but hardly on the lines of Dicuil 49 Dicuil "Wright's argument that only within the bounds of Charles's empire could he have ' found copies of the authors whom he quotes.' Even in the phrase just cited it is not un- likely that Dicuil uses the ' noster ' for the sake of supporting the practice of a heathen poet like Virgil by that of i our own ' Chris- tian epic ' poet Sedulius,' and not as token of community of race. From Dicuil's ' Liber de Mensura ' we learn that he was a pupil of a certain Suibneus, 'cui, si profeci quicquid, post Deum imputo' (p. 25), in whose presence our author heard brother Fidelis describe his pilgrimage to the Pyramids and Jerusalem. This Suibneus Letronne has attempted to identify with a Suibhne whose death the Irish annals assign to 776 A.D., and on this somewhat slender foundation proceeds to argue along a chain of inferences to the conclusion that Dicuil was born between 755 and 760 A.D. Dicuil himself he tentatively identifies with a Di- chullus, abbot of Pahlacht, whose date the Irish annals do not indicate (LETRONNE, Pro- legom. pp. 23-5). Accepting these dates, Dicuil must have been from thirty-five to forty years old when in 795 A.D. he received the visit of the clerks who had spent six months in Ice- land (Liber de Mem. pp. 42-4). It has been surmised that he was in France during the lifetime of the great elephant sent by Haroun Al Raschid to Charlemagne. If this surmise were true, he must have been there between the years 802 and 810 A.D., the date of the animal's arrival at Aix and its death : but there is nothing in Dicuil's own phrase to imply that he himself saw the elephant, but rather the contrary (Liber de Mens. p. 55 ; LETRONNE, pp. 150-2). Of the other details of his life we are ignorant, except that in 825 A.D., Post octingentos viginti quinque peractos Summi annos Domini terrse ethrae carceris atri, he completed his only remaining work, the ' Liber de Mensura Orbis terrae,' after he had already issued an l Epistola de quaestionibus decem artis grammatics,' now lost (Liber de Mens.-p-p. 1, 85). The ' Liber de Mensura ' is a short treatise on the geography of the world. It professes to be based on a survey of the world, ordered and carried out by the Emperor Theodosius in the fifteenth year of his consulship or the fifteenth of his reign. It is uncertain whether the Theodosius alluded to is Theodosius I or II. Dicuil's latest editor (PARTHEY, pp. xii- xiii) seems to incline to Theodosius II ; but that our author attributed the survey to Theodosius I appears evident by his use of the words ' Sanctus Theodosius imperator.' VOL, XV. Dicuil's work is divided into nine sections : (1) Europe, (2) Asia, (3) Africa, (4) Egypt and Ethiopia, (5) on the length and breadth of the world, (6) on the five great rivers, &c., (7) on certain islands, (8) on the breadth and length of the Tyrrhene Sea, (9) on the six (highest) mountains. Of these sections the first five are derived from the Theodosian survey, which he chose for the basis of his work, because, though vitiated by false manu- scripts, it was less faulty than Pliny, espe- cially in its measurements. The last books are mostly excerpts from Pliny, Solinus, and Isidore ; with, however, interesting additions of his own when touching on the Pyramids and the Nile, on the islands round Britain and Ireland, on Iceland (Thile), and a few other places. These additions he derived from the trustworthy accounts of certain, possibly Irish, monks who had visited these lands. Specially interesting is his story of Fidelis's adventure near the Pyramids, where the narrator saw the corpses of eight men and women lying on the desert sand, all slain by a lion who lay dead beside them ; and the account of the Iceland nights at the summer solstice, which were so bright that a man could see to do what he would ( vel peducu- los de camisia abstrahere tamquam in prae- sentia solis ' (pp. 26, 42-3). The first of these passages is relied on by Letronne for fixing the time of Dicuil's birth : for Fidelis, the narrator, had journeyed in a ship along the canal connecting the Nile with the Red Sea ; and as this canal is known to have been blocked up by Abou Giafar Almansor in 967 the voyage of Fidelis must have been ante- rior to this (see LETRONNE, Proleg. 10-22). Dicuil was a cautious writer, especially as regards statistics. From this spirit he left blank spaces in which his readers might in- sert the length of rivers where he could not trust the figures of Pliny or of Theodosius's missi. This system has produced some sur- prising results, e.g., where the length of the Tiber is put at 495 miles, and that of the Ta- gus at 302 ; or where the Jordan is reckoned 722 miles long, and the Ganges only 453 (Liber de Mens. pp. 4, 31, 36, 38). Dicuil also draws upon certain works now lost, e.g. a t Cosmography ' (' nuper in meas manus veniens ' ), drawn up under the consulship of Julius Caesar and Mark Antony (ib. pp. 28, 36, &c. ; but cf. BUNBTJRY, Hist, of Ancient Geogr. pp. 177-9, 693, 701) ; and a < Choro- grafia ' drawn up by command of Augustus (p. 5). The list of authors from whom he borrows is very large, including, in addition to those already mentioned, Virgil, Orosius, and Servius (pp. 68, 72, 81) ; but Hecatseus, Homer, Herodotus, and other Greek writers Diest 5 he seems always to refer to at second hand (pp. 22, 46, 78 ; for a full list see PARTHEY'S Preface, pp. vi and vii). The ' Liber de Mensura ' was first printed as a whole by Walckenaer (Paris, 1807) ; next, with copious prolegomena, historical and geographical, by Letronne (Paris, 1814). Lastly, the text has been carefully edited and furnished with a minute index and a Short critical preface, by Gust. Parthey (Ber- lin, 1870). There are two manuscripts be- longing to the tenth century or thereabouts, viz., one at Dresden (Regius D. 182), another at Paris (Biblioth. Nation. 4806) ; of these the first forms the basis of Parthey's edition, the second that of Walckenaer's and Le- tronne's. Other but later manuscripts are to be found at Venice (fifteenth century), Ox- ford, Rome, Vienna, Munich, and Cambridge. [Prefaces to Parthey's and "Walckenaer's edi- tions ; Hardy's Biog. Literaria, i.] T. A. A. DIEST, ABRAHAM VAN (1655-1704), painter. [See VANDIEST.] DIGBY, EVERARD (fl. 1590), divine and author, was nearly related to the Rut- land family of that name. He is said to have been great-grandson of Everard Digby, sheriff of Rutlandshire, a Lancastrian who was killed at Towton in 1461. It is also usually stated that his father was Kenelm Digby of Stoke Dry, Rutland, and his mother Mary, daughter of Sir Anthony Cope [q. v.] Everard was un- doubtedly the name of their eldest son, who married Maria, daughter of Francis Neale of Keythorpe, Leicestershire ; was the father of Sir Everard Digby [q. v.], the conspirator in the Gunpowder plot ; and died 24 Jan. 1592. But the inquisitio post mortem expressly styles this Everard Digby as an ' esquire,' which makes it plain that he is not identical with the divine and author, who, as a fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge, must have been unmarried at the time of Sir Everard's birth in 1578. The divine's parentage cannot be precisely stated. Born about 1550, he ma- triculated as a sizar of St. John's College, Cambridge, 25 Oct. 1567; was admitted a scholar 9 Nov. 1570; proceeded B. A. 1570-1, M.A. 1574, and B.D. 1581 ; and became a Lady Margaret fellow on 12 March 1572-3, and senior fellow 10 July 1585. He was principal lecturer in 1584. Digby took part in the college performance of Dr. Legge's * Richardus Tertius ' in 1580. He petitioned Lord Burghley for the rectory of Tinwell, Rutlandshire, 26 Jan. 1581-2 (Lansd. MS. 34, art. 12), but the request does not seem to have been granted, and before the end of 1587 he was deprived of his fellowship. In a > Digby letter to Burghley, William Whitaker, master of St. John's College (4 April 1 588), explained that this step had been rendered necessary by Digby's arrears with the college steward. He added that Digby had preached voluntary poverty, a ' popish position,' at St. Mary's ; had attacked Calvinists as schismatics ; was in the habit of blowing a horn and hallooing in the college during the daytime, and re- peatedly spoke of the master to the scholars with the greatest disrespect. Burghley and Whitgift ordered Digby's restitution ; but Whitaker stood firm, and with Leicester's aid obtained confirmation of the expulsion. Digby's best known book is a treatise on swimming, the earliest published in England. The title runs : ' De Arte Natandi libri duo, quorum prior regulas ipsius artis, posterior vero praxin demonstrationemque continet/ Lond. 1587, dedicated to Richard Nourtley. It is illustrated with plates, and was trans- lated into English by Christopher Middleton in 1595. Digby also wrote ' De Duplici me- thodo libri duo, unicam P. Rami methodum refutantes : in quibus via plana, expedita & exacta, secundum optimos autores, ad scientia- rum cognitionem elucidatur,' London, Henry Bynneman, 1580; 'Theoria analytica viam ad monarchiam scientiarum demoiistrans . . . totius Philosophise & reliquarum scientiarum,' dedicated to Sir Christopher Hatton, 1579. William Temple of King's College, afterwards provost of Trinity College, Dublin, wrote, under the pseudonym of Franciscus Milda- pettus, an attack on Digby's criticism of Ramus, to which Digby replied in 1580. Temple replied again in 1581. As the pro- ductions of a predecessor of Bacon, Digby's two philosophical books are notable. Al- though clumsy in expression and overlaid with scholastic subtleties, Digby tried in his ' Theoria Analytica ' to classify the sciences, and elsewhere ventures on a theory of per- ception based on the notion of the active correspondence of mind and matter. M. de Remusat sees in Digby's theory an adumbra- tion of Leibnitz's intellectus ipse and a re- flection of the Platonic idea. Otherwise Digby is a disciple of Aristotle. Digby was also author of ' Everard Digbie, his Dissuasive from taking away the Ly vings and Goods of the Church,' with ' Celsus of Verona, his Dissuasive, translated into English/ London, 1589, dedicated to Sir Christopher Hatton. The British Museum possesses a copy of * Articuli ad narrationes nouas pertinformati ' (Berthelet, 1530) which belonged to Digby. It contains his autograph and many notes in his handwriting. [Biog. Brit. (Kippis) s.n. ' Sir Everard Digby ; ' Cooper's Athense Cantab, ii. 146, 546; Baker's Digby Hist, of St. John's College (Mayor), pp. 167, 599, <300 ; Strype's Annals ; Strype's Whit gift, i. 520 ; Brit. Mus. Cat. ; Hey wood and Wright's Camb. Univ. Transactions, i. 506-23 ; Remusat's Philo- sophic Anglaise depuis Bacon jusqu'a Locke, i. 110-16, where Digby's philosophical position is fully expounded.] S. L. L. DIGBY, SIR EVERARD (1578-1606), conspirator, son of Everard Digby of Stoke Dry, Rutland, by Maria, daughter and co- heiress of Francis Neale of Keythorpe, Leices- tershire, was born on 16 May 1578, and was in his fourteenth year when his father died on 24 Jan. 1592. It is a common error to identify his father with Everard Digby, divine and author [q. v.] His wardship was purchased from the crown by Roger Man- ners, esq., of the family of the Earl of Rut- land, and probably re-sold at an advanced Erice to young Digby's mother. The heir to trge estates in Rutland, Leicestershire, and Lincolnshire, and connected with many of the most considerable families in England, it was only to be expected that he should present himself at the queen's court. While still a youth he was appointed to some office in the household, which John Gerard, the Jesuit father [q. v.], probably erroneously, describes as ' being one of the queen's gentle- men-pensioners.' His great stature and bodily strength, however, made him an adept at all field sports, and he spent the greater part of his time in the country hunting and hawk- ing. In 1596 he married Mary, only daugh- ter and heiress of William Mulsho of Goat- hurst, Buckinghamshire, and obtained with her a large accession of fortune. About 1599 Digby fell under the influence of John Gerard, who soon acquired an extraordinary sway over him. They became close friends and companions, their friendship being strength- ened by the conversion of Digby to the ' ca- tholic doctrine and practice/ which was soon followed by the adhesion of Digby's wife and his mother. When James I came to Eng- land, Digby joined the crowd of those who welcomed the new king at Belvoir Castle, and received the honour of knighthood there on 23 April 1603. How bitterly the Ro- mish party were disappointed by the attitude assumed by James in the following year; how their bitterness and anger made a small section of them furious and desperate; how the Gunpowder plot grew into more and more definite shape, and how the mad scheme exercised a kind of fascination over the im- agination of the small band of frenzied gentlemen who were deeply implicated in it, may be read in the histories of the time, and best of all in Mr. Gardiner's first volume. Unlike Catesby, Rookwood, Tresham, and 5 1 Digby others more or less cognisant of the con- spiracy, Digby had never had anything to complain of in the shape of persecution at the hands of the government. It is probable that both his parents were catholics, but they had never been disturbed for their convictions, and their son had evidently suffered no great inconvenience for conscience' sake. In the arrangements that were made by the con- spirators Digby was assigned a part which kept him at a distance from London, and there are some indications that he was not trusted so implicitly as the rest. The plan agreed upon was that Faux should fire the train with a slow match, and at once make off to Flanders. Percy was to seize the per- son of Prince Henry or his brother Charles, with the co-operation of the others, who were all in London or the suburbs, and was to carry him off with all speed to Warwickshire. Meanwhile Digby was to co-operate by pre- paring for a rising in the midlands when the catastrophe should have been brought about ; and it was settled that he should invite a large number of the disaffected gentry to meet him at Dunchurch in Warwickshire, and join in a hunting expedition onDunsmoor Heath (near Rugby), where, it was whispered, strange news might be expected. This gather- ing was fixed for Tuesday, 5 Nov. 1605. On Monday the 4th, about midnight, Faux was apprehended by Sir Thomas Knyvett as he was closing the door of the cellar under the parliament house, where thirty- six barrels of gunpowder had been placed in readiness for the explosion intended on the morrow. The game was up ; and before day- break some of the conspirators had taken horse ; and all were riding furiously to the place of meeting before the great secret had become common property. The meeting of the catholic gentry at Dunchurch had evi- dently not been a success, and when, late in the evening, Catesby, Rookwood, Percy, and the Wrights burst in, haggard, travel-soiled, and half dead with their astonishing ride [see CATESBY, ROBERT], it became clear that there had been some desperate venture which had ended only in a crushing failure, the gentry who were not in the plot dispersed rapidly to their several homes, and the plotters were left to take their chance. The almost incredible strength and endurance of Catesby and his accomplices appears from the fact that on that very night (after a ride of eighty miles in seven or eight hours, for Rookwood had not left London till eleven o'clock in the morn- ing) they started again before ten o'clock, and were at Huddington in Worcestershire by two o'clock the next afternoon, having broken into a cavalry stable at Warwick in E2 Digby Digby the middle of the night and helped themselves to fresh horses for the distance that lay before them. On Thursday night, the 7th, they had reached Plolbeach House in Stafford- shire, and then it was determined to make a stand and sell their lives as dearly as they could. Next morning Digby deserted his com- panions ; he says his object was to make a diversion elsewhere, and to attempt to bring up some assistance to prop, if possible, the falling cause. Shortly after he had gone the terrible explosion of gunpowder occurred, and the fight which ended in the death or appre- hension of the whole band. Meanwhile Digby soon found that it was impossible to escape the notice of his pursuers, who were speedily upon his track, and thinking it best to dismiss his attendants, he told his servants they ' might keep the horses they were riding, and distributed among them the money they were carrying let each man shift for himself. Two of them refused to leave him, one being his page, William Ellis by name, who eventu- ally became a lay brother of the Society of Jesus. The three struck into a wood where there was a dry pit, in which they hoped to conceal themselves and their horses. They were soon discovered, and a cry was raised, f Here he is ! here he is ! ' Digby, altogether undaunted, answered, l Here he is indeed, what then ? ' and advanced his horse in the manner of curvetting, which he was expert in, and thought to have borne them over, and so to break from them. Seeing, however, that resistance was useless, he gave himself up, and before many days found himself a prisoner in the Tower. Two miserable months passed before the prisoners were brought to trial. At last, on 27 Jan. 1606, Digby, with eight others who had been caught red-handed, was brought to Westminster Hall. He be- haved with some dignity during the trial, but there could be no doubt about the verdict, and on Thursday, the 30th, he was drawn upon a hurdle, with three of his accomplices, to St. Paul's Churchyard, and there hanged and slaughtered with the usual ghastly barbari- ties. On the scaffold he had confessed his guilt with a manly shame for his infatuation, and a solemn protest that Father Gerard had never known of the plot, adding, i I never durst tell him of it, for fear he would have drawn me out of it.' It is impossible for any candid reader of all the evidence that has come down to us to doubt the truth of this protest. Garnett's, complicity cannot be ques- tioned, and his subsequent equivocation was as impolitic as it was discreditable. Father Gerard was a very different man. If the plot had been revealed to him, it would never have been permitted to go as far as it did. Digby left two sons behind him ; the elder,, Sir John Digby, was knighted in 1635 and became a major-general on the king's side during the civil war. He is said to have been slain 9 July 1645. The younger son was the much more famous Sir Kenelm Digby, of whom an account will be found sub nomine. Digby's wife survived him many years, as did his mother, and neither appears to have married again. [Chancery Inquisitiones post mortem, 34th Eliz. pt. i. No. 64 (Rutland), in the Record Office ; Books of the Court of Wards and Liveries, No. 158, u. s.; Harl. MS. 1364; Cal. State Papers, Domestic, 1603-10; Hist. MSS. Comm. 8th Rep. 434 ; Foley's Records of the English Province S. J., vol. ii.; John Morris's Condition of Catholics under James I., 1872, vol. ii., and the same writer's Life of Father John Grerard, 3rd edit. 1881 ; Bishop Robert Abbot's Antilogia, 1613 ; Cooper's Athense Cantab, ii. 146; Jardine'& Narrative of the Gunpowder Plot, 1857 ; Gardi- ner's Hist, of England, vol. i. Digby's mother is- called Maria in the usual pedigrees of the family, but in the Inq. post mort. she is called Mary Ann, probably by a clerical error.] A. J. DIGBY, GEOKGE, second EAKL OP BEISTOL (1612-1677), was the eldest son of John Digby, first earl of Bristol [q. v.], by his wife Beatrix, daughter of Charles Walcot of Walcot, Shropshire, and widow of Sir John Dy ve of Bromham, Bedfordshire. He was born at Madrid in October 1612, during his father's first embassy to Spain. When only twelve- years old he appeared at the bar of the House of Commons with a petition on behalf of his father, who, through the instrumentality of the D uke of Buckingham, had been committed to the Tower. His self-possession and fluency of speech on that occasion attracted the at- tention of the members, and gave great promise of a brilliant career in the future. He wa& admitted to Magdalen College, Oxford, on 15 Aug. 1626, where he distinguished himself by his remarkable abilities, and became inti- mately acquainted with Peter Heylin, the well-known historian and divine, who was a fellow of that college. After travelling in France, at the conclusion of his university career, he lived for some years with his father at Sherborne Castle, where he applied himself to the study of philosophy and literature. On 31 Aug. 1636 he was created a master of arts. It was during this period of retirement in the country that the ' Letters between the Lord George Digby and Sir Kenelm Digby, Knt. , concerning Religion ' were written. The first letter is dated from ' Sherburn, Novem- ber 2, 1638,' and the last from ' Sherborn, March 30, 1639.' These letters, in which the Roman catholic church is attacked by Lord Digby 53 Digby Digby, and defended by his kinsman, Sir Kenelm, were afterwards published in 1651. On one of his short occasional visits to Lon- don, Digby quarrelled with a gentleman of the court, whom he wounded and disarmed within the precincts of the palace of Whitehall. For this offence he was imprisoned and treated with considerable severity. Upon his release he vowed vengeance against the court for the indignities which he had suffered. His op- portunity soon came, for in March 1640 he was elected as one of the members for the county of Dorset, and was again returned for the same constituency at the general election which occurred a few months afterwards. On 9 Nov. 1640 he moved for a select committee to draw up a remonstrance to the king on 'the deplorable state of this his kingdom' {Parl. History, u. cols. 651-4), and on 11 Nov. he was appointed a member of the committee instructed to undertake the impeachment of the Earl of Strafford. Though at first very eager in prosecuting the charges against the unfortunate earl, Digby gradually changed his tactics, and at length, on 21 April 1641, he vigorously opposed the third reading of the Attainder Bill (ib. cols. 750-4). His speech gave great offence to those with whom he had been lately acting, and on the next day he was called upon to explain. No further proceedings were then taken, but the speech having been .afterwards printed, the House of Commons -on 13 July ordered that it should be publicly burnt by the common hangman (ib. col. 883). Many months afterwards appeared 'Lord Digbie's Apologie for Himselfe, Published the fourth of January, Ann. Dom. 1642,' in which he affirmed that Sir Lewis Dive had given the directions for printing this speech without asking his consent. Meanwhile on 9 June 1641 Digby was called up to the House of Lords in his father's barony of Digby, and took his seat on the following day. Much was expected from his accession to the court party at this critical period ; but his restless disposition and untrustworthy character pre- vented him from being of real use to any party in the state. Though he had himself urged the prosecution of the five members upon the king, he actually whispered into Lord Kimbolton's ear, while sitting next to him in the House of Lords, that * the king was very mischievously advised ; and that it should go very hard but he would know whence that counsel proceeded ; in order to which, and to prevent further mischief, he would go immediately to his majesty' (CLA- RENDON, Hist, of the Rebellion, i. 508'). Fur- thermore, upon the retreat of the five members and Lord Kimbolton to the city, Digby sug- gested that they should be followed and seized by armed force. Though his proposal was rejected by the king, it soon got to be generally known, and Digby became one of the most unpopular men in the country. One day in the beginning of January 1642 he went to Kingston-upon-Thames upon business for the king * in a coach with six horses, and no other equipage with him, save only a servant riding by him, and a companion in a coach' (WooD, Athena Oxon. iii. col. 1101). Wood's account of this journey, however, materially differs from that received by parliament. It was asserted that Digby and Colonel Lunds- ford had collected some troops of horse, and had appeared in arms at Kingston. Digby was ordered to attend in his place in the House of Lords to answer for himself, and Lunds- ford was committed to the Tower. Instead of obeying the summons, Digby fled to Hol- land, and on 26 Feb. 1642 was impeached of high treason in the House of Commons (Parl. History, ii. cols. 1103-5). Owing, however, to the confusion of the times, the prosecution of the impeachment was not carried through. Unable to remain quietly in Holland, Digby came over to York, where he stayed some days in disguise. Upon his return voyage he was captured by one of the parliamentary cruisers, and taken to Hull. There he made himself known to Sir John Hotham, the go- vernor, whom he attempted to gain over to the royal cause. Though Hotham refused to be persuaded to desert his party, he connived at Digby's escape. Upon the breaking out of the civil war, Digby took part in the battle of Edgehill. He greatly distinguished him- self by his gallantry at the taking of Lich- field, and was shot through the thigh while leading an assault upon that city. Falling out with Prince Rupert soon afterwards, Digby threw up his command, and returned to the court, which was then at Oxford. On 28 Sept. 1643 he was appointed by the king one of the principal secretaries of state in place of Lord Falkland, and on the same day was admitted to the privy council. On the last day of the following month he became high steward of Oxford University, in the room of William Lord Say, who had been removed on account of his adherence to the parliament. Digby's conduct of affairs as secretary of state was both unfortunate and imprudent. His visionary project for a treaty between the king and the city of London was quickly frustrated by the interception of Digby's letter to Sir Basil Brooke. His lengthy negotiations with Major-general Sir Richard Brown for the betrayal of Abingdon terminated in his utter discomfiture, while his correspondence with Lesley and the other commanders of the Scotch army in England Digby met with. 110 better success. On 16 Oct. 1645 he succeeded Prince Rupert as lieutenant- general of the king's forces north of the Trent ; j but meeting with several reverses, and being | unable to effect a junction with the army of the Marquis of Montrose, he fled after his defeat by Sir John Brown at Carlisle Sands, | with Sir Marmaduke Langdale and other j officers, to the Isle of Man. Thence he went j to Ireland, where he conceived the plan of j bringing the Prince of Wales over to that | country, and of making one more effort for | the royal cause. With this object in view j he visited the Scilly Islands, Jersey, and France, but had at length to return to Ireland . without being able to accomplish his che- j rished design. Upon the surrender to the i parliamentary commissioners Digby escaped j with some difficulty to France. He then en- | listed as a volunteer in the French king's service, and took part in the war of the Fronde. His conspicuous bravery soon attracted at- tention, and he was taken into favour by the king and Cardinal Mazarin. In August 1651 he became a lieutenant- general in the French army, and was in the same year appointed commander of the royal troops in Normandy. Upon the death of his father on 6 Jan. 1653 he succeeded as the second Earl of Bristol, and was nominated a knight of the Garter in the same month. In consequence of the failure of a political in- trigue, by which he endeavoured to supplant Mazarin, Digby was dismissed from his com- mands in the French army, and ordered to leave the country. After paying a short visit to Charles at Bruges he retired to the Spanish camp in the Netherlands, where he gained the friendship of Don John of Austria, and ren- dered himself useful to the Spaniards in the negotiations with the garrison of St. Ghislain, near Brussels, which finally resulted in the surrender of that town by Marshal Schom- j berg. On 1 Jan. 1657 Digby was reappointed secretary of state. While staying at Ghent j he became a convert to the Roman catholic i faith, and was, much to his surprise, ordered by Charles to give up his seals, and at the same time was forbidden to appear at the council ( board in the future. Digby, however, accom- ; panied Charles on his secret expedition to Spain, and afterwards went to Madrid, where ! he was well received and liberally treated by the Spanish king. Upon the Restoration, \ Digby returned to England, but was installed ; at Windsor as a knight of the Garter by ; proxy in April 1661, being at that time abroad. ! Though he took an active interest in public . affairs, and spoke frequently in parliament, his ' religion precluded him from being offered any j of the high offices of state. In the interest of ! 54 Digby Spain Digby vehemently opposed the nego- tiations for the king's marriage with the in- fanta of Portugal. In spite of his opposition they were successfully carried through, and Digby thereupon became conspicuous for his enmity against Clarendon, who had foiled his designs of an Italian marriage for the king. On 10 July 1663 he brought a charge of high treason against the lord chancellor in the House of Lords (Parl. History, iv. cols. 276- 280). The judges, to whom the articles of impeachment were referred, decided that (1) a ' charge of high treason cannot by the laws and statutes of this realm be originally ex- hibited by any one peer against another unto- the house of peers ; and that therefore the charge of high treason by the Earl of Bristol against the lord chancellor hath not been regularly and legally brought in. 2. And if the matters alledged were admitted to be true (although alleged to be traiterously done), yet there is not any treason in it ' (ib- col. 283). Though the house unanimously adopted the opinion of the judges, Digby once- more brought forward his accusation against Clarendon, but with no better success than before. His conduct so displeased the king, that a proclamation was issued for his appre- hension, and for the space of nearly two years he was obliged to live in concealment. Upon the fall of Clarendon, Digby reappeared at court and in parliament. Though still a pro- fessed Roman catholic, he spoke in the House of Lords on 15 March 1673 in favour of the- Test Act, declaring that he was ' a catholic of the church of Rome, not a catholic of the court of Rome; a distinction he thought worthy of memory and reflection, whenever any severe proceedings against those they called papists should come in question, since those of the court of Rome did only deserve that name' (ib. iv. col. 564). This is his last recorded speech. He died at Chelsea on 20 March 1677, in his sixty-fifth year. He is said to have been buried in Chelsea Church, but Lysons could find ' no memorial of him, nor any entry of his interment in the parish register' (Environs of London, 1795, 'ii. 87-8). Digby married Lady Anne Russell, second daughter of Francis, fourth earl of Bedford, by whom he had four children. His elder son, John, who succeeded him as the third earl of Bristol, married, first, Alice, daughter and heiress of Robert Bourne of Blackball, Essex; and secondly, Rachael,. daughter of Sir Hugh Windham, kt. John had no issue by either marriage, and the barony of Digby and the earldom of Bristol be- came extinct upon his death in 1 698. Francis,, the younger son, was killed in a sea-fight with the Dutch on 28 May 1672. Diana, the Digby 55 Digby elder daughter, who like her father became a convert to the Roman catholic faith, married Baron Moll, a Flemish nobleman. Anne, the younger daughter, on whom the family estates devolved on her brother John's death, became the wife of Robert, earl of Sunderland. Digby was a man of extraordinary ability, and one of the greatest orators of his day. Ambi- tious and headstrong, he was utterly wanting in steadiness of principle and consistency of purpose. Horace Walpole has smartly de- scribed Digby's character in the following words : ' A singular person, whose life was one contradiction. He wrote against popery, and embraced it ; he was a zealous opposer of the court, and a sacrifice for it ; was con- scientiously converted in the midst of his prosecution of Lord Straftbrd, and was most unconscientiously a persecutor of Lord Cla- rendon. With great parts, he always hurt him- self and his friends ; with romantic bravery, he was always an unsuccessful commander. He spoke for the Test Act, though a Roman catholic, and addicted himself to astrology on the birthday of true philosophy' (Cata- logue of Royal and Noble Authors, iii. 191-2). His house at Chelsea, formerly Sir Thomas More's, and afterwards known as Bucking- ham House, was sold by his widow in Ja- nuary 1682 to Henry, marquis of Worcester, afterwards duke of Beaufort. It then ac- quired the name of Beaufort House, and in 1736 was purchased by Sir Hans Sloane, by whom it was pulled down in 1740. The gate, which was built by Inigo Jones, was given to the Earl of Burlington, who erected it in an avenue near his house at Chiswick. Be- sides a number of speeches and letters, Digby published ' Elvira : or the Worst not always True. A Comedy. Written by a Person of Quality' (London, 1667, 4to). According to Downes, he wrote, with Sir Samuel Tuke, ' The Adventures of Five Hours,' which was published in 1663, and, being played at Sir William D'Avenant's theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields, ' took successively thirteen days together, no other play intervening' (Rostius Anglicanus, 1789, pp. 31-2). According to the same authority, Digby adapted two co- medies from the Spanish, viz. ''Tis better than it was,' and * Worse and Worse,' which were also acted at the same theatre between 1662 and 1665 (ib. p. 36). Neither of these plays appears to have been printed, but it is possible that one of them may have been the comedy of ' Elvira ' under a new title. It is also worthy of notice that the title-page of the first edition of ' The Adventures of Five Hours' bears no author's name, while in the third 'impression' (1671) it is stated that the play had been ' revised and corrected by the author, Samuel Tuke, kt. and bart.' Ac- cording to W f alpole, Digby translated from the French the first three books of ' Cassan- dra,' and was said to have been the author of j l A true and impartial Relation of the Battle I between his Majesty s Army and that of the I Rebels near Ailesbury, Bucks, Sept. 20, 1643.' Walpole also states that he found under Digby's name, ' though probably not of his 1 writing,' ' Lord Digby's Arcana Aulica : or Walsingham's Manual of Prudential Maxims for the Statesman and the Courtier, 1655.' Digby's name, however, does not appear upon the title-page of either of the editions of 1652 and 1655, and it seems from the preface that the book owed its existence to one Walsing- ham, who, * though very young, in a little time grew up, under the wings and favour of the Lord Digby, to such credit with the late king, that he came to be admitted to the greatest trusts.' Digby is also said to have left a manu- script behind him entitled ' Excerpta e diversis operibus Patrum Latinorum.' From the fact that his name appears in the third verse of Sir John Suckling's ' Sessions of the Poets/ it is evident that he must have been known as a verse writer before Suckling's poem was written. But few of his verses, however, have come down to us, and the song extracted from ' Elvira' is the only piece of his which is included in Ellis's ' Specimens of the Early English Poets' (1811, iii. 399-400), while some lines addressed to 'Fair Archabella,' taken from a manuscript in Dr. Rawlinson's collection in the Bodleian Library, are given in 'Athense Oxon.' A portrait of Digby, with his brother-in-law, William, fifth earl of Bedford, by Vandyck, was exhibited by Lord Spencer at the first exhibition of national portraits in 1866 (Catalogue, No. 728). This was the picture which Evelyn records seeing 'in the great house' at Chelsea, when dining with the Countess of Bristol on 15 Jan. 1679. Bliss says that ' the best head of Lord Digby is that by Hollar, in folio, dated 1642 ; there is a small one by Stent, which is curious, and one by Houbraken, from a picture of Van- dyke's.' A strikingly handsome portrait, en- graved by Bocquet, probably after Vandyck's picture, will be found in the third volume of Walpole's ' Royal and Noble Authors ' (opp. p. 191). [Clarendon's History of the Rebellion (1849) ; Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss, 1817), iii. cols. 1100-5; BiographiaBritannica(1793),v. 210-38; Walpole's Catalogue of Royal and Noble Authors (Park, 1806), iii. 191-200; Lodge's Portraits (1850), vi. 23-39 ; Chalmers's Biog. Diet. (1813), xii. 79-82 ; Cunningham's Lives of Eminent and Illustrious Englishmen (1 837), iii. 29-32 ; Baker's Biographia Dramatica (1812), i. 190; Burke's Digby Digby Extinct Peerage (1883), p. 171 ; Doyle's Official Baronage of England (1886), pp. 235-6 ; Official Return of Lists of Members of Parliament, pt. i. 481, 488; Faulkner's Chelsea (1829), i. 120, 131-3, ii. 15 ; Brit. Mus. Cat.] G. F. E. B. DIGBY, JOHN, first EABL OF BEISTOL (1580-1654), diplomatist and statesman, was born in February 1580. He was the son of Sir George Digby of Coleshill, Warwickshire, and of Abigail, daughter of Sir Arthur Heving- ham. In 1595 he became a fellow commoner of Magdalene College, Cambridge. In 1605, upon the failure of the plan for the seizing of Eliza- beth, daughter of James I, by the Gunpowder plotters, Digby was sent by Lord Harrington, who was in charge of the princess, to convey the news to the king. James took a fancy to the young man, made him a gentleman of the privy chamber and one of his carvers, and knighted him on 16 March 1607. Digby married Beatrix, daughter of Charles Wai- cot of Walcot in Shropshire, and widow of Sir John Dyve of Bromham in Bedfordshire (DUGDALE, Baronage}. In 1611 Digby was sent as ambassador to Madrid, with instructions to obtain a settle- ment of the claims of the English merchants in the Spanish law-courts, and to negotiate a marriage between Prince Henry and the Infanta Anne, the daughter of Philip III, which had already been suggested by the Spanish ambassador in England. He arrived in Spain in June, but he soon learned that the infanta was already engaged to Louis XIII of France, and he regarded an offer made to him of Philip's younger sister, the Infanta Maria, as illusory, she being a child under six years of age, and recommended his master to give up all thoughts of a Spanish match. In procuring redress for the merchants Digby found an opportunity of showing his ability. In 1613 he succeeded in discovering the secret of the pensions which had been paid by the Spanish court to English politi- cians, and in 1614 he returned to England to lay his discoveries before the king. From this time his fortune was made, and when, before the close of the year, James made up his mind to propose a marriage between Prince Charles, who had become heir to the crown after the death of his brother Henry, and the Infanta Maria, Digby was sent back to Spain to carry on the negotiation. Be- fore going, he left on record his opinion that it would be better that the future queen of England should be a protestant, but having thus freed his conscience he resolved to carry out the negotiation on which he was sent with all honesty and vigour. Digby was in fact one of the best examples of the reaction against puritanism which set in at the be- ginning of the seventeenth century. He was himself an attached son of the church of England, but he saw no reason why differ- ence of religion should divide Europe into two hostile camps, and he conceived, some- what too sanguinely, the hope that a good understanding between England and the catholic powers of the continent might be made a basis for the continuance of peace. If there was to be a catholic marriage, he preferred an alliance with Spain to one with France. On Digby's arrival at Madrid the marriage negotiation was opened, though not yet in an avowed manner. In 1616 he was again sum- moned home, upon Somerset's disgrace, to state what he knew of the fallen favourite's connection with the Spanish government. He reached England in March. On 3 April he was made vice-chamberlain, and about the same time he took his seat as a privy councillor. He probably owed this fresh advancement to the freedom with which he expressed his opinion to James that it was unwise to proceed further in the Spanish treaty, on the ground that the king of Spain would be unable to dispose of his daughter's hand without the consent of the pope. In the course of the year he received a grant of the estate of Sherborne, which had passed from the hands of Raleigh to those of Somer- set, and which had now returned to the crown through Somerset's attainder. In April 1617 James resolved to despatch Digby once more to Madrid, formally to open negotiations for the marriage. Digby, having done his duty by remonstrating, now threw himself heart and soul into the work of ob- taining the best terms possible, especially in the matter of the bride's portion, which James wished to fix at not less than 500,000/. At the same time he was to give his support to a plan for a joint English and Spanish ex- pedition against the pirates of Algiers. On Digby's arrival at Madrid some months were spent in settling the arrangements of the infanta's future household. The ques- tion of liberty of conscience to be granted to English catholics was reserved for James's own decision, but in May 1618 Digby was able to come back to England with the an- nouncement that all other matters were con- cluded, and that the infanta's portion would be as much as 600,0007. James, however, could not content the Spaniards on the point of liberty of conscience, and the whole nego- tiation was suspended on his refusal. Digby, however, was no loser. On 25 Nov. 1618 he was raised to the peerage as Lord Digby. Early in 1620 Digby was called on to ad- vise his master on the difficult questions Digby 57 Digby which arose out of the election of the king's son-in-law, Frederick, elector palatine, to the Bohemian throne. He appears to have ad- vocated an attempt to come to an under- standing with Spain while preparations were simultaneously made to procure money and allies for the defence of the Palatinate ; so that if Frederick were driven out of Bohemia, it might still be possible to maintain him in his hereditary possessions. It is always diffi- cult in the case of a diplomatist to know how far he is personally associated with schemes which he is directed to carry out, but it must at least be noted that in June 1620 Digby accompanied Buckingham on a visit to the Spanish ambassador Gondomar, when a project for the partition of the Dutch Ne- therlands between England and Spain was discussed. Whatever Digby may have thought about the matter, it must be remembered that ill-feeling towards the Dutch as the op- ponents of England in trade was always most powerful with those who were ready to smooth over the religious differences be- tween England and Spain. In supporting the Spanish alliance, however, Digby had no notion of making England simply subser- vient to Spain, and in March 1621, after the expulsion of Frederick from Bohemia, he was sent to Brussels to urge the Archduke Albert to direct a suspension of arms in the Palati- nate as a preliminary to a negotiation for peace which he was subsequently to under- take at Vienna. As far as words went the .archduke was ready to give satisfaction, and Digby, after his return to England, received instructions on 23 May for his mission to the emperor, Ferdinand II. On 4 July Digby reached Vienna. He was authorised to procure a suspension of j the ban of the empire, which had been pro- ! nounced against Frederick, and to make peace ; on the basis of the abandonment by Frederick j of his claims to Bohemia, and the abandon- ment by Ferdinand of any attempt to inflict Eunishment on Frederick. Verbally satis- iction was given to the ambassador's de- mands, but it was evident that neither party | had any real wish to terminate the strife. I Before the end of September the Duke of Bavaria had made himself master, in the em- peror's name, of the Upper Palatinate, and Mansfeld, who commanded Frederick's un- ! paid troops in that district, was obliged to ' retreat to the Lower Palatinate. Digby bor- rowed money and melted his plate to provide j 10,000/. for the temporary defence of Heidel- I berg, and hastened back to England to sup- port James in asking supplies from parlia- ment to enable him to intervene for the protection of Frederick's dominions. On 31 Oct. he was in England. On 21 Nov. he laid his policy before the houses. Money, he said, must be sent to pay the forces in the Lower Palatinate during the winter, and an army must be sent thither in the spring, which would cost 900,000/. The question of adopting or rejecting Digby's proposal was never fairly discussed. James quarrelled with his parliament on constitutional grounds, and a speedy dissolution put an end to all hopes of regaining the lost ground, except so much as might be allowed by the mere clemency of Spain. With the dissolution of 1621 Digby's chance of bringing an independent policy to a suc- cessful result was at an end. He returned to Spain in 1622 to carry out James's plan of trusting to the goodwill of Spain, and to put once more into shape that marriage treaty which had been allowed to sleep in 1618. The government of Philip IV (who had suc- ceeded in 1621) was chiefly anxious to gain time, and met Digby in the most friendly way ; and James was so pleased with the progress of events that on 15 Sept. 1622 he created his ambassador Earl of Bristol. It was not long before James took alarm at the capture of Heidelberg by Tilly. Bristol was at once ordered to obtain the assurance that the town and castle should be restored. As might have been expected, the Spaniards would give no such assurance. Bristol, how- ever, pushed on the marriage treaty, and the articles, with the exception of the important one relating to the English catholics, were in such a state of forwardness that in January 1623 they were accepted by James. Bristol seems to have felt that, as matters stood, there was no hope of recovering the Palatinate ex- cept by the goodwill of Spain, and to have conceived it to be impossible that Philip should agree to the marriage treaty unless he wanted to help in the restoration of the Palatinate. The arrival of Charles and Buckingham at Madrid on 7 March 1623 took the negotiation out of Bristol's hands. Before long the am- bassador gave deep offence to the prince by believing too easily a rumour that Charles had come with the purpose of declaring him- self a catholic, and by assuring him that, though he was not in favour of such a pro- ceeding, he was ready to place himself at his disposal in the matter. During the latter part of Charles's visit Bristol's influence was thrown on the side of keeping up friendly re- lations with Spain, and he drew upon himself the ill-will of the prince by supporting a scheme for the education of the eldest son of the elector palatine at Vienna. On 29 Aug. he wrote to the king, setting forth plainly Digby j the ill-feeling of the Spanish ministers against Buckingham, and thereby made the favourite an enemy for life. When the prince quitted Madrid he left in Bristol's hands a proxy authorising him to appear for him in the marriage ceremony; but within a few days he despatched a letter to the ambassador, telling him not to use this proxy without further orders, lest the infanta should go into a nunnery after the marriage had taken place. During the remainder of the year Bristol did his best to avert the breach with Spain, on which Charles and Buckingham were bent, and it was only against his will that he informed Olivares that the marriage must be postponed until satisfactory assurances about the Palatinate had been given. Bristol had offended too deeply to be al- lowed to remain in Spain. On 28 Jan. 1624 he took leave of Philip. Before he left Oli- vares told him that nothing he could ask would be denied him as a mark of the king of Spain's gratitude. Bristol replied that all that he had done had been done for his own master, and that he had rather offer himself to the slaughter in England than be Duke of Infantado in Spain. On Bristol's return he was ordered into confinement in his own house at Sherborne. It was not that James was in any way angry with him, but that Charles and Buckingham were now the masters of the old king. Bristol at once began a course of that respectful but constitutional resistance, the merits of which neither Charles nor Buckingham was ever able to understand. He was ready to stand a trial in parliament, but he would not acknow- ledge himself to have been in the wrong. After the end of the session he was subjected to a series of interrogatories, but he could be brought no further than to acknowledge that he might have committed an error of judg- ment, and he was sent down to confinement in his house at Sherborne. In the beginning of 1625 he answered fully afresh set of ques- tions (' The Earl of Bristol's Defence,' in the Camden Miscellany, vol. vi.) After James's death Charles removed his name from the list of privy councillors, and continued his restraint at Sherborne, on the ground that though he had not been dishonest he would not acknowledge his error in trusting the Spanish ministers too much. Bristol remained quietly at Sherborne for some months longer. In January 1626 he asked to be present at the coronation. Charles replied by an angry charge against the earl of having tried to pervert him from his re- ligion when he was in Spain, a charge which Bristol met by a renewed application for a Digby trial. Bristol received no writ of summons either to the first or the second parliament of the reign. On 22 March 1626, soon after the opening of the second parliament, he applied to the House of Lords to mediate with the king for a trial or the acknowledgment of his right to sit. Charles, to get out of the dif- ficulty, sent him the writ, with an intima- tion in a letter from Lord-keeper Coventry that he was not to use it. Bristol, replying that the king's writ was to be obeyed rather than a letter from the lord keeper, took his seat, and craved justice against Buckingham, against whom he was prepared to bring an accusation. To anticipate the blow, Charles ordered the attorney-general to accuse Bristol, and on 1 May Bristol was brought to the bar. The lords, however, gave the king no assist- ance in this attempt to close his subject's mouth, and ordered that the charges of the king against Bristol and those of Bristol against Buckingham were to proceed simul- taneously. Before either of the investigations had proceeded, for they were brought to an end on 15 June by the dissolution, Bristol was then sent to the Tower, and ordered to prepare for a Star-chamber prosecution. Be- fore long he fell ill, and as he seemed likely to make awkward revelations if the trial were- allowed to proceed, his illness was taken as affording an excuse for postponing the pro- ceedings indefinitely. When on 17 March 1628 Charles's third parliament met, one of the first acts of the House of Lords was to insist on his restoration to liberty and to his place in parliament. In the debates upon the king's powers of imprisoning without showing cause which preceded the introduction of the Petition of Right, Bristol was the first to propose a com- promise. On 22 April he suggested that while limits might be fixed to the king's legal power there was behind it a regal power on which he might fall back in an emergency. 'As Christ,' he said, ' upon the Sabbath, healed, so the prerogative is to be preserved for the preservation of the whole.' The prin- ciple of this proposal was embodied in the propositions adopted by the upper house on 29 April ; but it was rejected by the commons. When late in the session the petition of right was sent up to the lords, Bristol again tried to steer a middle course, but he evidently preferred the acceptance of the petition as it stood to its rejection. His final suggestion, made on 20 May, was that the petition should be accompanied by a mere verbal declaration that the houses had no intention of infringing the prerogative. On 7 June, after the king's first and unsatisfactory answer to the petition,, he demanded a fuller and better answer. Digby 59 Digby When the session was at an end, Bristol was restored to a certain amount of favour, but during the troubled years which followed he took no part in politics, till the summons to the peers to take part in the expedition against the Scots in 1639 drew him from his seclusion. He pointed out the danger of ad- vancing to Berwick with an undisciplined army. After the dissolution of the Short parliament in 1640 he urged the necessity of calling another parliament, and when the great council met at York in September he was practically accepted as its leader. At the beginning of the Long parliament Bristol associated himself with those who wished to see a thorough change in the sys- tem of government, and on 19 Feb. 1641 he was summoned to a seat at the council board together with Bedford and five other reform- ing peers. He did his best to save Strafford's life, though he wished him to be incapacitated from office, and was consequently exposed to the insults of the mob. When the final vote was taken on the attainder bill, he was ex- cused from voting on the ground that he had appeared in the trial as a witness. The course which he took gained him favour at court, and when the king set out for Scotland he named him gentleman of the bedchamber. When parliament met again after the short autumn adjournment, the feeling between king and parliament had gone too far to be allayed by any statesmanship which Bristol possessed. We find him on 17 Dec. moving an amendment to a declaration against any toleration of the catholics, sent up by the commons, to the effect that no religion of any kind should be tolerated ' but what is or shall be established by the laws of this king- dom.' It is to be supposed that he was un- willing to see any considerable ecclesiastical change. At all events, on 27 Dec. he was named by the House of Commons as an evil counsellor. On the 28th Cromwell moveo^ an address to the king to remove him from his counsels on the ground that in the pre- ceding spring he had recommended that the northern army should be brought up against parliament. No evidence exists for or against this statement, but it is probable that Bristol suffered for the misdeeds of his mercurial son. On 28 March 1642 Bristol was sent to the Tower on the ground that he had refrained from informing parliament of the Kentish petition, a copy of which had come into his hands. He was, however, liberated after a short confinement, and spoke twice in the House of Lords in favour of an accommoda- tion. Finding his efforts fruitless, he shortly afterwards joined the king. He was with him at Oxford for some time after the battle of Edgehill, and was constantly spoken of by the parliamentary writers as being a warm advocate of the prolongation of the war. It is probable that his former connection with Spain did him harm, but too little is known of the working of parties at Oxford to pronounce on his conduct with any certainty. In January 1644 he advocated the policy of winning the support of the independents against the im- position of presbyterian uniformity (' A Secret Negotiation with Charles I,' Camden Miscel- lany, vol. vi.) By the parliament Bristol was regarded with an abhorrence out of all proportion to any misdeeds of which evidence has reached us. In the propositions for peace presented at Oxford on 1 Feb. 1643, he and Lord Herbert of Raglan were named as the two persons to be removed from the king's coun- sels, to be restrained from coming within the verge of the court, and to be debarred from holding any office or employment (RusH- WORTH, v. 166). In the propositions laid before the king in November 1644 as a basis for the negotiation to be held at Uxbridge, Bristol's name appears on a long list of those who were to expect no pardon (ib. 851). The increase of indignation perceptible in this de- mand is perhaps accounted for by the discovery of Bristol's part in the negotiation with the independents. He had, however, some time before these propositions were drawn up, re- moved from Oxford, in order to separate himself from those who were the advocates for the prolongation of the war. At first, he took refuge at Sherborne, but in the spring of 1644 he removed to Exeter, where he re- mained for about two years, till that city capitulated to Fairfax on 13 April 1646 (Lords' Journals, viii. 342). After the sur- render of Exeter he petitioned to be allowed to compound for his estate by paying a com- position, and to remain in England (ib. 343, 402); but his petition was rejected, and on 11 July the houses ordered a pass for him to go beyond the seas. The remainder of his life was passed in France. In 1647 he pub- lished at Caen a defence of his conduct in taking the king's part in the civil war under the title of < An Apology of John, Earl of Bristol.' He died at Paris on 16 Jan. 1653-4 (DuGDALE, Baronage). [The history of Bristol's diplomacy is to be found in his own despatches, most of which are among the Foreign State Papers in the Public Kecord Office. To these, and to the statements respecting his conduct in parliament, embodied in the journals, and other accounts of parlia- mentary debates, references will be found in Gardiner's History of England, 1603-42, and in Digby 'The Great Civil War. A copy of the Apology mentioned at the end of this article is among the Thomasson Tracts in the British Museum Li- brary.] S. K. G-. DIGBY, SIB KENELM (1603-1665), author, naval commander, and diplomatist, was the elder of the two sons of Sir Everard Digby [q. v.], executed for his share in the ! Gunpowder plot. His mother, Mary, was daughter and coheiress of William Mulsho | of Gayhurst (formerly Gothurst), Bucking- j hamshire. That 1603 is the year of his birth is undoubted. Ben Jonson, in lines addressed , to Sir Ken elm's wife, and Richard Ferrar, in | verses written on his death, state that his birthday was 11 June the day both of 'his .action done at Scanderoon ' and of his death. An astrological scheme of nativity in Digby's handwriting (Ashmol. MS. 174, f. 75) posi- tively asserts that Digby was born, ' accord- '. ing to the English account, the 11 of July be- tweene five and six of the clocke in the morn- ing.' After some litigation he inherited lands to the value of 3,000/. which the crown had not confiscated with the rest of his father's estate. For a time he resided with his mo- ther at Gayhurst. It is certain that he .was I brought up in the Roman catholic faith which | his father adopted. Wood states that he was i trained up in the protestant religion.' But in his ' Private Memoires ' Digby writes that when in Spain and only twenty years j old he was very intimate with the Arch- bishop of Toledo because * their religion was the same.' At the same time, Digby tells \ us, his kinsman, Sir John Digby (afterwards earl of Bristol) [q. v.], expressed regret at his adherence to a religion contrary to l what now reigneth ' in England. ' I wish we may not be long in different [religious] opinions,' Kenelm replied, 'but I mean by your embrac- ing of mine and not I of yours.' On 28 Aug. 1617 Digby sailed for Spain with his kinsman, Sir John, who was Eng- lish ambassador at Madrid. They returned together 27 April 1618. A month or two later Digby entered Gloucester Hall (now j Worcester College), Oxford, as a gentleman commoner, and was committed to the care of Thomas Allen (1542-1632) [q. v.], the well-known mathematician and student of the occult sciences. Digby left the university in 1620 without a degree. He was already in love with VENETIA, daughter of Sir Edward Stanley of Tonge Castle, Shropshire, a lady of rare beauty and great intellectual attain- ments, who had been his playmate in child- hood. She was three years his senior ; her mother, Lucy, daughter of Thomas Percy, .seventh earl of Northumberland, died in her infancy, and she was brought up by relatives > Digby residing in the neighbourhood of Digby's house. Digby's mother opposed the match, and the young man was induced to go abroad in April 1620, but before leaving he bound himself to Yenetia by the strongest vows. After spending some months in Paris he re- moved to Angers to escape the plague. There the queen-mother (Marie de Medicis), whom he met at a masqued ball, made immodest advances : to avoid her importunities he spread a report of his death and went to Italy by sea. For two years he remained at Florence. At the end of 1622 his kinsman, the English ambassador in Spain, invited him to revisit Madrid. Within a few days of Digby's arrival, Prince Charles and Buck- ingham reached the city (7 March 1622-3). Kenelm made himself agreeable to the royal party and was admitted to the prince's household. His curiosity was greatly ex- cited at the Spanish court by the successful attempt of a Benedictine monk (John Paul Bonet) to teach a deaf mute to speak by ob- serving the movement of the lips, and he interested Prince Charles in the experiment (DiGBY, Of Bodies, 1669, p. 320). Lord Ken- sington reproached him with indifference to the charms of Spanish ladies, whereupon Digby began a flirtation with Donna Anna Maria Manrique, the Duke of Maqueda's sister (Epist. Jfoel. p. 238). He afterwards wrote in rapturous terms of her beauty to Sir Tobie Matthew, whose acquaintance he first made at Madrid (MATTHEW, Letters, 1660, p. 216). Sir Tobie and James Howell, the letter-writer, both of whom were in at- tendance on Prince Charles in Spam, were among Digby's most intimate friends in later life. Digby arrived with his royal master at Portsmouth on 5 Oct. 1623. After a brief illness and a visit to his mother at Gayhurst, he presented himself to James I at Hinchin- brooke and was knighted (23 Oct.) During the ceremony the king, according to Digby (Powder of Sympathy, p. 105), turned away his face from the naked sword owing to constitutional nervousness, and would have thrust the point into Digby's eye had not Buckingham interposed. At the same time Digby became gentleman of the privy cham- ber to Prince Charles. Difficulties had meanwhile sprung up be- tween Digby and Yenetia Stanley. The false news of his death reached her, but his letters explaining the true state of the case miscarried. The lady was living alone in London, and scandal made free with her re- putation. Digby credited the worst rumours and contemplated a breach of the engage- ment. But an accidental meeting in De- cember renewed his passion. After visiting Digby 61 Digby her frequently and behaving on one occasion with a discreditable freedom, which she re- sented, he was secretly married to her early in 1625. Digby attributed this denouement to astrological influence. Their first child (Kenelm) was born in October 1625. Digby's devotion to his wife was thoroughly sincere, and she proved herself worthy of it. An elaborate justification of his conduct in par- doning her prenuptial indiscretions occupies the greater part of his ' Private Memoirs.' Aubrey says that she was at one time the mistress of Richard, earl of Dorset, son of the lord treasurer, by whom she had several children; that the earl allowed her 500/. a year, which Digby insisted on his pay- ing her after her marriage, and that the earl dined once a year with her when she was Lady Digby. Sir Harris Nicolas dis- puted the statement on the ground that Richard, (third) earl of Dorset, died in 1624, and consequently could not have met his alleged mistress 'after her marriage, which took place in the following year. But Mr. G. F. Warner has proved that Sir Edward Sackville, brother of the third earl and his successor in the earldom, was in all proba- bility Venetia Stanley's lover ; he was friendly with Digby both before and after the marriage (Poems from Digby's Papers, Roxb. Club). At court Digby was occasionally employed by his kinsman, now Earl of Bristol, in nego- tiations between him and the king. Bucking- ham was at deadly enmity with Bristol, and Sir Kenelm had little chance of preferment while the favourite lived. But his happy married life reconciled him to exclusion from public employment. He made the acquaint- ance of many men of letters and rising states- men, including Ben Jonson and Edward Hyde (afterwards Earl of Clarendon). The latter describes him at the time as excep- tionally handsome, with ' a winning voice/ ' a flowing courtesy and civility, and such a volubility of language as surprised and de- lighted.' About 1627 Bristol strongly ad- vised Digby ' to employ himself on some gene- rous action.' Digby resolved upon a priva- teering expedition in the Mediterranean with the final object of seizing the French ships usually anchored in the Venetian harbour of Scanderoon. The plans were laid before James I while Buckingham was in the Isle of Re. James promised a commission under the great seal. But Buckingham's secretary, Edward Nicholas, protested that such a commission infringed the jurisdiction of his master, the lord high admiral. Heath, at- torney-general, suggested that the omission of a clause vesting power to execute martial law in Digby would meet the objection. Lord-keeper Coventry argued for other al- terations, and finally a royal license was issued merely authorising Digby to under- take the voyage 'for the increase of his knowledge.' Before Digby departed Buck- ingham returned, and on 13 Dec. 1627 Digby took out letters of marque from him. Reduced to the position of a private adventurer, Digby sailed from Deal on 22 Dec. Two ships, the Eagle of 400 tons, under Captain Milborne, and the George and Elizabeth of 250 tons,, under Captain Sir Edward Stradling, formed the expedition. At the time of his departure Digby's second son, John, was born, and Digby left instructions with his wife to make their marriage public. On 18 Jan. 1627-8 Digby arrived off Gi- braltar. He captured several Flemish and Spanish ships in the neighbourhood after some sharp fighting. But his men sickened, and from 15 Feb. to 27 March he anchored off Algiers, where he was hospitably received, and afterwards claimed to have made arrange- ments for future friendly dealings between Algerine and English ships. On 30 March he seized a rich Dutch vessel near Majorca. Off Sicily in April a terrible storm threatened his ships and prizes. After visiting Zante, Digby arrived at Scanderoon on 10 June, and on 11 June gave battle to the French and Venetian ships in the harbour. Three hours' fierce fighting gave Digby the victory. The news of the engagement was received in England with great enthusiasm. ' I do not remember,' wrote Howell, ' to have read or heard that those huge galeazzores of St. Mark were beaten afore.' The English vice-consul at Scanderoon complained, however, that Digby's presence in the Levant jeopardised the position of English merchants at Aleppo and elsewhere, and Digby was entreated to depart. On his return he spent some time at Milo, Delos, and Micino, searching for an- tiquities. He refitted at Zante ; was at Gi- braltar on 1 Jan. 1628-9 ; came in sight of England 25 Jan. after a great storm ; and landed at Woolwich on 2 Feb. 1628-9. Digby was well received by the king, but in August 1628 the Venetian ambassador complained of his conduct in the Adriatic, and it was disavowed by the government (Salvetti Corresp.in Hist.MSS. Comm. llth Rep. pt. i; p. 159). On 23 Oct. 1630 Digby's old tutor Allen made a codicil to his will, bequeathing to Digby his valuable books and manuscripts. Digby consulted Sir Robert Cotton and Laud, and when the library became his property at the end of 1632 soon pre- sented it to the Bodleian Library. Laud was formally thanked (December 1634) by the Oxford convocation for his share in the Digby arrangement (LAUD, Works, v. 104-7). The Digby MSS. are all on vellum, and are chiefly the work of English mediaeval scribes. They number 238, and are bound in volumes stamped with Digby's arms. Writing to Dr. Langbaine (7 Nov. 1654), Digby says that the university is to place his gift at the service of all students, and he has no objection to the loan of the manuscripts outside the library. Two additional volumes of Digby's manu- scripts were purchased in 1825. Digby pro- mised to make a further donation to the Bod- leian, but never did so, although he gave Laud many Arabic manuscripts to send to the uni- versity or St. John's College Library, of which nothing more was heard. In February 1632 there was some fruitless talk of making Digby a secretary of state in the place of Lord Dorchester, lately dead. Early in 1633 he and Lord Bothwell were present at a spiritualist seance given by the astro- loger Evans in Gunpowder Alley (LILLY, Autobiog.} On 1 May 1633 Lady Digby died suddenly. Absurd reports were circulated that Digby killed her by insisting on her drink- ing viper-wine to preserve her beauty. His grief was profound, and he erected an elabo- rate monument in Christ Church, Newgate, which was destroyed in the great fire. Ben Jonson wrote in her praise a fine series of poems, which he entitled t Eupheme,' and dedicated to Sir Kenelm (issued in Under- woods}, and Thomas May, Joseph Rutter (in 'Shepheard's Holiday,' 1635), Owen Fell- tham (in < Lusoria,' 1696), William Ha- bington, Lord George Digby, and Aurelian Townshend also commemorated in verse Digby's loss (cf. Addit. MS. 30259, and BRIGHT, Poems from Digby's Papers}. The widower retired to Gresham College, and spent two years there in complete seclusion, amusing himself with chemical experiments. * He wore a long mourning cloak, a high-cor- nered hat, his beard unshorn, looked like a hermit, as signs of mourning for his beloved wife ' (AUBREY). After 1630 Digby professed protestantism, and gave Archbishop Laud the impression that he had permanently abandoned Roman Ca- tholicism (LATJD, Works, iii. 414). A letter from James Howell to Strafford shows, how- ever, that before October 1635 Digby had re- turned to Rome (STRAFFORD, Letters, i. 474). On 27 March 1636 Laud acknowledged a letter, no longer extant, in which Digby ac- counted for his reconversion, which caused the archbishop regret, but did not hinder their friendly relations (LAUD, vi. 447-55). Digby was in France at the time (1636), and published in Paris in 1638 l A Conference with a Lady about Choice of a Religion,' in which 2 Digby he argued that a church must prove uninter- rupted possession of authority to guarantee salvation to its adherents, but might allow liberty of opinion in subsidiary matters. In I letters to Lord George Digby [q. v.], Bristol's 1 son, dated 2 Nov. 1638 and 29 March 1639, he defended the authority of the fathers on the articles of faith. These were published with Lord George's reply in 1651. In 1637 he learned of Ben Jonson's death, and wrote to urge Duppa to issue the collection of mourn- ing verses known as * Jonsonus Virbius ' (Harl. MS. 4153, f. 21). In 1639 Digby was again in England. He saw much of Queen Henrietta Maria and her catholic friends, Walter Montague, En- dymion Porter, and Sir Tobie Matthew. At her suggestion he and Montague appealed to the English catholics (April 1639) for money to support Charles I's military demonstration in Scotland ; and their letter of appeal was widely circulated (cf. A Coppy of the Letter sent by the Queene's Majestie concerning the collection of the Recusants' Money, &c., &c., London, 1641). The scheme failed to meet with papal favour, and it was reported early in 1640 that Digby was going to Rome to negotiate personally with the pope (Hist. MSS. Comm. 3rd Rep. 81 a, 4th Rep. 294 a]. On 11 Sept. 1640 Secretary Vane wrote that Digby was making unseasonable and imprac- ticable proposals to Charles I. His suspicious conduct led the Long parliament to summon him to the bar on 27 Jan. 1640-1, and on 16 March the commons petitioned the king to remove him and other popish recusants from his councils. On 22 June 1641 he was examined by the committee of recusants as to the circulation of his letter to the catho- lics. He was soon afterwards again at Paris, where his knight-errant disposition made itself very apparent. He challenged a French lord, named Mount le Ros, for insulting Charles I in his presence, and killed his oppo- nent. But the king of France pardoned him, and gave him a safe-conduct and military escort into Flanders. In September 1641 Evelyn met him there, whence Digby seems to have soon returned to London. On 24 Nov. an inquiry was ordered into the publication of a pamphlet by Digby describing his French duel. Early in 1642, at the suggestion of the lord mayor of London, the House of Commons ordered Digby to be imprisoned. The sergeant- at-arms at first confined him at ' The Three Tobacco Pipes nigh Charing Cross,' where Sir Basil Brooke and Sir Roger Twysden were his companions, and his charming conversation, according to Twysden, made the prison ' a place of delight ' (Archceologia Cantiana, ii. 190). Subsequently Digby was removed to Digby Digby Winchester House, and in February 1642-3 the lord mayor petitioned for his release, but the proposal was negatived by the commons (ayes 32, noes 52). In July Queen Henri- etta Maria's mother, the queen-dowager of France, addressed a letter to parliament, beg- ging for Digby's freedom. After both houses had discussed the appeal, Digby was dis- charged from custody 30 July 1643, on con- dition that he left immediately for France, and promised not to return without parlia- ment's leave. Before quitting his confine- ment he was rigorously examined as to his intimacy with Laud, and an endeavour was made to extract a declaration from him that Laud was anxious to obtain a cardinal's hat. But Digby insisted that his friend had always been, so far as he knew, a sincere protestant. He was allowed to carry with him his pictures and four servants. The French queen-dow- ager thanked parliament (6 Sept.), and on 18 Oct. the French ambassador requested the House of Lords to spare Digby's estate. Three witnesses deposed on oath that Digby had gone to church regularly while in Eng- land, and had great affection for the parlia- ment ; but on 1 Nov. 1643 the commons re- J solved to confiscate his property. When leaving London Digby published two recent j literary efforts. One was ' Observations on ! the 22nd Stanza in the Ninth Canto of the Second Book of Spenser's " Faery Queene " ' a mysterious passage which Digby had dis- ! cussed with Sir Edward Stradling on their ' Mediterranean expedition. The other was * Observations,' from a Roman catholic point of view, on the newly published ' Religio Me- dici ' of Sir Thomas Browne, of which the Earl of Dorset had supplied Digby with an early copy. Digby wrote his ' Observations ' in twenty-four hours. Browne heard of his ex- ploit, and begged him to withdraw his criti- cism, but Digby explained that it was in type before Browne's remonstrance was received [see BKOWNE, SIK THOMAS]. In Paris Digby continued his studies, and in 1644 there appeared his chief philosophical books, < Of Bodies,' and ' Of the Immortality of Man's Soul.' The dedication of the former to his son Kenelm is dated 31 Aug. 1644, and the license from the French king to print the book 26 Sept. following. Queen Henrietta Maria appointed Digby her chancellor, and in 1645 the English catholic committee sitting at Paris sent him to Rome to collect money for the royal cause. In July 1645 Digby was in frequent intercourse with Pope Innocent X, and obtained twenty thousand crowns from the papal curia. The papal legate Rinuccini was meanwhile on his way to Ireland, with a view to raising a new royalist army, and to preparing the way for a free exercise of the catholic religion there and in England. The latter was the main object of all Digby's poli- tical efforts. Digby was consulted by the papal authorities on the details of Rinuccini's expedition, but he gained the reputation of ' a useless and restless man with scanty wisdom.' His intimacy with Thomas White, an English catholic priest and metaphysician, whose phi- losophical ' extravagances ' were at the time the talk of Rome, did not improve his position. At length he openly insulted the pope, who is said to have charged him with misappro- priating the money entrusted to him. He left Rome in 1646 (cf. Cal Clarendon State Papers, ii. 66 ; Rinuccini's Mission, English translation, 548, 556, 560). He paid a second visit to Rome in 1647, when in an address to the pope he pointed out that the former schemes had failed owing to Rinuccini's ' punc- tiliousness and officiousness ; ' but Digby's second mission proved as abortive as the first (cf. Digby's address to Pope Innocent X, in Westminster MS. Archives, xxx. 65, kindly communicated by Mr. S. R. Gardiner). In August 1649 Digby suddenly returned to England. The council of state denounced him as dangerous. He declined to explain his reappearance, and was banished for the second time. In November he wrote to Conway from Calais, expressing a desire to live again be- neath ' smiling English skies.' Sir Richard and Lady Fanshawe met him at Calais in De- cember, and were much amused by his con- versation (FANSHAWE, Memoirs, 83-4). On 1 March 1649-50 Lord Byron saw Digby, ac- companied by some other Romanists, and one Watson, an independent, at Caen. They were bound for England, and intended, if possible, to come to terms with the regi- cides, in order to secure the free exercise of the Roman catholic religion in England. At Rouen Digby told a catholic physician named Winsted that if he declined to recognise the new rulers in England, ' he must starve.' Queen Henrietta knew, he said, of his going, and he travelled with a passport from the French king. Nothing is known of this visit to England. In November 1651 Evelyn vi- sited Digby in Paris, witnessed some of his chemical experiments, and attended with him Febur's chemical lectures. Digby was already intimate with Descartes, to whom he had introduced himself at Egmond some years before. On 14 Nov. 1653 the council of state gave him permission to return to England, on his promising to do nothing prejudicial to the government. Early in 1654 he took advan- tage of this order, and on 6 April 1654 stayed with Evelyn at Wotton. There can be no doubt that Digby while in Digby 6 4 Digby England at this time was in close intercourse with Cromwell. Hyde, writing in January 1653-4, mentions the report that Digby had long held correspondence with Cromwell, and had done him good offices at Paris. In No- vember 1655 a correspondent of Thurloe de- scribes Digby as Cromwell's agent, and raises suspicions of his honesty. In letters dated February and March 1655-6 he is spoken of as Cromwell's confidant and pensioner. It seems certain that Digby thought to obtain from Cromwell full toleration for the catho- lics, and freely discussed the matter with him. In September 1655 a passport was granted him to leave England. In December he wrote to Thurloe in behalf of Calais merchants tra- ding with England, and in March 1656, when complaining of the slanders of Sir Robert Welsh, expresses himself in full sympathy with Cromwell's government. At the time he was certainly engaged in diplomatic business on Cromwell's behalf, and was reported to be seeking to prevent an agreement between France and Spain. Digby's relations with Cromwell were bitterly denounced by Holies in ' A Letter from a true and lawful Member of Parliament' in 1656, and by Prynne in his ' True and Perfect Narrative,' 1659, p. 240. In the summer of 1656 Digby was at Toulouse, and in 1658 lectured (according to his own account) at Montpellier on his ' sympathetic powder.' He afterwards visited Germany, but was in 1660 in Paris, whence he returned to England after the Restoration. In spite of his compromising relations with Cromwell, Digby was well received by the royalists, and continued to hold the office of Queen Henrietta's chancellor. On 14 Jan. 1660-1 he received a payment of 1,3257. Qs. 8d. in consideration of his efforts to redeem cap- tives in Algiers, apparently on his Scanderoon voyage. On 23 Jan. 1660-1 he lectured at Gresham College on the vegetation of plants. He was on the council of the Royal Society when first incorporated in 1663. In the fol- lowing year he was forbidden the court. He gathered scientific men about him at his house in Covent Garden, and often 'wrangled' with Hobbes there. He died on 11 June 1665. The eulogistic elegy by Richard Ferrar is in error in stating that he died on his birthday. By his will dated 9 Jan. 1664-5 he directed that he should be buried at the side of his wife in Christ Church, Newgate, and that no mention of him should be made on the tomb. He gave all his lands in Herefordshire (lately purchased of the Duke of Buckingham), in Huntingdonshire, and on the continent to Charles Cornwallis, for the payment of his debts. His kinsman, George, earl of Bristol, received a burning-glass j his uncle, George Digby, a horse, and his sister a mourning- gown. His library was still in Paris, and was sold by the authorities for ten thousand crowns. The Earl of Bristol repurchased it. Digby had five children, a daughter (Mar- gery, married to Edward Dudley of Clopton, Northamptonshire) and four sons. Keiielm, the eldest, born 6 Oct. 1625, was killed at the battle of St. Neots while fighting under the Earl of Holland against Adrian Scrope, on 7 July 1648. John, born 19 Dec. 1627, mar- ried, first, Katherine, daughter of Henry, earl of Arundel ; and secondly, Margaret, daughter of Sir Edward Longueville of Wolverton in Buckinghamshire, by whom he had two daugh- ters. The elder daughter, Margaret Maria, | married Sir John Conway of Bodrhyddan, I Flintshire, and her granddaughter, Honora, married Sir John Glynne. The children of' I Sir Stephen Glynne, Sir John's great-grand- | son, are the only living descendants of Sir Kenelm Digby. Sir Kenelm's two other sons (Everard, born 12 Jan. 1629-30, and George, 17 Jan. 1632-3) died young. Digby's works in order of publication are as follows : 1. ( A Conference with a Lady about Choice of Religion,' Paris, 1638 ; Lon- don, 1654. 2. < Sir Kenelm Digby's Honour maintained ' (an account of the duel in France), London, 1641. 3. ' Observations upon Religio Medici, occasionally written by Sir Kenelme Digby, Knt.,' London, 1643, frequently re- printed in editions of Browne's ' Religio Me- dici.' 4. ' Observations on the 22nd Stanza in the Ninth Canto of the Second Book of Spenser's " Faery Queene," ' London, 1644. 5. ' A Treatise of the Nature of Bodies,' Paris, 1644; London, 1658, 1665, and 1669. 6. 'A Treatise declaring the Operations and Nature- of Man's Soul, out of which the Immortality of reasonable Souls is evinced/ Paris, 1644 ; London, 1645, 1657, 1669. 7. 'Institutionum Peripateticorumlibri quinque cum Appendice Theologicade Origine Mundi,'Paris,1651, pro- bably for the most part the work of Thomas White [q. v.] 8. l Letters between the Lord George Digby and Sir Kenelme Digby,Knight, concerning Religion,' London, 1651. 9. 'A Discourse concerning Infallibility in Religion, written by Sir Kenelme Digby to the Lord George Digby, eldest sonne of the Earle of Bristol/ Paris, 1652. 10. < A Treatise of Ad- hering to God, written by Albert the Great, Bishop of Ratisbon, put into English by Sir Kenelme Digby, Kt./ 1653-4. Dedicated to Digby's mother. 11. 'A late Discourse made in aSolemne Assembly of Nobles and Learned Men at Montpellier in France, by Sir Kenelme Digby, Knight, &c. Touching the Cure of Wounds by the Powder of Sympathy. With Instructions how to make the said Powder. Digby . . . Rendered faithfully out of French into English by R. White, Gent. The second edi- tion . . .' London, 1658. Dedicated by R. White to Digby's son, John. * The second edi- tion ' is the only one known, and is probably the original. A French version appeared in 1659. De Morgan believed < R. White ' to be identical with Digby's friend and disciple, Thomas White. 12. 'A Discourse concern- ing the Vegetation of Plants, spoken by Sir Kenelme Digby at Gresham College, 23 Jan. 1660-1, at a Meeting for Promoting Philoso- phical Knowledge by Experiment/ London, 1661 ; republished with 'Of Bodies' in 1669. 13. ' Private Memoirs,' printed by Sir H. N. Nicolas from Harl. MS. 6758 in 1827, with a privately printed appendix of castrations. 14. l Journal of the Scanderoon Voyage in 1628,' printed from a manuscript belonging to Mr. W. W. E. Wynne by John Bruce for the Camd. Soc. 1868. 15. ' Poems from Sir Kenelm Digby's Papers in the possession of Henry A. Bright,' with notes by Mr. G. F. Warner (Roxb. Club, 1877). This volume includes a translation by Digby of ' Pastor Fido,' act ii. sc. 5, one or two brief poems on his wife, and reprints of many transcripts in his own beautiful handwriting of the poems by his friends Ben Jonson and others on his wife's death. Aubrey ascribes to Digby an imprinted translation of Petronius, and he is also credited with designing a new edition of Roger Bacon's works. An autograph copy of his treatises ' Of Bodies ' and ' The Soul ' is in the Bibliotheque Ste.-Genevieve, Paris. Although a shrewd observer of natural phenomena, Digby was a scientific amateur rather than a man of science. Astrology and alchemy formed serious parts of his study, and his credulity led him to many ludicrous conclusions. But he appreciated the work of Bacon, Galileo, Gilbert, Harvey, and Des- cartes, and Wallis, Wilkins, and Ward speak respectfully of him. He is said to have been the first to notice the importance of vital air or oxygen to the life of plants (see his Vege- tation of Plants}. His extraordinary accounts of his chemical experiments exposed him to much ridicule. Evelyn concludes a descrip- tion of his Paris laboratory with the remark that he was ' an errant mountebank.' Lady Fanshawe refers to his ' infirmity ' of lying about his scientific experiments, ' though otherwise/ she avers, 'he was a person of excellent parts and a very fine-bred gentle- man ' (Memoirs, p. 84). In 1656 he circulated a description of a petrified city in Tripoli, which Fitton, the Duke of Tuscany's English librarian, was said to have sent him. He con- trived to have it published in the ' Mercurius Politicus,' and was liberally abused for his VOL. XV. 5 Digby credulity. Henry Stubbes, referring to these circumstances, characterised him as ( the very Pliny of our age for lying ' {Animadversions upon Glanvil}; but Robert Hooke, in his posthumously published ' Philosophical Ex- periments ' (1726), shows that Digby knew what he was talking about. On 20 March 1661 Oldenburgh sent to Robert Boyle a report on Digby's alchemical experiments in the transmutation of metals (BOYLE, Works, v. 302). Digby first described his well-known weapon-salve, or powder of sympathy, in the discourse alleged to have been delivered at Montpellier in 1658. Its method of em- ployment stamps it as the merest quackery. The wound was never to be brought into contact with the powder, which was merely powdered vitriol. A bandage was to be taken ! from the wound, immersed in the powder, and kept there till the wound healed. Digby gives a fantastic account of the ' sympathetic ' principles involved. He says that he learned j how to make and apply the drug from a Car- melite who had travelled in the East, and whom he met at Florence in 1 622. He first em- ployed it about 1624 to cure James Ho well of a wound in his hand, and he adds that James! | and Dr. Mayerne were greatly impressed by its efficacy, and that Bacon registered it in his scientific collections. All this story is doubtful. There is no evidence that Bacon knew of it, or that it was applied to Howell's wound, or that Digby had learned it at so j early a date as the reign of James I. In his I treatise ' Of Bodies ' (1644) he makes the j vaguest reference to it, and in 1651 Nathaniel j Higham, M.D., appended to his ' History of j Generation ' (dedicated to Robert Boyle) t a I discourse of the cure of wounds by sym- pathy/ in which he attributes the dissemina- tion of the remedy to Sir Gilbert Talbot, speaks of the powder as ' Talbot's powder/ and ignores Digby's claim to it, although in the earlier pages of his work he repeatedly refers to Digby's investigations, and criticises his theory of generation. Digby's originality is thus very questionable. After 1658 his name is very frequently associated with ( the powder of sympathy. ' In an advertisement ap- pended by the bookseller, Nathaniel Brookes, to ' Wit and Drollery ' (1661) it is stated that Sir Kenelm Digby's powder is capable of curing ' green wounds ' and the toothache, and is to be purchased at Brookes's shop in Cornhill. George Hartmann, who described himself as Digby's steward and laboratory assistant, published after Digby's death two quack-medical volumes purporting to be ac- counts of Digby's experiments, ' Choice and Experimental Receipts in Physick and Chi- rurgery ' (1668) and ' Chymical Secrets and Digby 66 Digby Rare Experiments in Phy sick and Philosophy ' (1683) ; the latter concludes with an elabo- rate recipe for the manufacture of Digby's powder (see PETTIGREW, Medical Supersti- tions, pp. 156-7). As a philosopher Digby was an Aristotelian, and had not extricated himself from the confused methods of the schoolmen. He undoubtedly owed much to Thomas White (1582-1676) [q. v.], the catholic philosopher, who lived with him while in France. White issued three Latin volumes expounding what he called l Digby's peripatetic philosophy/ and covered far more ground than Digby oc- cupied in the treatises going under his name. While arriving at orthodox catholic conclu- sions respecting the immortality of the soul, free will, and the like, Digby's and White's methods are for the most part rationalistic, and no distinct mention is made of Chris- tianity. White's books were consequently placed on the Index. Digby doubtless owed his political notions, which enabled him to regard Charles I, Cromwell, and Charles II as equally rightful rulers, to White as well as his philosophy . Alexander Ross in l Medi- cus Medicatus/ Higham in his f History of Generation,' (1651), and Henry Stubbes in his * Animadversions upon Glanvil ' attack Digby's philosophic views, and Butler has many sarcastic remarks upon him in ' Hudi- bras ' and the ' Elephant and the Moon.' Vandyck painted several portraits of both Sir Kenelm and Lady Digby. Vandyck's finest portrait of Lady Digby is at Althorpe. Another picture of Lady Digby, by Cornelius Janssen, is at Althorpe. Vandyck's best- known portraits of Sir Kenelm are those in the National Portrait Gallery and the Oxford University Picture Gallery. A portrait of Sir Kenelm, belonging to the Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone, was exhibited at the Royal Academy in the winter of 1887. A painting of St. Francis, at Mount St. Bernard Monas- tery, Charnwood Forest, bears the inscrip- tion l Kenelmus Digbseus pinxit, 1643.' The painter was, perhaps, Sir Kenelm's son. [The chief authorities for Digby's life are his own Memoirs, first published in 1827, which only take his career down to 1629, and mainly deal with his courtship of Venetia Stanley. The characters and places appear under fictitious names: thus, Sir Kenelm calls himself Theagenes, his wife Stelliana, Sir Edward Sackville Mar- don tius, London Corinth, and so forth. For these identifications see Sir H. N. Nicolas's in- troduction, several papers by J. GK Nichols in Gent. Mag. for 1829, and Mr. Warner's notes in Poems from Digby's Papers, 1877. Digby's Journal of the Scanderoon Voyage, published by the Camden Society (1868), has a useful in- troduction by John Bruce. The Biog. Brit. | (Kippis) has an exhaustive life. See also Wood's Athenae Oxon. iii. 688 ; Aubrey's Lives, ii. 323 ; i Macray's Annals of the Bodleian Library; Cal. State Papers, 1635-65; Notes and Queries, 1st ser. vi. 174, 2nd ser. vii. 299, viii. 395, 3rd ser. ii. 45 ; Clarendon's Life, i. 18 ; Bright's Poems from Digby's Papers (published by Koxburghe Club, 1877); Evelyn's Diary; Lords' Journals, vol. vi. ; Commons' Journals, vi. vii. viii. ; Laud's Works; Thurloe's State Papers ; Hallam's Lit. of Europe ; Epist. Hoelianse. R6musat's Philosophie Anglaise depuis Bacon jusqu'a Locke, 1875, has some valuable comments on Digby's philosophy ; other authorities are cited above.] S. L. L. . DIGBY, KENELM HENRY (1800- I 1880), miscellaneous writer, born in 1800, was the youngest son of the Very Rev. Wil- | liam Digby, dean of Clonfert, who belonged to the Irish branch of Lord Digby's family, and was descended from the ancient Leices- tershire family of the same name. He received his education at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he took the degree of B.A. in 1819 (Graduati Cantab, ed. 1873, p. 116). While a student at the university he entered into an examination of the antiquities of the middle ages, and subsequently made a searching in- quiry into the scholastic system of theology, the result being that at an early age he be- came a convert to Roman Catholicism. Most of his subsequent life was spent in literary leisure in the metropolis, and he died at his residence, Shaftesbury House, Kensington, on 22 March 1880. By his wife, Jane Mary, daughter of Thomas Dillon of Mount Dillon, co. Dublin, he left an only son, Kenelm Thomas Digby, formerly M.P. for Queen's County. His principal works are: 1. 'The Broad- stone of Honour, or Rules for the Gentlemen of England,' Lond. 1822, 12mo, 2nd edition, enlarged, 1823 ; both these editions are anony- mous. Afterwards he rewrote the book, omitting its second title, and enlarging it into four closely printed volumes, to which he gave the titles respectively of ' Godefridus,' ' Tancredus/ ' Morus,' and ' Orlandus.' These appeared in 1826-7, and other editions in 3 vols. 1828-9 and 1845-8. An edition de luxe in 5 vols. 8vo was published at London 1876- 1877. Julius Hare characterises the ' Broad- stone of Honour ' as ' that noble manual for gentlemen, that volume which, had I a son, I would place in his hands, charging him, though such admonition would be needless, to love it next to his bible ' ( Guesses at Truth, 1st edit. i. 152). 2. ' Mores Catholic!; or Ages of Faith/ 11 vols. Lond. 1831-40: Cin- cinnati, 1840, &c., 8vo ; 3 vols. Lond. 1845- 1847. 3. ' Compitum ; or the Meeting of the Ways at the Catholic Church/ 7 vols. Digby Digby Lond. 1848-54,- 6 vols. 1851-5. 4. 'The Lover's Seat. Kathemerina ; or Common Things in relation to Beauty, Virtue, and Faith/ 2 vols. Lond. 1856, 8vo. 5. < The Children's Bower ; or What you like/ "2 vols. Lond. 1858, 8vo. 6. ' Evenings on the Thames ; or Serene Hours, and what they require/ 2 vols. Lond. 1860, 8vo ; 2nd edit. Lond. 1864, 8vo. 7. ' The Chapel of St. John; or a Life of Faith in the Nineteenth Century/ Lond. 1861, 1863, 8vo. 8. 'Short Poems/ Lond. 1865, 1866, 8vo. 9. < A Day on the Muses' Hill/ Lond. 1867, 8vo. 10. ' Lit- tle Low Bushes, Poems/ Lond. 1869, 8vo. 11. < Halcyon Hours, Poems/ Lond. 1870, 8vo. 12. ' Ouranogaia/ a poem in twenty cantos, Lond. 1871, 8vo. 13. 'Hours with the First Falling Leaves/ in verse, Lond. 1873, 8vo. 14. ' Last Year's Leaves/ in verse, Lond. 1873, 8vo. 15. < The Temple of Me- mory/ a poem, Lond. 1874, 1875, 8vo. [Academy, 1880, i. 252; Allibone's Diet, of Engl. Lit. ; Athenaeum, 1880, i. 411, 440; Cat. of Printed Books in Brit. Mus. ; Cotton's Fasti Eccl. Hibern. iv. 179 ; Life of Ambrose Phillipps de Lisle (privately printed), 1878, p. 6; Dublin Review, xxv. 463, xlviii. 526; Gillow'sBibl.Dict.; Men of the Time (1879) ; Notes and Queries, 1st ser. iii. 264, 6th ser. i. 292, vi. 375, vii. 256, 314; Tablet, 27 March 1880, p. 403 ; Times, 24 March 1880,p.ll ; Weekly Register, 2 7 March 1880, p. 403.] T. C. DIGBY, LETTICE, LADY (1588P-1658), created BARONESS OFFALEY, became heiress- general to the Earls of Kildare on the death of her father, Gerald FitzGerald, lord Offaley. About 1608 she married Sir Robert Digby of Coleshill, Warwickshire. In 1618 Sir Robert died at Coleshill, and in 1619 Lady Digby received the grant of her barony, which was regranted to her on 26 June 1620. She then returned to Ireland, inhabiting Geashill Castle, where she was besieged by the Irish rebels in 1642. She resisted them with spirit, though they sent four messages to remind her that the castle was only garrisoned by women and boys. The besiegers' guns burst upon them- selves, and she was at last rescued, in October of the same year, by Sir Richard Grenville. She retired to Coleshill, where she died on 1 Dec. 1658, aged about seventy, and was buried with her husband. She was the mother of ten children seven sons and three daugh- ters. A portrait of her at Sherborne Castle represents her with a book inscribed Job xix. 20 (' I am escaped with the skin of my teeth'). [Hutchins's History of Dorset, iv. 134; Lodge's Peerage of Ireland (Archdall), vi. 280 et seq. notes.] J. H. DIGBY, ROBERT (1732-1815), admiral, son of Edward Digby, grandson of William, fifth baron Digby [q. v.], and younger brother of Henry, first earl Digby, was born on 20 Dec. 1732. In 1755 he was promoted to be captain of the Solebay frigate, and in the following year was advanced to command the Dunkirk of 60 guns, in which ship he continued till the peace in 1763, serving for the most part on the home station, and being present in i the expedition against Rochefort in 1757 and I in the battle of Quiberon Bay in 1759. In 1778 he was appointed to the Ramilli-es of 74 guns, which he commanded in the action off Ushant on 27 July 1778. Having been stationed in Palliser's division, he was sum- moned by Palliser as a witness for the prose- cution, and thus, though his evidence tended distinctly to Keppel's advantage [see KEP- PEL, AUGUSTUS, LORD ; PALLISER, SIR HUGH], he came to be considered as a friend of Pal- liser and of the admiralty, and, being pro- 1 moted in the following March to the rank of i rear-admiral, was ordered at once to hoist ! his flag on board the Prince George, so that he might as was affirmed by the opposition sit on Palliser's court-martial. During the summer of 1779 he was second in com- mand of the Channel fleet under Sir Charles Hardy [q. v.], and in December was second ' in command of the fleet which sailed under Sir George Rodney for the relief of Gibraltar [see RODNEY, GEORGE BRYDGES]. It was at this time that he was first appointed also governor of Prince William Henry, who be- gan his naval career on board the Prince | George. When, after relieving Gibraltar, [ Rodney, with one division of the fleet, went i on to the West Indies, Digby, with the other, returned to England, having the good for- tune on the way to disperse a French convoy and capture the Proth6e of 64 guns. He continued as second in command of the Channel fleet during the summers of 1780 and 1781, and in the second relief of Gibral- tar by Vice-admiral George Darby [q. v.] In August 1781 he was sent as commander- in-chief to North America. He arrived just as his predecessor [see GRAVES, THOMAS, LORD] was preparing to sail for the Chesa- peake in hopes, in a second attempt, to effect the relief of Cornwallis ; and, courteously refusing to take on himself the command at this critical juncture, remained at New York while Graves sailed on his vain errand. Afterwards, when he had assumed the com- mand, he removed into the Lion, a smaller ship, in order to allow the Prince George, as well as most of his other ships, to accompany Sir Samuel Hood to the West Indies [see HOOD, SAMUEL, VISCOUNT]. The tide of the F2 Digby 68 Digges war rolled away from North America, and in any case Digby had no force to undertake any active operations. His command was therefore uneventful, and he returned home at the peace. He held no further appoint- ment, though duly promoted to be vice-ad- miral in 1787 and admiral in 1794, and living to see the end of the great war. He died on 25 Feb. 1815. He married in 1784 Mrs. Jauncy, the daughter of Andrew Elliot, brother of Sir Gilbert Elliot, third baronet, and of Admiral John Elliot [q. v.], and for- merly lieutenant-governor of New York. She died on 28 July 1830, leaving no children. [Charnock's Biog. Nav. vi. 119; Ralfe's Nav. Biog. i. 189 ; Beatson's Mil. and Nav. Memoirs, vols. iii. and vi. ; Foster's Peerage.] J. K. L. DIGBY, VENETIA, LADY (1600-1633). [See under DIGBY, SIB KENELM.] DIGBY, WILLIAM, fifth LORD DIGBY (1661-1752), was the third son of the second Lord Digby, and Mary, daughter of Robert Gardiner of London. He was educated at Magdalen College, Oxford, where he gra- duated B.A. on 5 July 1681. He succeeded as fifth Lord Digby in 1685. On 13 July 1708 he received the degree of D.C.L. from the university. In April 1733 he was made a member of the common council for Georgia, and he was also a member of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. In 1689 he represented Warwickshire, and he was in- cluded in the great Act of Attainder passed by James's parliament at Dublin. He died in December 1752, and was buried at Sher- borne. By his wife Jane, second daughter of Edward, earl of Gainsborough, he had four sons and eight daughters. He was succeeded by his grandchild Edward, son of his third son, Edward. At Sherborne there is a poetical inscription by Pope to the memory of Robert, his second son, and Mary, his eldest daughter. [Collins's Peerage, ed. 1812, iv. 380-3 ; Oxford Graduates ; Pope's Works.] T. F. H. DIGGES, SIB DUDLEY (1583-1639), diplomatist and judge, son of Thomas Digges [q.v.] of Digges Court, Barham, Kent, by Agnes, daughter of Sir Warham St. Leger, entered University College, Oxford, as a gentleman commoner in 1598, where he gra- duated B.A. in 1601. His tutor was Dr. George Abbot, afterwards archbishop of Can- terbury [q. v.] After taking his degree he is said to have spent some years in foreign travel. In 1607 he was knighted at White- hall. Digges early became a shareholder in the East India Company, and was much in- terested in the north-west passage project, being one of the founders of a company in- corporated in 1612 for the purpose of trading by that route then supposed to have been discovered with the East. In 1614 he was one of the candidates for the governorship of the East India Company. He took an active part in the parliamentary debates of that year, giving so much offence to the king that he was imprisoned for a short time. From certain statements made by him in evidence on the trial of Weston for the murder of Sir John Overbury in 1615, it seems probable that for a time he was in the service of the Earl of Somerset. In 1618 the emperor of Russia, who was then engaged in a war with Poland, being desirous of negotiating a loan, James ordered the Muscovy and East India Companies to furnish the money, and des- patched Digges to Russia to arrange the terms. He left England in April, taking with him 20,000^, and on reaching Russia sent his secretary, Finch, to Moscow with 10,OOOZ. and letters from the king. The em- peror would hear of no terms, but compelled Finch to hand over the money. Digges re- turned to England with the balance in Oc- tober. An account of this journey, written by John Tradescant, who accompanied Digges in the capacity of naturalist, is preserved in manuscript in the Ashmolean Museum (MS. 824, xvi). In 1620 Digges was sent to Hol- land with Maurice Abbot, governor of the East India Company [q. v.], to negotiate a settlement of the disputes between the Eng- lish and Dutch East India Companies. The negotiations fell through, owing, according to Digges, to the duplicity of the Dutch. He returned to England early in 1621, and was elected member of parliament for Tewkes- bury. In the debates of this year he ener- getically attacked the abuse of monopolies and the pernicious system of farming the customs, and strongly asserted the sacred and inalienable character of the privileges of the commons. Accordingly he was placed, with Sir Thomas Crewe [q. v.] and other leaders of the popular party, on a commis- sion of inquiry sent to Ireland in the spring of 1622. On his return in October he at- tended (so Chamberlain informs us) with much assiduity at court l in hope somewhat would fall to his lot,' but was not rewarded. He again represented Tewkesbury in the par- liaments of 1624, 1625, and 1626. In 1626 he addressed a long letter to the king coun- selling him with some frankness, as one who had served his father for twenty years, to act with moderation and firmness. The same year he opened the case against the Duke of Buckingham on his impeachment in a speech of elaborate eloquence. In this speech mat- Digges 6 ter derogatory to the king's honour was dis- covered, and he was committed to the Fleet ; but the commons exhibiting much indigna- tion he was released after three days' con- finement. He absolutely denied having used the words on which the charge was founded. He was again committed to the Fleet in January 1627 for certain 'unfit language' used by him at the council, but was released in the following month after making an apology. Archbishop Abbot, who lived on terms of great intimacy with him, says that he was at one time in the service of the Duke of Buckingham, but had quitted it on account of ' some unworthy carriage ' on the part of that nobleman towards him. In the parliament of 1628 Digges sat for Kent. He was one of a deputation Littleton, Sel- den, and Coke being his colleagues to the House of Lords to confer with them on the best means of securing the liberty of the subject. Of this conference, in which Digges took an active part, the Petition of Right was the result. In the debate of June 1628 on the king's message forbidding the commons to meddle in matters of state, the speaker having interrupted Sir John Eliot, bidding him not to asperse the ministers of state, and Eliot having thereupon sat down, Digges exclaimed, ' Unless we may speak of these things in parliament let us rise and be gone, or else sit still and do nothing,' whereupon, after an interval of deep silence, the debate was resumed. In 1630 Digges received a grant of the reversion of the mastership of the rolls, expectant on the death of Sir Julius Csesar [q. v.] In 1633 he was placed on the high commission. In 1636 Sir Julius Caesar died, and Digges succeeded to his office. He died on 18 March 1638-9, and was buried at Chilham, near Canterbury. Through his wife Mary, daughter of Sir Thomas Kempe of Ol- lantigh, near Wye, Kent, to whose memory he erected in 1620 an elaborate marble monument in Chilham church, he acquired the manor and castle of Chilham. He also held estates near Faversham, which he charged by his will with an annuity of 20/. to provide prizes for a foot-race, open to competitors of both sexes, to be run in the neighbourhood of Faversham every 19th of May. The annual competition was kept up until the end of the last century. Of four sons who survived him, the third, Dudley [q. v.], achieved some distinction as a political pamphleteer on the royalist side. His eldest son, Thomas, married a daughter of Sir Maurice Abbot and had one son, Maurice,who was created a baronet on 6 March 1665-6, but died without issue. Digges had also three daughters, of whom one, Anne, mar- ried William Hammond of St. Alban's Court, > Digges near Canterbury, and was the ancestress of James Hammond, the elegiac poet [q. v.] An- thony a Wood says of Digges that ' his un- derstanding few could equal, his virtues fewer would.' He adds that his death was con- sidered a * public calamity.' This is certainly exaggerated eulogy. Whatever may have been Digges's virtues, political integrity can hardly have been among them, or he woulc! not have accepted office under the crown at the very crisis of the struggle for freedom. His style of oratory is somewhat laboured and pedantic. Digges published in 1604, in conjunction with his father, ' Foure Paradoxes or Politique Discourses, two concerning militarie disci- pline, two of the worthiness of war and war- riors.' He contributed some lines to the collection of ' Panegyricke Verses ' prefixed to 'Coryat's Crudities' (1611). He pub- lished a pamphlet in defence of the East India Company's monopoly, entitled ' The Defence of East India Trade,' in 1615, 4to. A tractate entitled ' Right and Privileges of the Subject,' published in 1642, 4to, is also i ascribed to Digges. His speech on the im- j peachment of the Duke of Buckingham was published by order of the Long parliament in 1643, 4to. From copies found among ! his papers the correspondence of Elizabeth with Leicester, Burghley, Walsingham, and Sir Thomas Smith, relative to the negotia- tions for a treaty of alliance with France (1570-1581), was published in 1655 under the title of l The Compleat Ambassador,' fol. A memorial to Elizabeth, concerning the de- fences of Dover, found among the papers in the ordnance office by Sir Henry Sheers, was published by him in 1700, and attributed to either Digges or Sir Walter Raleigh. [W. Berry's County Genealogies (Kent), p. 143 ; Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), ii. 208, 635 ; Fasti (Bliss), i. 290 ; Rushworth, i. 451 ; Nichols's Progresses (James I), ii. 126; Parl. Hist. i. 973, 1171, 1207, 1280, 1283-4, 1290, 1303, 1348, ii. 260, 402 ; Cobbett's State Trials, ii. 916, 919, 1321, 1370, 1375 ; Rymer's Fcedera (Sanderson), xvii. 257; Cal. State Papers (Col. 1513-1616), pp. 240, 302, (Col. 1574-1660) pp. 98, 130, (Col. East Indies, 1617-21) pp. 147,394, 409-11, 413, 421, (Dom. 1619-23) pp. 365, 469, (Dom. 1625-6) pp. 243, 330, 331, (Dom. 1627-8) pp. 2, 64, (Dom. 1633-4) p. 326 ; Notes and Queries, 1st ser. iii. 392 ; Hardy's Cat. of Lord Chancel- lors, p. 70 ; Lists of Members of Parliament, Offi- cial Return of; Commons' Debates, 1625 (Cam- den Soc.), pp. 29, 33; Court and Times of James I, i. 153, 324, ii. 238, 298, 339, 351, 444, 452; G-ent. Mag. Ixx. pt. ii. p. 825 ; Hasted's Kent, iii. 130; Addit. MS. 30156; Brit. Mus. Cat.; Allibone's Dictionary of Bibliography; Foss's Lives of the Judges.] J. M. R. Digges j DIGGES, DUDLEY (1613-1643), poli- tical writer, third son of Sir Dudley Digges [q. v.], was born at Chilhana, Kent, in 1613. He entered University College, Oxford, in 1629, proceeded B.A. on 17 Jan. 1632, M.A. on 15 Oct. 1635. In 1633 he was elected fellow of All Souls. In September 1642 he is mentioned a, one of a ' delegacy ' appointed to provide means for defending Oxford against the parliament during the civil war (WooD, History and Antiquities of the University of Oxford, ed. Gutch, ii. 447). He died at Ox- ford on 1 Oct. 1643 of the malignant camp fever then raging there, and was buried in the outer chapel of All Souls. Digges was a devoted royalist, and all his important writings were in defence of Charles I. His works were: 1. 'Nova Corpora Regularia,' 1734. This is a demonstration of certain mathematical discoveries made about 1674 by his grandfather, Thomas Digges. 2. ' An Answer to a Printed Book intituled Observa- tions upon some of His Maj estie's lat e Answers and Expresses,' Oxford, 1642. 3. ' A Review of the Observations upon some of His Ma- j estie's late Answers and Expresses,' York, 1643. 4. ' The Unlawfulnesse of Subjects taking up arms against their Soveraigne in what case soever,' 1643. This defence of the doctrine of passive obedience was widely popular among the royalists and went through several editions. [Wood's Athense Oxon. ed. Bliss, iii. cols. 65, 66 ; Biographia Britaiinica, iii. 1717-18.] F. W-T. DIGGES, LEONARD (d. 1571?), mathe- matician, was the son of James Digges of Digges Court, in the parish of Barham, Kent, by Philippa, his second wife, daughter of John Engham of Chart in the same county. The family was an ancient and considerable one. Adomarus Digges was a judge under Edward II; Roger served in three parlia- ments of Edward III ; James Digges was a justice of the peace many years, and sheriff in the second of Henry VIII. He left Digges Court to his eldest son John, and the manor of Brome to Leonard, who sold it, and pur- chased in 1547 the manor of Wotton, like- wise in Kent, where he resided. We hear of an act passed in the fifth year of Elizabeth ' for the restitution of Leonard Digges,' but it is not printed among the statutes. He married Bridget, daughter of Thomas "Wil- ford of Hart ridge, Kent, and had by her Thomas [q. v.], a distinguished mathemati- cian, and the editor of several of his works. The elder Digges died about 1571. He studied at University College, Oxford, but took no degree, though his ample means and leisure Digges ! w r ere devoted to scientific pursuits. He be- came an expert mathematician and land sur- veyor, and (according to Fuller) ' was the best architect in that age, for all manner of buildings, for conveniency, pleasure, state, j strength, being excellent at fortifications/ Lest he should seem to have acquired know- j ledge selfishly, he printed in 1556, for the ; public benefit, ' A Booke named Tectonicon, i briefly showing the exact measuring, and speedie reckoning all manner of Land,Squares,. Timber, Stone, etc. Further, declaring the perfect making and large use of the Carpen- ter's Ruler, containing a Quadrant geometri- call ; comprehending also the rare use of the Square.' The next edition was in 1570, and numerous others followed down to 1692. The author advised artificers desirous to profit by this, or any of his works, to read them thrice, and ' at the third reading, wittily to- practise.' A treatise, likewise on mensuration, left in manuscript, was completed and published by his son in 1571, with the title, ' A Geome- tricall Practise, named Pantometria, divided into Three Bookes, Longimetria, Planimetria, and Stereometria, containing Rules manifolde for Mensuration of all Lines, Superficies, and Solides.' The first book includes a very early description of the theodolite (chap, xxvii.), and the third book, on Stereometry, is espe- cially commended for its ingenuity by Pro- fessor De Morgan. In the dedication to Sir Nicholas Bacon, Thomas Digges speaks of his father's untimely death, which was then apparently a recent event, and of the favour borne to him by the lord keeper. A second revised edition was issued in 1591. Th& twenty-first chapter of the first book in- cludes a remarkable description of ' the mar- vellous conclusions that may be performed by glasses concave and convex, of circular and parabolical forms.' He practised, we are there informed, the ' multiplication of beams ' both by refraction and reflection j knew that the paraboloidal shape ' most per- fectly doth unite beams, and most vehe- mently burneth of all other reflecting glasses,' and had obtained with great success magni- fying effects from a combination of lenses. ' But of these conclusions,' he added, 1 1 mind not here more to intreat, having at large in a volume by itself opened the mi- raculous effects of perspective glasses.' The work in question never was made public. Especially he designed to prosecute, after the example of Archimedes, the study of burn- ing-glasses, and hoped to impart secrets ' no less serving for the security and defence of our natural country, than surely to be mar- velled at of strangers.' The assertion that Digges Digges Digges anticipated the invention of the tele- Spanish and French, and was a good classical scope is fully justified, as well by the above scholar. He published in 1617 a verse trans- particulars as by the additional details given lation from Claudian entitled ' The Rape of by his son in the ' Preface to the Header.' ; Proserpine ' (printed by G. P. for Edward He states elsewhere that his father's profi- j Blount). It is dedicated to Digges's sister (1587-1619), wife of Sir Anthony Palmer, K.B. (1566-1630), who had recently nursed him through a dangerous illness. In 1622 he issued a translation of a Spanish novel, en- ciency in optics was in part derived from an old written treatise by Friar Bacon, which, ' by strange adventure, or rather destiny, came to his hands ' (Encycl. Metropolitana, iii. 399, art. 'Optics'). ' An Arithmeticall Militare Treatise, named Stratioticos : compendiously teaching the Science of Numbers . . . and so much of the Rules and Aequations Algebraicall, and Arte of Numbers Cossicall, as are requisite for the Profession of a Soldier/ was begun by Leonard Digges, but augmented, digested, and pub- lished with a dedication to the Earl of Lei- cester, by Thomas in 1579 (2nd ed. 1590). Digges wrote besides : A Prognostication Everlasting : Contayning Rules to judge the Weather by the Sunne, Moone, Starres, Comets, Rainbows, Thunder Clouds, with other extraordinary Tokens, not omitting the Aspects of the Planets ' (London, 1553, 1555, 1556, &c., corrected by Thomas Digges, 1576, &c.) This little manual of astrological me- teorology gives the distances and dimensions of sun, moon, and planets, according to the notions of the time, and includes tables of lucky and unlucky days, of the fittest times for blood-letting, &c., and of the lunar do- minion over the various parts of man's body. Digges's writings show an inventive mind, and considerable ingenuity in the application of , arithmetical geometry. [Biog. Brit. (Kippis) ; Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), i. 414; Fuller's Worthies (1662), 'Kent,' p. 82 ; Hasted's Hist, of Kent, iii. 130, 756, 762; Harris's Hist, of Kent, p. 35, &c.; Philipott's Villare Cantianum, p. 60 ; Stow's Survey of Lon- don (1720), iii. 71 ;Pits, De Angliae Scriptoribus (1619), i. 751 ; Bale's Scriptt. Brit. Cat. x. 110; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. ; Watt's Bibl. Brit. ; Poggen- dorff's Biog. Lit. Handworterbuch ; Companion to Brit. Almanac, 1837, p. 40, 1839, p. 57, 1840, p. 27 (A. De Morgan); Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. iv. 282, x. 162, 6th ser. x. 368, 515; Brit. Mus. Cat.] A. M. C. DIGGES, LEONARD (1588-1635), poet and translator, son of Thomas Digges [q.v.], by Agnes, daughter of Sir Warham St. Leger, was born in London in 1588, and went to University College, Oxford, in 1603, aged fifteen. He proceeded B. A. 31 Oct. 1606, and travelled abroad, studying at many foreign universities. In consideration of his con- tinental studies he was created M.A. at Ox- ford on 20 Nov. 1626, and allowed to reside at University College. He died there 7 April 1635. Digges was well acquainted with both titled ' Gerardo, the Unfortunate Spaniard/ by G. de Cespedes y Meneses, and dedicated it to the brothers William, earl of Pem- broke, and Philip, earl of Montgomery. It was republished in 1653. Verses by Digges are prefixed toAleman's 'Rogue '(1623), and to Giovanni Sorriano's 'Italian Tutor' (1640). Greater interest attaches to two pieces of verse by Digges in praise of Shakespeare, one of which was prefixed to the 1623 edition of Shakespeare's plays, and the other to the 1640 edition of his poems. Few contemporaries wrote more sympathetically of Shakespeare's greatness. [Wood's Athense Oxon. ii. 592-3; Wood's Fasti, i. 316, 428; Shakespeare's Century of Prayse (New Shaksp. Soc.), 157, 231 ; Hunter's MS. Chorus Vatum in Addit. MS. 24488, ff. 181-2.] S. L. L. DIGGES, THOMAS (d. 1595), mathema- tician, son of Leonard Digges (d. 1571) [q.v.] r by his wife, Bridget, daughter of Thomas Wil- ford, esq., was born in Kent, probably at the residence of his father. He says he spent his youngest years, even from his cradle, in the tudy of the liberal sciences. Wood's state- ment that he received his education at Ox- ford appears to be wholly without founda- tion. He matriculated in the university of Cambridge, as a pensioner of Queens' College, in May 1546, proceeded B.A. in 1550-1, and commenced M.A. in 1557 (CooFEE, Athence Cantab, ii. 184). He became very proficient in mathematical and military matters, having spent many years ' in reducing the sciences mathematical from demonstrative contem- plations to experimental actions/ in which he was aided by his father's observations, and by conferences with the rarest soldiers of his time. His intimacy with Dr. John Dee was doubtless of considerable advantage to him. In a letter written in December 1573 Dee styles him * charissimus mihi juvenis, mathe- maticusque meus dignissimus haeres ' (Addit. MS. 5867, f. 25). He sat for W T allingford in the parliament which met 8 May 1572. On 14 April 1582 the privy council informed the commissioners of Dover Haven that they had appointed Sir William Wynter, Digges, and Burroughs to confer with the commissioners on the choice of a plan for the repair of the harbour, adding Digges that Digges was to be overseer of the works and fortifications. A week later the com- missioners wrote to the council that after consultation they had finally resolved on a * platt ' for the making of a perfect and safe harbour, and had chosen officers to execute it. Digges was engaged on the works at Dover for several years. In the parliament which assembled 23 Nov. 1585 he repre- sented the town of Southampton. In 1586 he was, through the influence of the Earl of Leicester, made muster-master-general of the English forces in the Netherlands (Stratio- ticos, ed. 1590, p. 237). In that capacity he seems to have made strenuous exertions, and to have evinced marked ability. Writing from London to Lord Burghley on 2 May 1590 he says : ' I am forced to beseech your favour that I may have my pay so long fo'rborn, after others by whom her majesty has been damaged are fully paid or overpaid, whereas I, that j never increased her charge one penny, but have saved her many thousands, am yet un- t satisfied by 1,000/., and have for want thereof [ received such hindrance that I had better have accepted a moiety than my full due i now.' In or about 1590 the queen issued a commission to Richard Greynevile of Stow, | Cornwall, Piers Edgecombe, Digges, and others, authorising them to fit out and equip a fleet for the discovery of lands in the ant- ; arctic seas, and especially to the dominions | of the great ' Cam of Cathaia.' Digges was 1 discharged from the office of muster-master- general of her majesty's forces in the Low Countries on 15 March 1593-4, when, as he i shortly afterwards complained to the coun- ! cil, the entire moiety of his entertainment, and four or five months of his ordinary im- prest, were detained by the treasurer at war. He died in London on 24 Aug. 1595, and was buried in the chancel of the church of St. Mary, Aldermanbury, where a monument was erected to his memory with an inscrip- tion which describes him as ' a man zealously affected to true religion, wise, discreete, cour- teous, faithfull to his friends, and of rare knowledge in geometric, astrologie, and other mathematical sciences ' (SxowE, Survey of London, ed. 1720, i. 71, 72). He married Agnes, daughter of Sir William [Warham ?] St. Leger, knight, and of Ursula his wife, daughter of George Neville, lord Abergavenny, and had issue, Sir Dudley Digges [q. v.J, Leonard Digges the younger [q. v.], Margaret, and Ursula (who were alive at the date of his decease), besides William and Mary, who died young. Tycho Brahe had a high opinion of Digges's mathematical talents (HALLIWELL, Letters illustrative of the Progress of Science in Eng- ; Digges land, p. 33). John Davis, in his * Seaman's Secrets ' (1594), speaking of English mathe- matical ability, asks ' What strangers may be compared with M. Thomas Digges, esquire, our countryman, the great master of arch- mastrie ? and for theoretical speculations and most cunning calculation, M. Dee and M. Thomas Heriotts are hardly to be matched.' Mr.Halliwell observes : ' Thomas Digges ranks among the first English mathematicians of the sixteenth century. Although he made no great addition to science, yet his writings tended more to its cultivation than perhaps all those of other writers on the same subjects put together.' His works are: 1. ( A Geometrical Prac- tise, named Pantometria, divided into three Bookes, Longimetra, Planimetra, and Sterio- metria, containing Rules manifolde for men- suration of all lines, Superficies, and Solides . . . framed by Leonard Digges, lately finished by Thomas Digges his sonne. Who hath also thereunto adjoyiied a Mathematicall treatise of the five regulare Platonicall bodies and their Metamorphosis or transformation into five other equilater unifoorme solides Geo- metricall, of his owne invention, hitherto not mentioned by any Geometricians,' Lond. 1571, 4to; 2nd edition, ' with sundrie addi- tions,' Lond. 1591, fol. Dedicated to Sir Nicholas Bacon, lord keeper. 2. Epistle to the reader of John Dee's ' Parallacticse Com- mentationis Praxeosq . Nucleus quidam,' 1573. 3. ' Alas seu Scalse Mathematics, quibus vi- sibilium remotissima Cseloriirn Theatra con- scendi, et Planetarum omnium itinera novis et inauditis Methodis explorari : turn huius portentosi Syderis in Mundi Boreal i plaga in- solito fulgore coruscantis, Distantia et Mag- nitudo immensa, Situsq. protinus tremendus indagari, Deiq. stupendum ostentum, Terri- colis expositum, cognosci liquidissime possit,' Lond. 1573, 1581, 4to. Dedicated to Lord Burghley, by whose orders he wrote the trea- tise. 4. ' A Prognostication . . . contayning . . . rules to judge the Weather by the Sunne, Moone, Stars . . . with a briefe judge- ment for ever, of Plenty, Lacke, Sickenes, Dearth, Warres, &c., opening also many na- tural causes worthy to be knowen,' published by Leonard Digges, and corrected and aug- mented by his son Thomas, Lond. 1578, 4to. Other editions, 1596 and 1605. 5. 'An Arithmeticall Militare Treatise, named Stra- tioticos : Compendiously teaching the Science of Numbers. . . . Together with the Moderne Militare Discipline, Offices, Lawes, and Due- ties in every wel governed Campe and Annie to be observed. Long since attempted by Leonard Digges. Augmented, digested, and lately finished by Thomas Digges. Whereto Digges 73 Digges he hath also adjoyned certaine Questions of great Ordinaunce,' Lond. 1579, 1590, 4to. Dedicated to Robert Dudley, earl of Leices- ter. To the second edition is appended ' A briefe and true Report of the Proceedings of the Earle of Leycestre, for the Reliefe of the Towne of Sluce, from his arrival at Vlishing, about the end of June 1587, until the Surren- drie thereof 26 Julii next ensuing. Whereby it shall plainelie appeare his Excellencie was not in anie Fault for the Losse of that Towne.' Robert Norton, gunner, published at London in 1624 a treatise ' Of the Art of Great Artillery, viz. the explanation of the Definitions and Questions, pronounced and propounded by Thomas Digges, in his Stra- tiaticos and Pantometria, concerning great Ordinance, and his Theorems thereupon.' 6. ' England's Defence : A Treatise concern- ing Invasion ; or a brief discourse of what orders were best for the repulsing of foreign enemies, if at any time they should invade us by sea in Kent or elsewhere,' at the end -of the second edition of ' Stratioticos,' and Lond. 1686, fol. 7. Plan of Dover Castle, Town, and Harbour, drawn in 1581, by, or for the use of, Thomas Digges. Copy in Addit. MS. 11815. 8. 'A briefe discourse declaringe how honorable and profitable to youre most excellent majestie . . . the making of Dover Haven shalbe, and in what sorte . . . the same may be accomplyshed.' About 1582. Printed by T. W. Wrighte, M.A., in * Archaeologia,' xi. 212-54, from a manuscript bequeathed to the Society of Antiquaries by John Thorpe. 9. ' Letter to the Earl of Leices- ter, with a Platt of military Ordnance for the Army he is to conduct into the Low Countries . . .' Harleian MS. 6993, art. 49. 10. * Instructio exercitus apud Belgas,' 1586, MS. 1 1 . An augmented edition of his father's -< Boke named Tectonicon,' Lond. 1592, 4to, and again in 1605, 1614, 1625, 1630, 1634, 1637, 1647, 1656. 12. < Perfect description of the celestial orbs, according to the most antient doctrine of the Pythagoreans,' Lond. 1592, 4to. 13. ' Foure Paradoxes, or politique Discourses : two concerning militarie Disci- pline wrote long since by Thomas Digges ; two of the Worthinesse of War and Warriors. By Dudley Digges his sonne,' Lond. 1604, 4to. 14. 'Nova Corpora regularia seu quinque cor- porum regularium simplicium in quinque alia regularia composita metamorphosis inventa ante annos 60 a T. Diggseio . . . jam, pro- blematibus additis nonnullis, demonstrata a Nepote,' Lond. 1634, 4to. Besides the above works he had begun the following, with the intention of completing and publishing them, 4 had not the infernall furies, envying such his felicitie and happie societie with his mathe- matical muses, for many yeares so tormented him with lawe-brables, that he hath bene enforced to discontinue those his delectable studies.' 15. ' A Treatise of the Arte of Navi- gation.' 16. 'A Treatise of Architecture Nauticall.' 17. ' Commentaries upon the Re- volutions of Copernicus.' 18. 'A Booke of Dialling.' 19. ' A Treatise of Great Artil- lerie and Pyrotechnic.' 20. ' A Treatise of Fortification.' [Addit. MSS. 5867, f. 25, 11815 ; Ames's Typogr. Antiq. (Herbert) ; Biog. Brit. (Kippis) ; Cat. of Printed Books in Brit. Mus. ; Halliwell's Letters illustrative of the Progress of Science in England, 6, 30, 33 ; Hasted's Kent, iii. 130, 762, iv. 35 ; Leigh's Treatise of Religion and Learn- ing, 180 ; Calendar of State Papers, Domestic, (1547-80) 454, 577, (1581-90) 42, 44, 49-51, 101, 110, 111, 173, 180, 184, 214, 706, (1591- 1594) 198, 234, 235, 316, 474, (1595-7) 263, 275, 293, 294, Addenda, (1580-1625) 306, 308, 309; Penny Cyclopaedia, iii. 244, xxiv. 163; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. 227 ; Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), i. 415, 636, ii. 592.] T. C. DIGGES, WEST (1720-1786), actor, has been variously stated to have been the son of Colonel Digges, an officer of the guards, whose fortune was lost in the South Sea scheme, and the illegitimate son of the second John West, earl of Delawarr. A commission was obtained for him, and he was sent to Scotland, where he encumbered himself with a burden of debt of which he was never able to get rid. Theophilus Gibber, on his visit to Dublin, introduced Digges to Sheridan, manager of the Smock Alley Theatre. On 27 Nov. 1749, as Jaffier in ' Venice Pre- served,' he made at that house his first ap- pearance on the stage. His success was com- plete. He remained in Dublin for some years, playing such characters as Lothario, Lear, Antony, Macheath, and Hamlet. He paid frequent visits to Edinburgh, where, 14 Dec. 1756, he was the original Young Norval in Home's tragedy of ' Douglas.' Having a wife still living, he went through the cere- mony of marriage with George Ann Bel- lamy [q. v.], and acted in Scotland for a time (1763) under the name of Bellamy. In Edinburgh he was imprisoned for debt, but succeeded in effecting his escape. His first appearance in London took place at the Hay- market as Cato, 14 Aug. 1777. Foote was present, and with characteristic cruelty caused a laugh and disconcerted the actor by saying aloud in reference to Digges's costume, 'A Roman chimney-sweeper on May day ! ' He appeared at Covent Garden, 25 Sept. 1778, as Sir John Brute in the * Provoked Wife.' In 1779 he returned to the Haymarket, and was the original Earl of Westmoreland in Dighton 74 Dighton Mrs. Cowley's ' Albina, Countess Raimond.' At the close of 1781 lie quitted London per- manently, and acted in Dublin. Rehearsing in July 1784 Pierre in ' Venice Preserved/ with Mrs. Siddons as Belvidera, he had a stroke of paralysis from which he never re- covered. He died in Cork 10 Nov. 1786, and was buried in the cathedral. Digges was a well-formed and handsome man, portly in his later years, but with much natural grace. He was, however, rather formal in style, and his voice was imperfectly under control. In London he made no great reputation. Davies, speaking of his Wolsey, says, ' Mr. Digges, if he had not sometimes been extravagant in gesture and quaint in elocution, would have been nearer the resemblance of the great minister than any actor I have seen represent it ' {Dramatic Miscellanies^ i. 351). Colman the younger accords him high praise. Victor says his ' Lear was a weak imitation of Gar- rick,' and esteems him a better actor in tra- gedy than in comedy, as he was t a much easier fine gentleman off the stage than on.' Boaden says of his Wolsey that it was a masterly performance (Life of Mrs. Siddons, i. 127), and of his performance of Caratach in the ' Bonduca ' of Fletcher, altered by Col- man, Haymarket, 30 July 1778, that 'it was quite equal to Kemble's Coriolanus in bold, original conception and corresponding feli- city of execution' (ib. i. 164), and O'Keeffe says that he was the best Macheath he ever saw. [Books cited ; Genest's Account of the Stage ; Victor's Hist, of the Theatres of London and Dublin; Hitchcock's Historical View of the Irish Stage ; Colman's Random Records ; Peake's Me- moirs of the Colman Family; Jackson's Hist, of the Scottish Stage.] J. K. DIGHTON, DENIS (1792-1827), battle painter, was born in London in 1792. When young he became a student in the Royal Academy of Arts. Having in his early career attracted the notice of the Prince of Wales, he received, at the age of nineteen, through the prince's favour, a commission in the 90th regiment, which, however, he resigned in order to marry and settle in London. He was appointed military draughtsman to the prince in 1815, and occasionally made professional excursions abroad by desire of his royal pa- tron. He exhibited seventeen pictures at the Royal Academy between 1811 and 1825. His first work was entitled < The Lace Maker ; ' he then resided at No. 4 Spring Gardens. Digh- ton died at St. Servant 8 Aug. 1827. His wife painted fruit and flower pieces, and ex- hibited sixteen pictures at the Academv be- tween 1820 and 1835, and eight at the British Institution, and was appointed flower-painter to the queen. Dighton etched several plates, among which is a whole-length portrait of Denis Davidoft', ' The Black Captain,' 1814. There are in the department of prints and drawings, British Museum, four Indian-ink drawings, which have been engraved in Lady Callcott's works on Chili and Brazil, and also several lithographs, viz. ' Chinois,' ' Turk/ ' Chinese,' ' Bedouin Arab,' published in 1821,. and ' Drawing Book for Learners.' [Redgrave's Diet, of Artists.] L. E. DIGHTON, ROBERT (1752 P-1814), por- trait-painter, caricaturist, and etcher, was born about 1752, and styled himself ' draw- ing-master.' He first exhibited at the Free Society of Artists in 1769, and continued to- do so till 1773, when he sent some portraits in chalk. In 1775 he had at the Royal Academy ' a frame of stain'd drawings,' and his address, was * at Mr. Glanville's, opposite St. Clement's- Church.' Two years later he exhibited ' A Conversation, small whole-lengths,' and ' A Drawing of a Gentleman from memory ; ' he then resided at 266 High Holborn, and in 1785 at Henrietta Street, Covent Garden. In 1795 Dighton etched ' A Book of Heads,' pub- lished by Bowles & Carver of 69 St. Paul's Churchyard, London, and also his portrait ; he is seen in left profile, in his right hand a crayon-holder, and under his left arm a port- folio inscribed ' A Book of Heads by Robert Dighton, Portrait Painter and Drawing Mas- ter.' His etchings, which are numerous and tinted by hand, are chiefly satirical portraits of the leading counsel then at the bar, mili- tary officers, actors and actresses, and he signed himself t R. Dighton ' and ' Dighton/ whereas his son Richard wrote his name in full. In 1794 he lived at No. 12 Charing Cross ; he then moved to No. 6, and finally, in 1810, to No. 4 Spring Gardens, Charing Cross, where he died in 1814. In 1806 it was discovered that Dighton had abstracted from the British Museum a number of etch- ings and prints. The first meeting of the trustees of the British Museum for conside- ration of the matter was held 21 June 1806. The discovery of the theft was due to Samuel Woodburn, the art dealer, who, having been summoned to attend the board, stated that about May 1806 he bought of Dighton, Rem- brandt's ' Coach Landscape' for twelve guineas, and, receiving information that there was rea- son to suppose it might be a copy, took the etching to the museum on 18 June to com- pare it with the Museum impression. This- he found to be missing, and only a coloured copy remaining. Shortly afterwards the cul- prit made the following disclosures : that he Dignum 75 Dilke first visited the British Museum in 1794, and finding one of the officials very obliging drew for him gratuitously his portrait and that of his daughter. The prints were at that time slightly pasted in guard-books, from which Dighton was able to remove them unnoticed, and to carry them away in a portfolio. These he sold, but they were nearly all recovered. There is in the department of prints and drawings, British Museum, a good set of Dighton's etchings, and a lithograph repre- senting a boy at an easel and the following water-colour drawings : ' Glee Singers exe- cuting a Catch,' ' The Reward of Virtue/ ' Cornme ce Corse nous mene,' ' There is gal- lantry for you ! ' ' Men of War bound for the Port of Pleasure.' [Redgrave's Diet, of English Artists; Fagan's Collectors' Marks, p. 24, No. 131 ; Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. vi. 187.] L. F. DIGNUM, CHARLES (1765 P-1872), vocalist, son of a master tailor, was born at Rotherhithe about 1765. His father, who was a catholic, moved his business to Wild Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields, and young Dignum became a chorister at the Sardinian Chapel, where his fine voice attracted the attention of Samuel Webbe, the organist, who undertook his musical education. Dig- num, however, wished to become a priest, and was only prevented by his father being too poor to pay for his training. He was therefore placed under a carver and gilder named Egglesoe, with whom he remained for nine months, when a quarrel with his master prevented his being definitely apprenticed. Linley [q. v.] made his acquaintance, and, persuading him to adopt the musical pro- fession, undertook his education. Linley would not let him sing in public until his powers were thoroughly matured. His first appearance took place at Drury Lane, as young Meadows in ' Love in a Village,' on 14 Oct. 1784; according to the advertise- ments he was received by a very crowded house with unbounded applause. He ap- peared in Michael Arne's 'Cymon' on 26 Nov. following, and as Damon in Boy ce's ' Chaplet ' on 18 Dec. Dignum remained associated with Drury Lane during the greater part of his life. He had a fine tenor voice, but his figure was clumsy, and though extremely good-natured, he seems to have been a some- what stupid man. He succeeded to Charles Bannister's parts on the latter's secession to the Royalty Theatre (1787) ; he was particu- larly successful as Tom Tug in the ' Water- man,' and as Crop in ' No Song, no Supper.' He also sang a t the Drury Lane Oratorios, and on 28 Marc v i 1800 took part at Covent Garden in the first performance of Haydn's. 'Creation.' During the summer Dignum sang at Vauxhall, where he was a great favourite. In 1786 he married a Miss Rennett, the daughter of an attorney ; she died at 23 New North Street, Red Lion Square, in 1799, and of their children only one daughter survived. Dignum's name disappears from the theatre bills after 1812, but he continued to be a favourite member in musical society until his death. He died of inflammation of the lungs, at his house in Gloucester Street, 29 March 1827. He is said to have accumu- lated, together with his wife's property, a fortune of over 30,000/. Dignum wrote the tunes of several of his own songs, but he was a poor musician, and the harmonies were generally added by his friends. Several of his compositions appeared shortly after 1801, in a volume dedicated to the Prince of Wales, to which a portrait of the composer is pre- fixed. The other engraved portraits of him are the following: (1) Vignette, full face, engraved by Ridley after Drummond, and published in the ' European Magazine ' for December 1798 ; (2) vignette, full face, the same as (1) but said to be engraved by Mackenzie from a drawing by Deighton ; (3) full-length, as Tom Tug. engraved by Bond after De Wilde, published 26 July 1806; (4) full-length, caricature, ' Ease and Elegance,' published 1805. A notice in the ' European Magazine '(1798) announces that Dignum was then writing a two-act piece, but it is not known whether this was ever played. [European Mag. December 1798 ; Public Ad- vertiser, 14, 15 Oct., 26 Nov., 18 Dec. 1784; Portraits and Music in the British Museum ; Morning Post, 30 March 1827 ; Parke's Musical Memoirs, i. 91, 176, ii. 5, 63 ; Gent. Mag. 1799, i. 258 ; Genest's Hist, of the Stage ; Georgian Era, iv. 286 ; Grove's Diet, of Music, i. 447.] W. B. S. DILKE, ASHTON WENTWORTH (1850-1883), traveller and politician, younger son of Sir Charles Went worth Dilke [q. v.] , was educated privately, and went to Trinity Hall, Cambridge, of which he was a scholar, but left without taking his degree, being anxious to travel in Russia and acquire a knowledge of the condition of that empire. He visited a great part of Russia and Central Asia ; and resided for some months in a Russian village, studying the language and also examining the condition of the peasantry. On his return he read a paper on Kuldja before the Geo- graphical Society, and commenced a work on Russia, one or two chapters of which appeared in the ' Fortnightly Review/ but it was never published, as his energies were Dilke Dilke absorbed for a time in editing the ' Weekly Dispatch/ which he purchased within a year after his return home; and when he had leisure to return to his book he conceived that its place had been supplied by Mr. (now Sir) D. Mackenzie Wallace's volumes. A translation of TourgueniefF's ' Virgin Soil ' was published by Dilke in 1878. In 1880 he was returned for Newcastle as an ad- vanced liberal, and seemed likely to play a considerable part in politics ; but his health, never robust, gradually gave way and he resigned his seat. He died at Algiers on 12 March 1883. [Athenseum, 17 March 1883.] N. McC. DILKE, CHARLES WENTWORTH (1789-1864), antiquary and critic, was born on 8 Dec. 1789. At an early age he entered the navy pay office, but his leisure hours were devoted to reading, and, sharing the enthu- siasm for the Elizabethan dramatists which was created by the publication of Lamb's ' Specimens of the English Dramatic Poets,' he turned his attention in that direction. Gifford, who had edited Massinger, and was in the midst of his edition of Ben Jonson, 'encouraged him, and between 1814 and 1816 he brought out his continuation of Dodsley's * Old Plays,' a very acute and careful piece of editing. He had by this time married and settled at Hampstead, and there made the ac- quaintance of Charles Armitage Brown [q.v.], and of what was then termed the cockney school, Keats, to whom he proved both a sympathetic and judicious friend, Leigh Hunt, J. H. Reynolds, and Hood. Shelley was also known to him. He was busy contributing to the periodicals which sprang up within a few years of the peace, such as the ' London Review,' the ' London Magazine,' and ' Col- burn's New Monthly,' and naturally enough when the ' Retrospective Review' was started he became one of its chief supporters. His articles were mainly on literary topics, but in 1821 he produced a political pamphlet in the shape of a letter addressed to Lord John Rus- sell, which was distinctly radical in tone, and pleaded for the repeal of the corn laws. An event which formed a turning-point in Dilke's life was his becoming connected, about the end of 1829, with the ' Athenaeum,' which, founded by James Silk Buckingham [q. v.] at the beginning of the previous year, had been purchased by John Sterling, and had subse- quently passed into the hands of its printer and a number of men of letters. In the middle of 1830 Dilke became the supreme editor, and the effect of a firm hand on the management of the paper was speedily seen. Early in 1831 he reduced the price of the journal to four- pence, a measure which resulted in a marked increase in its sale and a corresponding re- duction in the circulation of the 'Literary Gazette,' which adhered to the then customary price of a shilling. Meanwhile his co-pro- prietors, Reynolds, Hood, and Allan Cunning- ham, alarmed by the change, gave up their shares in the paper, although they continued to write largely for it, and the financial respon- sibility fell entirely upon the printer and the editor, who obtained the co-operation of Lamb, Barry Cornwall,Chorley [q.v.],George Darley, and others of his friends, and as soon as he had the opportunity enlisted the aid of Sainte- Beuve, Jules Janin, and other continental writers of repute, quite an unheard-of thing for a British journalist to do in those days. Although the circulation of the paper quickly developed, the heavy duty prevented the growth of advertisements, and for' several years there was no surplus profit from which to pay Dilke a salary. The main principle of his editorship was to preserve a complete independence, and to criticise a book without caring who was the writer or who was the publisher, a principle which at the time was a startling novelty, and to maintain it Dilke withdrew altogether from general society, and avoided as far as possible personal contact with authors or publishers. In 1836 the navy pay office was abolished, and Dilke conse- quently retired on a pension, and devoted all his energies to the improvement of the paper. In the forties the ' Athenaeum ' had be- come an established success, and no longer required the constant exertions which had been necessary in earlier days. Dilke con- sequently handed over the editorship to the late T. K. Hervey, and listened to the over- tures of the 'Daily News,' which, started with great expectations of success under Charles Dickens, signally failed at first to realise the hopes of its proprietors. They therefore naturally turned to one who was politically in sympathy with them, and had proved his business faculty by converting a struggling journal into a paper of recognised influence and large circulation. Called in at first as a ' consulting physician,' he became in April 1846 manager of the ' Daily News,' John Forster being the editor, and applied to it the same policy that had proved success- ful in the case of the ' Athenaeum,' reducing the price of the ' Daily News ' by one-half. The capital of the paper proved, however, in- sufficient to meet the heavy expenses which the competition for news with the ( Times,' the ' Herald,' and the ' Morning Chronicle ' involved, and another great stumbling-block was that, the proprietors belonging to various sections of the liberal party, each of them Dilke 77 Dilke expected his own views to be advocated in the journal. In consequence, when the three years during which he had undertaken to superintend the * Daily News ' came to an end, Dilke withdrew from its management. It was not till several years afterwards that, by resuming his policy and reducing its price to a penny, the journal succeeded in obtain- ing the assured position it has held for the last seventeen years. A third period in Dilke's career began with his retirement from newspaper management, and the articles on which his reputation rests are all of them subsequent to 1847. While editing the ' Athenaeum ' he had on principle avoided writing in it ; having ceased to edit it he became a contributor. Although he preserved his early partiality for the Eliza- bethan drama a couple of articles on Shake- speare were among his later contributions to the paper 'he had studied the literary his- tory of the seventeenth century, and still more carefully that of the eighteenth. The mystery attaching to the authorship of the ' Letters of Junius ' especially fascinated him, and he acquired with his wonted thorough- ness a knowledge of everything bearing on the problem that none of his contemporaries could rival. Unlike other students of the riddle, he was not so anxious to find out who Junius was as to show who he was not : and although he is said to have had his own ideas of the identity of the unknown, his published criticisms were entirely destruc- tive. He commenced in the 'Athenaeum ' of July 1848 by demolishing Britton's theory that Colonel Barre was Junius, and in the course of the five following years he wrote a series of reviews which form the most weighty contribution to the perennial controversy that has yet appeared. The study of Junius led inevitably to the study of Burke and Wilkes, and he was the first to rescue Wilkes from the obloquy that attached to his name. He also became the apologist of Peter Pindar. To Dilke's papers on Junius succeeded his articles on Pope. He had been long interested in Pope, but his investigations were much aided by the purchase by the British Museum in 1853 of the Caryll papers, which revealed the manner in which Pope prepared his cor- respondence for publication. In a series of contributions to the 'Athenaeum' and 'Notes and Queries ' Dilke was able to explain the mystery of the publication of the letters by Curll, to make clear the poet's parentage, to settle several matters in his early life, to iden- tify the ' Unfortunate Lady,' and in various other points to throw fresh light on Pope's career and his poetry. These articles brought the writer into controversy with Peter Cun- ningham, the late Mr. Carruthers, Mr. Kers- lake, and other students of Pope, but his con- clusions remained unshaken by his assailants, and have been adopted by Mr. Elwin and Mr. Courthope in their elaborate edition of Pope, an edition in which Dilke was invited to take part, but owing to his advancing years he was obliged to decline. One of his last articles in the ' Athenaeum ' was devoted to Lady Mary Wortley Montagu and her quarrel with Pope, an article prompted by the appearance of Mr. Moy Thomas's edition of her works in 1861. In his later life the affairs of the Literary Fund occupied a large part of Dilke's at- tention. As early as 1836 he began to scrutinise the management of the fund ; but it was not till 1849 that the controversy became open and violent. In 1858 he joined with Dickens and Forster in the manifesto called ' The Case of the Reformers of the Literary Fund,' which will be found in the 'Athenaeum ' for 6 March of that year. The reformers, although they had the best of the argument, had the worst of the voting, and, finding it impossible to convert their mino- rity into a majority, they attempted, with the aid of Lord Lytton, to found the Guild of Art and Literature, a scheme which did not meet with the success anticipated. Dilke in 1862 withdrew altogether from London and settled at Alice Holt in Hamp- shire, where he died after a few days' illness on 10 Aug. 1864. The best comments on his character and his literary work were those of his old friend Thorns in ' Notes and Queries : ' ' The distinguishing feature of his character was his singular love of truth, and his sense of its value and importance, even in the minutest points and questions of lite- rary history.' [The articles on Pope, Junius, &c. of Dilke were collected and published in 1875, under the title of ' Papers of a Critic,' by the present Sir C. W. Dilke, who prefixed to them a memoir of his grandfather, from which the facts of the above notice have been derived.] N. McC. DILKE, SIR CHARLES WENT- WORTH (1810-1869), the son of Charles Wentworth Dilke [q. v.], was born in 1810. He was educated at Westminster School and at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, taking his degree in 1834. He became connected with the Royal Horticultural Society, and, along with Professor Lindley, founded the ' Gardener's Chronicle.' He was also an active member of the Society of Arts, and was for several years chairman of its council. He was among the first to propose the International Exhibition of 1851, and, as one of the executive committee, he worked with more zeal and persistence than Dilkes Dilkes any one else to bring the project to a successful issue. In 1853 he went to New York as an English commissioner to the Industrial Ex- hibition, and in 1855 he visited Paris on a similar errand. He was one of the five royal commissioners for the exhibition of 1862, and was made a baronet in the same year. He sat as a liberal for Wallingford in the par- liament of 1865, but lost his seat at the general election of 1868. At this time his health was failing, and having gone to Russia as English commissioner at a Horticultural Exhibition, he died on 10 May 1869 at St. Petersburg. [Times, 12 May 1869 ; Athenaeum, 15 May 1869.] N. McC. DILKES, SIB THOMAS (1667 P-1707), rear-admiral, a lieutenant and commander under James II, was advanced to post rank in 1692 and appointed to the Adventure of 50 guns, in which he shared in the glories of Barfleur and La Hogue. In different ships he continued actively employed in the Chan- nel, on the coast of Ireland, in the Bay of Biscay, or on the coast of Portugal, till in 1696, being then in the Rupert of 60 guns, he went to the West Indies, in the squadron under Vice-admiral John Nevell. Nevell and Meese, the rear-admiral, and almost all the other captains having died, Dilkes succeeded to the command, and brought the squadron home in October 1697. In 1702 he com- manded the Somerset of 70 guns, in the fleet under Sir George Rooke, who, in the attack on the combined fleets in Vigo har- bour, leaving his flagship the Royal Sove- reign outside, as too large, hoisted his flag in the Somerset. In the following March Dilkes was promoted to be rear-admiral of the white,, and during the summer of 1703, with his flag in the Kent, he had command of a squadron on the coast of France. On 26-7 July he drove on shore near Gran- ville and Avranches, and captured or de- stroyed almost the whole of a fleet of forty- five merchant ships and three frigates which formed their escort a service for which the queen ordered gold medals to be struck and presented to the admirals and captains. Dur- ing the rest of the year Dilkes was employed cruising in the chops of the Channel, return- ing to Spithead just in time to escape the fury of the great storm on 26 Nov. The following year, with his flag still in the Kent, he sailed with Sir Clowdisley Shovell to join Sir George Rooke at Lisbon, and afterwards took a prominent part in the battle of Malaga as rear-admiral of the white squadron, in acknowledgment of which he was knighted by the queen, 22 Oct., shortly after his re- turn to England. In February 1704-5 he sailed again for the Straits, with his flag in the Revenge ; and having joined Sir John Leake [q. v.] in the Tagus, had, on 10 March, a principal share in capturing and destroying the French squadron that was blockading Gibraltar (BUKCHETT, p. 683). He remained through the summer with the grand fleet under the Earl of Peterborough and Sir Clow- disley Shovell, and with the latter returned to England in November. During 1706 he appears to have been employed chiefly in the blockade of Dunkirk, but in January 1706-7 sailed in company with Sir Clowdisley Shovell [q. v.] for the Mediterranean, and took part in the operations there, including the siege of Toulon, which, though commonly spoken of as a failure, effected at least the temporary ruin of the French navy. Immediately after the siege was raised, Shovell left for England. Dilkes remained as commander-in-chief, and after conferring with King Charles at Barce- lona sailed for Leghorn, where he anchored on 19 Nov. On this occasion there arose a curious question as to priority of saluting, Dilkes claiming to be saluted first by the castle ; but the answer was that the castle never had saluted any flag first, except admi- rals or vice-admirals. With this precedent Dilkes was compelled to be content ; but to show that there was nothing personal in this refusal, he was invited to a public dinner on shore, 1 Dec. It would seem probable that, in going off to his ship from the heated room, he got a chill, followed by a fever, of which he died 12 Dec. 1707 ; but his death, so soon after his dispute with the grand-ducal court, led to a rumour that he had been poi- soned. For this there appear no grounds whatever. He married Mary, daughter of the first Earl of Inchiquin, widow of Mr. Henry Boyle of Castle Martyr, and, after Dilkes's death, wife of Colonel John Irwin. By her he had two sons, Michael O'Brien Dilkes, who died a lieutenant-general in 1774; and William Dilke (CHARLOCK, Biog. Nav. ii. 252), a captain in the navy, who was, 5 Dec. 1745, cashiered for misconduct, as captain of the Chichester, in the battle of Toulon, 11 Feb. 1743-4. The blame, according to a statement made by Admiral Mathews, lay not on Dilke, but on the Chichester, an 80-gun ship, so crank that she could not open her lower deck ports. Possibly this consideration had weight with the government, for the sen- tence on Dilke was so far remitted that he was restored to half-pay. He died 30 May 1756. It may, however, be doubted whether Char- nock is right in assigning this relationship to Captain William Dilke. Sir Thomas Dilkes Dillenius 79 Dillingham .-always wrote his name with the final s ; and | the names of his eldest son and of that son's i son, both generals in the army, are so printed j in the official lists. William Dilke, on the i -other hand, very certainly wrote it without | the s ; and the question whether or in what degree Sir Thomas Dilkes and Captain Wil- liam Dilke were related to each other, or to the family of Maxstocke in Warwickshire, does not admit of any positive answer (Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. x. 449, xi. 52). [Charnock'sBiog. Nav. ii. 242, v. 87; Burchett's Nav. Hist. ; Lediard's Nav. Hist.] J. K. L. DILLENIUS, JOHN JAMES, M.D. -(1687-1747), botanical professor at Oxford, was born in 1687 at Darmstadt. The name of his family had formerly been Dill and Dillen (PULTENEY, Progress of Botany, ii. 154). He was educated at the university of Giessen, where he seems to have taken the degree of M.D. He became a member of the Academia Curiosorum Germanise, and contributed several papers, mostly botanical, to their ephemerides. In 1719 he published 4 Catalogus Plantarum sponte circa Gissam nascentium,' enumerating 980 species of the higher plants, 200 of ' mosses ' and 160 fungi from the immediate environs of Giessen. The work also contained many descriptions of new genera and sixteen plates drawn and engraved by the author. It attracted much attention, and Dillenius was persuaded by Consul William Sherard to come to England in August 1721. He stayed with William Sherard at Oxford and afterwards in Lon- don, and with James Sherard, the consul's brother, at Eltham, but had lodgings of his own in London, these in 1728 being in Barking Alley. His first work in England was the preparation of the third edition of Ray's ' Synopsis Stirpium Britannicarum,' to which he added many species and twenty-four plates of rare plants. It was published in 1724. In 1728 Consul Sherard died, be- queathing his herbarium and library and 3,000/. to the university of Oxford, to pro- vide a salary for the professor of botany, on condition that Dillenius should be the first professor. In 1732 Dillenius published the 1 Hortus Elthamensis,' fol. pp. 437, illustrated by 417 drawings of plants etched with his own hand, of which Linnaeus wrote * est opus botanicum quo absolutius mundus non vidit.' In 1735 Dillenius was admitted M.D. of Oxford, as of St. John's College, and in the summer of the following year Linnaeus spent a month with him at Oxford, after which the Swedish naturalist dedicated his 4 Critica Botanica ' to the Oxford professor. After assisting in the preparation of the cata- logue of Dr. Shaw's oriental plants, Dille- nius completed his greatest work, the ' His- toria Muscorum,' 4to, 1741 , pp.552, illustrated by eighty-five plates ; and he prepared at least two hundred and fifty coloured drawings of fungi, which, however, were never published. He was somewhat corpulent, and in March 1747 was seized with apoplexy, from which he died on 2 April. He was buried at St. Peter' s- in-the-East, Oxford. A portrait of him is preserved at the Oxford Botanic Garden, which was engraved in Sims and Konig's 1 Annals of Botany,' vol. ii., and Linnaeus com- memorated him in the genus Dillenia. His drawings, manuscripts, books, and mosses were purchased from his executor, Dr. Seidel, by his successor, Dr. Humphrey Sibthorp, and added to the Sherardian Museum, where they now are. [Pulteney's Sketches of the Progress of Botany, ii. 153-84; Rees's Cyclopaedia; Druce's Flora of Oxford, pp. 381-5.] G. S. B. DILLINGHAM, FRANCIS (ft. 1611), divine, was a native of Dean, Bedfordshire. He matriculated as a pensioner of Christ's College, Cambridge, in June 1583, proceeded B.A. in 1586-7, was elected a fellow of his college, commenced M.A. in 1590, and took the degree of B.D. in 1599. Fuller says l he was an excellent linguist and subtle dispu- tant. My father was present in the bachil- lors-scholes when a Greek act was kept be- tween him and William Allabaster, of Trinity Colledge, to their mutuall commendation ; a disputation so famous that it served for an sera or epoche for the scholars in that age, thence to date their seniority ' ( Worthies of England, ed. Nichols, i. 118). He was richly beneficed at Wilden, in his native county, and died a bachelor, though in what year is not stated, leaving a fair estate to his brother Thomas, who was one of the Assembly of Divines. He was one of the translators of the au- thorised version of the Bible (1611). His works are : 1. ' A Disswasive from Poperie, containing twelve effectual reasons by which every Papist, not wilfully blinded, may be brought to the truth, and every Protestant confirmed in the same,' Cambridge, 1599, 8vo. 2. 'A Quartron of Reasons composed by Dr. Hill unquartered, and prooved a Quartron of Follies,' Cambridge, 1603, 4to. 3. ' Dispu- tatio de Natura Pcenitentiae adversus Bellar- minum,' Cambridge, 1606, 8vo. 4. 'Progresse in Piety,' Cambridge, 1606, 8vo. 5. 'A Golden Key, opening the Locke to Eternal Happinesse,' London, 1609, 8vo. 6. Funeral sermon on Lady Elizabeth Luke, London, 1609, 8vo; dedicated to Sir Oliver Luke, Dillingham Dillingham knight. 7. ' Christian (Economy, or House- hold Government, that is, the duties of hus- bands and wives, of parents and children, masters and servants,' London, 1609, 8vo. 8. 'A Probleme propounded, in which is plainely showed that the Holy Scriptures have met with Popish arguments and opinions,' London [1615 ?], 16mo. [Lewis's Hist, of Translations of the Bible (1818), 31 1 ; Cole's Athense Cantab. D 7 ; Mus- grave's Obituary ; Notes and Queries, 3rd series, iv. 380 ; Carter's Univ. of Camb. 231, 322 ; Peck's Desid. Cur. (1779), i. 333.] T. C. DILLINGHAM, THEOPHILUS, D.D. (1613-1678), master of Clare Hall, Cam- bridge, son of Thomas Dillingham, was born at Over Dean, Bedfordshire, in 1613. He was admitted a pensioner of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, 13 Sept. 1629, and graduated B. A. in 1633, M. A. in 1637. He was elected a fellow of Sidney College in 1638, and subsequently took the degree of D.D. In 1654 he was chosen master of Clare Hall, and he was thrice vice- chancellor of the university, in 1655, 1656, and part of 1661 . At the Restoration he was ejected from the mastership, and Thomas Paske,oneof his predecessors, was readmitted, but as Dillingham had married a daughter of Paske, the latter resigned in favour of his son-in-law, who was re-elected by the fellows in 1661. On 29 Jan. 1661-2 Dillingham be- came prebendary of Ulskelf in the church of York on Paske's resignation of that dignity, and on 3 Sept. 1667 he was installed arch- deacon of Bedford. He also held the rectory of OiFord Cluny, Huntingdonshire. He died at Cambridge on 22 Nov. 1678, and was buried in St. Edward's Church. Extracts from his diaries and other papers are preserved in Baker's MSS. at Cambridge, vol. xx. no. 6, p. 72, and vol. xxxvi. no. 15. [Addit. MSS. 5803, p. 40, 5821, p. 131, 5867, p. 7 ; Kennett's MSS. lii. 220 ; Kennett's Ee- gister and Chronicle, pp. 222, 615, 646; Le Neve's Fasti (Hardy), ii. 75, iii 220, 607, 671 ; Le Neve's Mon. Angl. (1650-79), p. 190; Carters Univ. of Camb. p. 413 n.~] T. C. DILLINGHAM, WILLIAM, D.D. (1617 P-1689), Latin poet and controver- sialist, son of Thomas Dillingham, rector of Barnwell All Saints, Northamptonshire, by Dorothy his wife, was born in that parish about 1617. He was admitted a sizar of Em- manuel College, Cambridge, 22 April 1636, proceeded B. A. in 1 639, was elected a fellow of his college in 1642, commenced M.A. in 1643, and subsequently graduated B.D. in 1650, and D.D. in 1655. As an undergra- duate he shared chambers with William San- croft, afterwards archbishop of Canterbury, with whom he maintained throughout life an uninterrupted friendship and correspondence. Sancroft was deprived of his fellowship for refusing to subscribe the ' engagement,' but Dillingham, being inclined to puritanism, re- mained at Cambridge, and his acquiescence in the new order of things was rewarded in 1653 by his appointment to the mastership of Emmanuel College on the nomination of the Earl of Manchester, chancellor of the univer- sity. In 1659 he was chosen vice-chancellor, and he discharged the duties of that office with credit and ability at the critical period of" the Restoration. The college did not nourish under his government, as it was distracted by religious dissensions among the fellows. When the Act of Uniformity was passed he had scruples about taking the oath, not on the ground of objections to the Book of Com- mon Prayer, but because he could not affirm that the ' solemn league and covenant ' was an unlawful oath which imposed no obliga- tion on those who had voluntarily subscribed it. His refusal to comply with the injunc- tions of the statute ipso facto deprived him of his university preferment, and on 31 Aug. 1662 his old friend Sancroft was unanimously elected master in his place. He retired ta Oundle, Northamptonshire, of which parish his brother was vicar, and there he lived for ten years in literary seclusion. After the death of his first wife he was induced to con- form, and he was presented by Sir Thomas Alston in May 1672 to the rectory of Wood- hill, now called Odell, Bedfordshire, where he passed the remainder of his life. In 1673, being then a widower with two sons, he mar- ried a widow named Mary Toller, who had already been thrice married and had seven children. She is said to have made an ex- cellent wife. Dillingham was buried at Odell on 28 Nov. 1689. His wife survived him little more than six months ; she was buried at Horbling, Lincolnshire, on 21 June 1690. His works are : 1. ' The Commentaries of Sir Francis Vere; being diverse pieces of ser- vice, wherein he had command, written by himself in way of commentary/ Camb. 1657, fol., dedicated to Sir Horace Townshend,bart. 2. ' Poemata varii argumenti,partim e Georgio Herberto Latine (utcunque) reddita, partim conscripta aWilh. Dillingham S. T.D., Lond. 1678. Most of the pieces in this volume were corrected by Sancroft, and one (p. 155) was certainly from his pen. It is entitled 1 Hippodromus,' and is a translation of an epigram by Thomas Bastard, first printed in 1598, and beginning, I mett a courtier riding on the plaine (Notes and Queries, 1st ser. iii. 323). 3. ' Ser- Dillingham 81 Dillon mon at the Funeral of the Lady Elizabeth Alston, preached in the parish church of Woodhill,Septemb. 10, 1677,' Lond. 1678, 4to Anger,' a translation from Plutarch. In ' Plu- tarch's Morals : translated from the Greek by several hands,' 1684, &c. 6. < Protestant Cer- tainty ; or a short Treatise shewing how a Protestant may be well .assured of the Ar- ticles of his Faith' (anon.), Lond. 1689, 4to. 7. 'The Mystery of Iniquity anatomized,' Lond. 1689, 4to. 8. ' Sphseristerium Suleia- num,' in Latin verse. Printed in ' Examen Poeticum Duplex,' Lond. 1698, p. 29. 9. ' Vita Laurentii Chadertoni S. T. P., & Oollegii Emmanuelis apud Cantabrigienses Magistri Primi. Una cum Vita Jacobi Usserii Archie- piscopi Armachani, tertia fere parte aucta,' Cambridge, typis academicis, 1700, 8vo. To this work, which was edited by his son Thomas, are appended the ( Conciones ad Clerum,' preached by Dillingham on taking his degrees of B.D. and D.D. The original manuscript is in the Harleian collection, No. 7052. Mr. E. S. Shuckburgh, M.A., pub- lished a ' free and abbreviated translation ' of the life of Chaderton, Cambridge, 1884, 8vo. 10. Latin verses in the university collection on the Restoration, and on the death of Thomas Gataker. The latter are reprinted in Beloe's ' Anecdotes/ vi. 103. Other speci- mens of his Latin and English verses from his unpublished correspondence are given in Waters's ' Genealogical Memoirs of the Fa- mily of Chester.' 11. Letters. His corre- spondence with Sancroft, extending over a period of forty-nine years, is preserved among the Tanner MSS. in the Bodleian Library at Oxford. Some of these letters are printed in Waters's < Family of Chester.' He also edited Nathaniel Culverwell's < Discourse of the Light of Nature,' 1652; Philip Ferrari's ' Lexicon Geographicum,' 1657 ; Arrowsmith's * Chain of Principles, wherein the chief heads of the Christian Religion are asserted,' 1660 (conjointly with Dr. Thomas Horton) ; Horton's * Sermons on Ihe Epistle to the Romans,' 1674 ; and Hor- ton's ' Practical Expositions on four select Psalms,' 1675. [Bridges's Northamptonshire, ii. 216; Cat. of Printed Books in Brit. Mus. ; Carter's Univ. of Camb. 360, 413; Cole's Athense Cantab. D. 7 ; Gough's British Topography, i. 246 ; Hackman's Cat. of Tanner MSS. ; Hill's Hist, of Langton, 47 ; Le Neve's Fasti (Hardy) ; Notes and Queries, 1st ser. vii. 427, 486, 5th "ser. viii. 167 ; Cat. of Sloane MSS. 756, 788 ; Waters's Geneal. Memoirs of the Family of Chester, ii. 637-47.] T. C. VOL. XV. DILLON, ARTHUR (1670-1733), a general in the French service, younger son of Theobald, seventh viscount Dillon, out- lawed as a Jacobite in 1690, was born in Roscommon in 1670, and apparently accom- panied to Brest in May 1690 a Jacobite regi- ment raised by his father, which, with two others, Louis XIV had asked for in exchange for the French troops sent to Ireland. He was appointed colonel of the regiment on 1 June 1690, served in Spain 1693-7, in Germany under Villeroy, 1701 ; and in Italy, 1702. He was promoted brigadier in 1702, and marechal de camp (brigadier-general) in 1704. In 1705 he distinguished himself at the siege of Mirandola and the battle of Cassano, and in the following year at Casti- glione. In 1707, as lieutenant-general, he com- manded the left wing under Tess6 in Provence, and forced the enemy to false the siege of Toulon. In 1709 he was under Berwick in DauphinS, and gallantly repelled an attack by the Piedmontese general, Rhebinder, near Briancon. Rhebinder had expected to sur- prise him in his camp, but was repulsed with great loss, and Louis XIV, in a letter to Ber- wick, complimented Dillon on his prowess. In 1713 he had the command-in-chief at the siege of Kaiserslautern, which soon capitu- lated. He wrote thence to Madame de Main- tenon that peace was impending, and bespoke her interest for obtaining some appointment. Peace, however, was not quite so near as he anticipated, and in the following year, as lieutenant-general under Berwick, he super- intended the entrenchments at the siege of Barcelona. This was his last campaign. He then became the Pretender's agent at Paris, and on Saint-Simon writing a letter of sym- pathy to the prince at Albano, Dillon was de- puted to convey his thanks and acknowledg- ment. In 1723 the Due de Lauzun on his deathbed sent for Dillon to hand over to him the collar of the Garter, to be returned to the Pretender. In 1728 Dillon resigned the com- mand of his regiment in favour of his eldest son Charles (afterwards tenth viscount), and he died at St. Germain, leaving the reputa- tion of ' a brave soldier, good officer, and most estimable man.' The Pretender on learn- ing his death directed that such papers as related to himself should be deposited at the Scotch College, Paris, and he wrote to the widow to thank her for her prompt compli- ance. Mrs. Dillon was Christina, daughter of Ralph Sheldon, and had been lady in wait- ing to Mary of Modena. On becoming a widow she took lodgings at the English Austin nunnery, Paris, where she expired in 1757 at the age of seventy-seven,, and was buried in the cloisters. Dillon had five sons, Charles G Dillon Dillon (1701-1741), who, on his uncle's death in 1733, inherited the title and estates, and died in London ; Henry, who succeeded his brother in the colonelcy in 1733, and in the title in 1741, but resigned the former in 1744 on the passing of an act confiscating the possessions of British subjects in foreign service ; James, a knight of Malta, colonel of Dillon's regi- ment in 1744 and killed at Fontenoy in 1745 (his banner is still preserved at Ditchley) ; Edward (1720-1747), who succeeded to the colonelcy, and was killed at Laufeld ; and Arthur 'Richard [q. v.], archbishop of Nar- bonne. [Ditchley MSS. ; ChronologieMilitaire,iv. 622 ; Memoires de Saint- Simon ; Observations sur les Officiers irlandais, par M. A. D. (Arthur Dillon), Depute a 1'Assemblee Nationale, a pamphlet pub- lished at Paris, c. 1790.] J. Gr. A. DILLON, ARTHUR RICHARD (1750- 1794), general in the French service, son of Henry, eleventh viscount, and nephew of Archbishop Dillon [q. v.], was born in 1750 at Braywick, Berkshire. Sub-lieutenant in Dil- lon's regiment, he was in 1767 appointed to the colonelcy, which Louis XV, reluctant to see it pass from the family, had kept vacant from 1747. He served in the West Indies during the American war, was governor of St. Kitt's during its brief occupancy by the French, visited London on the peace of 1783, and was complimented by the lord chancellor on his administration of that island. He became brigadier-general in 1784 with a pension of l,000f.,was three years governor of Tobago, was deputy for Martinique in the National Assembly, and was a frequent speaker on colonial questions. In June 1792 he received the command of the army of the north, offended the Jacobins by a general order re- probating the capture of the Tuileries, was supplanted by Dumouriez, under whom he distinguished himself in the Argonne passes, fell again under suspicion on account of a letter offering the landgrave of Hesse an unmolested retreat, was imprisoned for six weeks in 1792, and again for eight months in 1793-4. Condemned as a ringleader in the alleged Luxembourg prison plot, he was guillotined on 14 April with twenty others, including Lucile Desmoulins, with whom and her husband he had been on intimate terms. He was twice married, and left two daughters, one of whom, Fanny, married General Bertrand, and was with Napoleon at Elba and St. Helena. [Moniteur and other Paris newspapers, 1789- 94; Revolution frangaise, March 1884; Obser- vations sur les Officiers irlandais.] J. Gr. A. DILLON, ARTHUR RICHARD (1721- 1806), a French prelate, youngest son of Gene- ral Arthur Dillon [q. v.], was born in 1721 at St. Germain. He was a priest at Elan, near Mezieres, when on his brother Edward's death at Laufeld Louis XV said he should have the first vacant benefice. He accordingly became in 1747 vicar-general of Pontoise, and gain- ing rapid promotion was appointed in 1753 bishop of Evreux, in 1758 archbishop of Tou- louse, and in 1763 archbishop of Narbonne and primate of the Gauls. This last post made him virtual viceroy of Languedoc, the province enjoying the largest measure of self- government, and he actively promoted roads, bridges, canals, harbours, and other improve- ments. President of the assembly of the clergy in 1788, he publicly applauded the legal recognition of protestant marriages. The revolution reduced his income from 350,000f. (insufficient for his style of living) to 30,000f. He migrated to Coblenz at the end of 1790, thence went to London, and refused to re- cognise the concordat by which his diocese was abolished. He was buried in St. Pancras churchyard, London. [Audibert, le Dernier President des Etats de Languedoc, 1868; Lavergne, Assemblies Provin- ciales sous Louis XVI ; Tocqueville, Ancien R6- gime et la Revolution.] J. Gr. A. DILLON, EDOUARD (1751-1839), a French general and diplomatist, was born in 1751 at Bordeaux, where his father, Robert Dillon, formerly a banker at Dublin, had settled. Known as f le beau Dillon,' and one of the queen's chief favourites, he served in the West Indies and America, afterwards visited the Russian court, was colonel of the Provence regiment, and gentleman in waiting to the Comte d'Artois. On the revolution breaking out he quitted France, and in 1791, with his brothers, formed at Coblenz a new Dillon regiment. At the restoration he be- came lieutenant-general 1814, ambassador to Saxony 1816-18, and to Tuscany 1819. He married Fanny, daughter of Sir Robert Har- land; she died in 1777. Three of his bro- thers, Theobald, Robert Guillaume, and Fran- cis, were French officers ; a fourth, Roger Henri (1762-1831), was a priest, a curator of the Mazarin Library, Paris, and author of some theological pamphlets ; and a fifth, Arthur, likewise a priest, advocated in 1805 the introduction of foot pavements into Paris, but died about 1810, long before this improvement was adopted. [Roche's Essays by an Octogenarian ; An- nuaire de la Noblesse, 1870; Nouvelle Biogra- phie Gfenerale.] J. G-. A. Dillon Dillon DILLON, SIB JAMES (Jl. 1667), the first Dillon who served in foreign armies, eighth son of Theobald, first viscount Dillon, was probably born about 1580. In 1605 he signed a petition to the government for tole- ration of Roman catholic worship, and was one of the two delegates who presented it, both being imprisoned. A lessee of crown lands in Meath, a burgess of Trim, and a 'near dweller and principal man there/ he took an active part in Irish politics and war- fare. He was one of the organisers of the rising of 1641, and often acted with another Sir James Dillon, called the younger, from whom it is difficult to distinguish him in later operations. At the siege of Ballynakill (April-May 1643) he seems to have com- manded a regiment of foot on the rebel side. He afterwards became lieutenant-general and governor of Athlone and Connaught. But in the dissensions between the native and the Anglo-Irish catholics he naturally sided with the latter, refused to join in O'Neill's expe- dition of 1646, and was anxious with others in 1647 to enter the French service; but the dilatoriness both of the Long parliament and of Mazarin frustrated the project of an Irish j military exodus. His regiment of two hun- dred men formed part of the garrison of Drog- | heda, but it is not clear whether he was him- | self in the captured town. In 1652 he was j among the Leinster insurgents who agreed to i lay down their arms and remain in fixed j places of surety (Mullingar in Dillon's case) until they received passes for returning home or going beyond the seas. By the Act of Settlement, passed 12 Aug. 1652, he was excepted from pardon for life or estate. He is next heard of as a brigadier-general in the service of Spain and the Fronde. His regi- ment of 575 Irishmen was probably the force whose arrival at Bordeaux in May 1653 was notified to Conde" at Brussels by Lenet. It was quartered in the archiepiscopal castle of Lormont, two miles below Bordeaux, but on 26 May it surrendered this stronghold, with- out firing a shot, to Vendome. A Paris letter addressed to Thurloe professes to give par- ticulars of the compact between Dillon and the French government. Certain it is that Conde had had warning that l a Franciscan named George Dulong' (Dillon) had gone over from Paris to win his brother over to the French side, and George seems to have carried with him a brevet of brigadier-gene- ral dated 26 March. The ' Gazette de France/ which eulogises their prowess at Bourg and Libourne, represents Dillon and his troop as resenting their having been 'sold like slaves' to the Bordeaux Fronde. They served in Flanders till the peace of 1663, and Dillon is said to have distinguished himself at the battle of the Dunes, but there is no mention of this in contemporary documents. By an order of 29 Feb. 1664 his regiment was dis- banded, in consequence, according to the French military archives, of his death ; but this is a mistake, for he was still living in 1667. In August 1662 Charles II conferred on him an Irish pension of 500/. ' in considera- tion of his many good and acceptable services to King Charles I/ and this proving a dead letter, a second order of 8 Feb. 1664 directed the payment of pension and arrears. Dillon had doubtless by this time returned from France. In 1666 he obtained a pass for Flanders for himself and his son. In 1667, with two associates, he was- granted a four- teen years' license for ' making balls of earth and other ingredients, as a sort of fuel, being a public convenience in this juncture, when other kinds of fuel are dear and becoming more scarce.' There is no further trace of him. Dillon married (1) Elizabeth, daugh- ter of Thomas Plunket of Rathmore, co. Meath, by whom he had two sons, Ulick and James. Both died without issue. (2) Mary, daughter of Roger Jones of Sligo, and widow of Major John Ridge of Roscommon, by whom he had no issue. [Information from Viscount Dillon ; Calen- dars of State Papers ; Beling and other historians of the Irish Rebellion ; Thurloe Papers, i. 286 ; Memoires de Lenet; Gazette de France, 1653; Book of Pensions, Dublin Castle ; Lodge's Peer- age, v. 182-4.] J. G. A. DILLON, JOHN BLAKE (1816-1866), Irish politician, was born in county Mayo in 1816. He went at the age of eighteen to Maynooth intending to take orders, but turning to the bar he entered Trinity Col- lege, Dublin, where he graduated, became a good mathematician, and held the post of moderator. He was also a prominent mem- ber of the Historical Society. He was called to the Irish bar in 1841, wrote for the ' Morn- ing Register/ was a member, with his college friend Davis, of the repeal, and afterwards of the Young Ireland party, and joined him and Gavan Duffy in founding the 'Nation' to supersede O'Connell's < Pilot ' in 1842. Though at first he deprecated an appeal to force in the frequent speeches which he made at the meetings of the Irish confederation in the Music Hall, Abbey Street, Dublin, he even- tually followed O'Brien and led the rebel party at Mullinahone and Killenance. After their defeat he was concealed by peasants in the Aran Islands, and in spite of the 300 reward offered by the government for his capture he escaped with the assistance of friends at May- nooth to France. Thence he went to the G 2 Dillon 8 4 Dillon United States, where he was at once called to the bar with other Irish exiles, and prac- tised in partnership with Richard O'Gorman. The amnesty in 1855 permitted him to return to Dublin, where he resumed his practice. For some time he played no political part, but was at length induced to enter the Dublin corporation as alderman for Wood Quay ward. He helped Martin and the O'Donoghue to found the National Association, became its secretary, and at its first meeting on 21 Feb. 1865 strongly advocated the disestablishment of the Irish church. He was returned in 1865 for Tipperary free of expense, and endeavoured to effect a union between the English radicals and the Irish national party. Though not a good speaker, he was well received in the House of Commons, and made a special study of the financial relations of England and Ire- land. He also possessed the confidence of the Roman catholic bishops. He always remained a repealer, but he denounced fenianism. He died suddenly of cholera at Killarney on 15 Sept. 1866, and was buried at Glasnevin on the 17th. He was much respected by all parties. There is a portrait of him in the ' Nation,' 6 Oct. 1866. [Times, 18 and 20 Sept. 1866 ; Webb's Com- pendium of Irish Biography ; Ward's Men of the Reign ; A. M. Sullivan's New Ireland, i. 148 ; Nation, 22 Sept. 1866 ; Freeman's Journal, 17 Sept. 1866.] J. A. H. DILLON, SIE JOHN TALBOT (1740?- 1805), of Lismullen, co. Meath, Ireland, tra- veller, critic, and historical writer, was son of Arthur Dillon, and grandson of Sir John Dillon of Lismullen, knight, M.P. for the | county of Meath. He was returned in 1776 j as member for Blessington in the Irish parlia- i ment, and held the seat until 1783. For a i great part of this period, however, he was j abroad, travelling in Italy and Spain, or re- siding in Vienna, where he enjoyed the favour of the emperor Joseph II, from whom he re- ceived the dignity of free baron of the Holy Roman Empire. In a short obituary notice in the ' Gentleman's Magazine' for September 1805 it is said that this honour, which was accompanied by a very flattering letter from the emperor, was conferred upon him in recog- nition of his services in parliament on behalf of his Roman catholic fellow-subjects : and the date is given as 1782, which is repeated in the ' Baronetages ' of Betham and Foster. He is, however, described as ' baron of the Sacred Roman Empire ' on the title-page of his 'Travels in.Spain,' printed in 1780, as well as in the notes to the Rev. John Bowie's edition of ' Don Quixote/ which came out early in the next year ; and possibly the mistake may have arisen from the adoption of the date of the royal license authorising him to bear the title in this country. On his return from the con- tinent he published his ' Travels in Spain/ in which he incorporated with his own the ob- servations of the eminent Spanish naturalist, William Bowles [q. v.], whose ' Introduc- tion to the Natural History and Physical Geography of Spain ' had appeared in 1775, and to these he says himself the book is- largely indebted for any value and interest it possesses. It passed through four or five editions, was translated into German in 1782, and to a certain extent is still an authority on the condition of Spain in the reign of Charles III. It was followed the next year by his ' Letters from an English Traveller in Spain in 1778, on the Origin and Progress of Poetry in that Kingdom,' a book to which Ticknor has done some injustice in a note printed in the catalogue of his library (Bos- ton, 1879), in which he says 'large masses of it are pilfered from Velazquez's " Origenes de la Poesia Castellana," and I doubt not much of the rest from Sarmientb's and Se- dano's prefaces." ' He must have overlooked Dillon's preface, where his ' particular obli- gations ' to these very three writers are ex- pressly and fully acknowledged. It does not profess to be anything more than a mere out- line sketch of the literary history of Spain, but, though not of unimpeachable accuracy any more than the authorities on which it relies, it is in the main correct, and is, more- over, written in a pleasant, lively style. It was translated, with additions, into French in 1810, under the title ' Essai sur la Littera- ture Espagnole.' During the next few years Dillon produced several works : ' A Political Survey of the Sacred Roman Empire/ deal- ing with the constitution and structure of the empire rather than with its history ; 1 Sketches on the Art of Painting/ a transla- tion from the Spanish of Mengs's letter to Antonio Ponz ; a ( History of the Reign of Pedro the Cruel/ which was translated into French in 1790 ; t Historical and Critical Me- moirs of the General Revolution in France in the year 1789;' a treatise on 'Foreign Agriculture/ translated from the French of the Chevalier de Monroy ; ' Alphonso and Eleonora, or the Triumphs of Valour and Vir- tue/which last is a history of Alfonso VIII (or, as he, for some reason of his own, reckons him, IX) of Castile, in which, among other things, he endeavours to exonerate his hero from the charge generally brought against him of having risked the disastrous battle of Alarcos single-handed, out of jealousy of his allies, the kings of Leon and Navarre. Of these the most interesting now is the Dillon 85- Dillon ' Memoirs of the French Revolution/ not only as a collection of original documents, but as giving the views of a contemporary while the revolution was yet in its first stage. Dillon was an ardent advocate of religious liberty, and an uncompromising enemy of intolerance in every shape. His admiration of the Germanic empire was mainly due to the spirit of toleration that pervaded it. He was a firm believer in the moderation of the revolution. With all his enthusiasm for li- berty, however, he was not disposed to extend it to the negroes in the West Indies. ' God forbid,' he says, ' I should be an advocate for slavery as a system ; ' but in their particular case he regarded it as a necessary evil, and believed that upon the whole they were far better off as slaves than they would be if set free. His contributions to literature were not very important, or marked by much origi- nality, but they are evidence of a cultivated taste and an acute and active mind. Bowie, in the preface and notes to his elaborate edition of ' Don Quixote,' repeatedly acknowledges his obligations to Baron Dillon for sound criti- cal suggestions received during the progress of his work, and Baretti speaks of him with respect in his ferocious attack upon Bowie, printed in 1786, under the title of ' Tolondron.' He was created a baronet of the United King- dom in 1801, and died in Dublin in August 1805. Dillon's published works were : 1. 'Travels through Spain ... in a series of Letters, in- cluding the most interesting subjects con- tained in the Memoirs of Don G. Bowles and other Spanish writers,' London, 1780, 4to. 2. ( Letters from an English Traveller in Spain in 1778 . . . with illustrations of the romance of Don Quixote,' London, 1781, 8vo. 3. ' A Political Survey of the Sacred Roman Empire, &c./ London, 1782, 8vo. 4. < Sketches on the Art of Painting, translated from the Spanish by J. T. Dillon,' London, 1782, 12mo. 5. ' History of the Reign of Pedro the Cruel, King of Castile and Leon,' London, 1788, 2 vols.Svo. 6. 'Historical and Critical Memoirs of the General Revolution in France in the year 1789 . . . produced from authentic papers communicated by M. Hugon de Bassville,' London, 1790, 4to. 7. ' Foreign Agriculture, being the result of practical husbandry, by the Chevalier de Monroy ; selected from com- munications in the French language, with additional notes by J. T. Dillon,' London, 1796, 8vo. 8. ' Alphonso and Eleonora, or the triumphs of Valour and Virtue,' London, 1800, 2 vols. 12mo. [Gent. Mag. for September 1805; Betham's and Foster's Baronetages ; Nichols's Illustr. of Lit. Hist. vol. viii.] J. 0. DILLON, ROBERT CRAWFORD, D.D. (1795-1847), divine, was born in the rectory house of St. Margaret's, Lothbury, in the city of London, 22 May 1795. After a pri- vate education he entered at St. Edmund Hall, Oxford, in the Michaelmas term of 1813. He took his B.A. 16 May 1817, M.A. 3 Feb. 1820, and B.D. and D.D. 27 Oct. 1836. He was ordained 20 Dec. 1818 to the curacy of Poorstock and West Milton, Dorsetshire. Here he stayed but a very short time, and, having received priest's orders, in 1819 he was appointed assistant minister of St. John's Chapel, Bedford Row, the recognised centre of evangelical teaching, of which Daniel Wil- son, afterwards bishop of Calcutta [q. v.], was at that time the incumbent in succession to Richard Cecil [q. v.] Here he became a popular preacher, and was much run after, especially by ladies. Dillon removed in 1824 to the curacy of Willesden and Kingsbury, Middlesex, and the next year to that of St. James, Clerkenwell, the following year, 1826, obtaining an appointment at St. Matthew's Chapel, Denmark Hill. In 1822 Dillon was chaplain to Alderman Venables during his shrievalty, and filled the same office during that gentleman's mayoralty in 1826-7. In the latter year he accompanied the lord mayor and corporation on an official visit to Oxford, of which he published a too notorious account. In 1828 he was elected by a large majority morning preacher of the Female Orphan Asylum, a post which he resigned the next year for a proprietary chapel in Charlotte Street, Pimlico, to which he was licensed 24 July 1829. From 1829 to 1837 he was early morning lecturer at St. Swithin's, Lon- don Stone, where he attracted large congre- gations. During this period Dillon continued his evening lectureship at St. James's, Clerk- enwell, and in 1839, on the vacancy of the rec- tory, which was in the gift of the parishioners, he became candidate for the benefice. The contest which ensued was marked with the opening of public-houses, bribery, and all the worst evils of a popular election. Dillon's private life was narrowly inquired into, and very grave scandals were brought to light, and he deservedly lost his election in spite of zealous female support. A brisk pamphlet war ensued, in which a ' ladies' committee/ in- cluding several ladies of rank, took an active and not very creditable part. The charges of immorality having been fully proved, Blom- field, bishop of London, revoked his license, and suspended him from his ministry in Char- lotte Street, 29 Feb. 1840. In defiance of the inhibition, Dillon continued to officiate in the chapel, and a suit was brought against him in the consistory court in April of the same Dillon 86 Dillon year, when he was condemned in costs. On this Dillon left the church of England, and, by the aid of his female followers, set up a ' reformed English church ' in Friar Street, Blackfriars, in which, we are told, he in- troduced a new system of discipline and a reformed liturgy. His congregation increas- ing, Dillon removed to a large building in White's Row, Spitalfields,where he appointed himself ' first presbyter ' or l bishop ' of his new church, and ordained ministers to serve branch-churches in various parts of London. During this period Dillon repeatedly came before the public in a viery damaging way, as the defendant in suits for the restitution of conjugal rights brought against him by the woman whom he had been compelled to marry. In spite of all Dillon continued to enjoy great popularity as a preacher, and at the time of his sudden death, 8 Nov. 1847, in the vestry of his chapel in Spitalfields, he had received large promises of pecuniary sup- port towards establishing branches of his church in some of our large manufacturing towns. Dillon was buried in the churchyard of his native parish, St. Margaret's, Loth- bury, in which church a mural slab has been erected to his memory. Dillon published several separate sermons ' On the Evil of Fairs in general, and of Bartholomew Fair in particular,' 1 830 ; ( On the Funeral of George IV,' 1830 ; ' On the Funeral of William IV,' 1837 ; '' Lectures on the Articles of Faith,' 1835. His last written sermon, 'intended to be delivered by him on the morning of his sudden demise,' was issued in facsimile by his admirers in 1840. Dillon's fame, however, as an author, albeit a most unenviable one, is derived from his unfortunate narrative of ' The Lord Mayor's Visit to Oxford '(London, 1826, 8vo). The lord mayor requested Dillon, who accom- panied him as chaplain, to keep a diary of the visit made in his official capacity as conservator of the Thames, intending to have it privately printed. Dillon's performance was written in so inflated and bombastic a style that the lord mayor requested its suppression. This Dillon refused, except on j the condition of being reimbursed for the ! whole cost of the book, which, in disregard of the original stipulation for private print- ( ing, he had prepared for publication. These ! terms being rejected, the book came out, j covering its author with well-deserved dis- j grace, and making the lord mayor and his companions ridiculous. The book was shown i up in his most amusing style by Theodore Hook in l John Bull/ the review being sub- | sequently revived in the second part of ' Gil- bert Gurney,' and for a time it enjoyed a most unhappy celebrity. Dillon too late sought to retrieve his credit by buying up the edi- tion and destroying it. The narrative is so supremely ridiculous that it is difficult to believe it was written seriously. Such, how- ever, was the fact. The book still finds a place on the shelves of book collectors, from whom, being rare, it commands a high price. [Private information ; newspapers of the day.} E. V. DILLON, THEOBALD (1745-1792), general in the French service, erroneously de- scribed by French writers as brother of Gene- ral Arthur Richard Dillon [q. v.], whereas he was only a distant relation, was born at Dub- lin in 1745, being probably the son of Thomas Dillon, naturalised by the parliament of Paris in 1759. He entered Dillon's regiment as a cadet in 1761, gradually rose to be lieute- nant-colonel (1780), took part in the attack on Grenada and the siege of Savannah in 1779, was appointed a knight of St. Louis 1781, was authorised to wear the order of Cincinnatus 1785, and was awarded a pen- sion of 1500f., 1786. He became brigadier- general in 1791, and in the following year had a command under Dumouriez in Flan- ders. He was ordered to make a feigned attack on Tournay to prevent its assisting Mons, to be attacked the same day by Biron. On his ordering a retreat, according to in- structions, a panic seized the cavalry, the whole force fled in confusion, cries of l trea- chery ' were raised, and Dillon was murdered by his troops under circumstances of great barbarity. The convention voted a pension to Josephine Viefville, with whom he had co- habited nine years, but, as he stated in his will made the previous day, had not had time to marry, as also to their three children, whose descendants took the name of Dillon, and are still living in France with the title of counts. [Archives de la Guerre, Paris; Mercure Fran- 9ais, 1792; Memoires de Carnot; Annuaire de la Noblesse, 1870.] J. G. A. DILLON, THOMAS, fourth VISCOUNT DILLON (1615 P-1672P), was the second son of Sir Christopher Dillon, president of Con- naught, and Lady Jane, eldest daughter of James, first earl of Roscommon. He was bred a Roman catholic, but when, at the age of fifteen years, he succeeded his nephew, Theobald, the third viscount, 13 May 1630, he declared himself a protestant. He was pre- sent in the parliament of Dublin 16 March 1639-40, and in 1640 was made a lord of the privy council. In November 1641 he was ap- Dillon Dillon pointed, along with Lord Viscount Mayo, joint governor of county Mayo. On 13 Feb. 1641-2, he was chosen, along with Lord Tuffe, by the Irish parliament to present their grievances to the king (' Apology of the Anglo-Irish for Kising in Arms ' in GILBERT, Contemporary History of the Irish Confederation, i. 246-53). Soon after landing in England they were imprisoned by the parliament there as ' agents employed by the rebels of Ireland to the king,' but gradually obtaining the liberty of London, they made their escape after four months, and came to York, whither a mes- senger from the House of Commons followed them and demanded them as prisoners. The king, however, took no notice of their escape, and having volunteered to serve with the troops, ' they behaved themselves with good courage, and frankly engaged their persons in all dangerous enterprises ' ("CLARENDON, History of the Rebellion, Oxford edition, ii. 218). After his return home, Dillon was made a lieutenant-general, and, along with Viscount Wilmot, was appointed lord president of Connaught. Subsequently he joined the Marquis of Ormonde in command of the army of the confederates, and was left by him with two thousand foot and five hundred horse to block up the city of Dub- lin in the north. He maintained Athlone till 18 June 1651, when articles of agreement were arranged between him and Sir Charles Coote. At the time of the Commonwealth his estates were sequestrated. In consideration of a sum. of money he resigned in 1662 the presidency of Connaught to Charles II, by whom he was appointed custos rotulorum. He died in 1672 or 1673. By his wife, Fran- ces, daughter of Nicholas White of Leixlip, he had six sons. [Borlace's Eeduction of Ireland ; Gilbert's His- tory of the Confederation, vols. i. and ii. ; Con- temporary History of Affairs in Ireland, 1641-52, ed. Gilbert; Clarendon's History of the Eebel- lion; Gardiner's Hist, of England, vol. x. ; Lodge's Peerage of Ireland (Archdall), iv. 184-9.] T. F. H. DILLON or DE LEON, THOMAS (1613-1676 ?), Jesuit, was born in Ireland in 1613 and educated in Spain. He entered the novitiate of the Society of Jesus at Se- ville in 1627 and afterwards became a pro- fessed father. He taught philosophy for six years and scholastic and moral theology for twenty-two years in the colleges of his order at Seville and Granada. In 1640 he was professor of humanities at Cadiz. He was residing in the college at Granada in 1676, being then in ill-health and afflicted with dimness in the eyes. Dillon was skilled in Greek, Hebrew, and Arabic, and Athanasius }iTcheT((EdipussEgyptiacus,vol. ii. class, xi. sect. 4) pronounced him to be ' linguarum orientalium et abstrusioris doctrinae veterum explorator eximius.' Probably he is the per- son whom Peter Talbot, archbishop of Dub- lin, calls Thomas Talbot, alias De Leon, ' the oracle of all Spain, not only for his profound- ness in divinity, but for his vast extent of knowledge in other sciences, and his great skill in the languages ' ( The Frier Disciplined, p. 45). He was the author of: 1. ' Leccion sacra en la fiesta celebre que hizo el collegio de la Compagnia de Jesus de la ciudad de Cadiz en hazimiento de gracias a Dios Nuestro Senor por el complimiento del primer siglo de su sagrada religion,' Seville, 1640, 4to. 2. ' Commentary on the Books of Maccabees. MS.' [Antonio'sBibl.HispanaNova, ii. 307; Backer's Bibl. des Ecrivains de la Compagnie de Jesus (1869), i. 1599; Foley's Eecords, vii. 203; Oli- ver's Jesuit Collections, p. 243 ; Southwell's Bibl. Scriptorum Soc. Jesu, p. 762 ; Ware's Writers (Harris), p. 164.] T. C. DILLON, WENTWORTH, fourth EARL OF ROSCOMMON (1633?-! 685), was born in Ireland about 1633. Thomas Wentworth, earl of Strafford, then lord deputy, was his uncle, his father, Sir James Dillon, the third earl of Roscommon, having married Eliza- beth, third and youngest daughter of Sir William Wentworth of Wentworth Wood- house, Yorkshire, and sister to the Earl of Strafford. He was educated in the protestant faith, as his father had been i reclaimed from the superstitions of the Romish church' by Ussher, primate of Ireland (WooD, Fasti Oxon. ed. Bliss, ii. 389). When he was very young, Strafford sent him to study under a Dr. Hall at his own seat in Yorkshire . He learnt to write Latin with elegance, although, it is said, he was never able to retain the rules of gram- mar. Upon the impeachment of Strafford, he was by Archbishop Ussher's advice sent to the learned Samuel Bochart at Caen in Nor- mandy, where the protestant"s had founded a university. During his residence there his father was killed at Limerick in October 1649, by a fall downstairs. Aubrey states that Dillon suddenly exclaimed, ' My father is dead ! ' and that the news of the death arrived from Ireland a fortnight later (AUBREY, Mis- cellanies, ed. 1784, p. 162). After leaving Caen he made the tour of France and Germany, accompanied by Lord Cavendish, afterwards duke of Devonshire. They also made a considerable stay at Rome, and Roscommon learnt the language so well as to be taken for a native. He also acquired great skill as a numismatist. Dillon Dillon Soon after the Restoration he returned to England, and had a favourable reception at the court of Charles II. An act of parlia- ment restoring to him all the honours, castles, lordships, lands, &c., whereof his great-grand- father, grandfather, or father was in posses- sion on 23 Oct. 1641, was read a first time in the English House of Lords on 18 Aug. 1660, and received the royal assent on 29 Dec. following (Historical MS8. Commission, 7th Rep. 127 ; Lords' Journals, xi. 133, &c.) By virtue of this statute he became seised of several estates in the counties of Meath, Westmeath, King's, Mayo, Galway, Sligo, Roscommon, and Tipperary. Captain Valen- tine Jowles, writing to the navy commis- sioners, 26 June 1661, states that the lords justices of Ireland had sent him to Chester to fetch the Earl of Roscommon, whom they much needed at their councils (Cal. of State Papers, Dom. Car. II, 1661-2, p. 18). He took his seat in the Irish parliament by proxy on 10 July 1661, and on 16 Oct. following he had a grant of the first troop of horse that should become vacant, pursuant to privy seal dated 23 Sept. preceding. In 1661 he addressed to the king a petition in which he says that his father and grandfather being protestants, and having from the beginning of the rebellion constantly adhered to the royal cause, lost at least 50,000/. or 60,000/. for their loyalty to Charles I. His father, he adds, died about 1648, leaving him de- pendent upon the charity of his friends, and in conclusion he asks for part of the money which the king had to receive from the ad- venturers and soldiers of Ireland (Egerton MS. 2549, f. 120). By the interest of the Duke of York he became captain of the band of gentlemen pensioners. In April 1662 he married Lady Frances Boyle, eldest daughter of Richard, earl of Burlington and Cork, and widow of Colonel Francis Courtenay. Shortly after his return to England at the Restoration he made friends who led him into gambling. His gaming led to duels, though he used to say that he was more fear- ful of killing others than of losing his own life. At length, having a dispute with the lord privy seal about part of his estate, he found it necessary to return to Ireland, and soon after his arrival in Dublin the Duke of Or- monde made him a captain in the guards. During his residence in Ireland Roscommon had many disputes, both in council and par- liament, with the lord privy seal, then lord- lieutenant, who was considered one of the best speakers in that kingdom. The earl was generally victorious, and the Marquis of Halifax said 'that he was one of the best orators, and most capable of business too, if he would attend to it, in the three king- doms.' Having settled his affairs in Ireland he re- turned to London, and received the appoint- ment of master of the horse to the Duchess of York. He now attempted the formation of a literary academy, in imitation of that at Caen. The members of this little body included the Marquis of Halifax (who un- dertook the translation of Tacitus), Lord Maitland (who here began his translation of Virgil), and Roscommon himself (who wrote his ' Essay on Translated Verse '). The Earl of Dorset, Lord Cavendish, Colonel Finch, Sir Charles Scarborough, Dryden, and others occasionally joined the meetings of the aca- demy. On the occasion of the visit of the Duchess of York to Cambridge (28 Sept .1680), Roscommon had the honorary degree of LL.D. conferred upon him. On 22 May 1683 he received the degree of D.C.L. from the uni- versity of Oxford. Dr. Johnson, following Fenton, relates that after the accession of James II the earl re- solved to retire to Rome- on account of the religious contentions which then took place, telling his friends that ' it would be best to sit next to the chimney when the chamber smoked.' The date of the earl's death, which took place at his house near St. James's in January 1684-5, about three weeks before the death of Charles II, proves the incorrect- ness of this statement. Luttrell notes on 16 Jan. 1684-5 that ' the Earl of Roscommon was lately dead.' A few days before his death he requested a friend a clergyman perhaps Dr. Knightly Chetwood [q. v.], to preach a sermon to him at St. James's Chapel. He went in spite of warnings, saying that, like Charles V, he would hear his own funeral oration. Returning home he remarked to the preacher that he had not left one paper to perpetuate the memory of their friendship. He thereupon wrote what Dr. Chetwood calls 1 an excellent divine poem,' which, however, the physicians would not allow him to finish. The fragments of this poem were delivered by Chetwood to Queen Mary. A few stanzas have been printed {Gent. Mag. new ser. xliv. 604). Just before he expired the earl pronounced with intense fervour two lines of his own version of the ' Dies Irse : ' My God, my Father, and my Friend, Do not forsake me at my end. He was buried with great pomp in West- minster Abbey, ' neare y e Shrine staires,' on 21 Jan. 1684-5 (CHESTEK, Westminster Abbey Eegisters, private edit. 1876, p. 212 ; Collect. Topogr. et Geneal. viii. 6). There were about Dillon 8 9 Dillon 120 coaches-and-six at his funeral, and an epitaph in Latin was prepared ; but as no money was forthcoming the proposed monu- ment was not erected. The earl's second wife, whom he married in November 1674, was Isabella, daughter of Matthew, second son of Sir Matthew Boyn- ton,bart., of Barmston, Yorkshire (CHESTEE, London Marriage Licences, p. 403) . She after- wards married Thomas Carter, esq., of Ro- bertstown, co. Meath, and died in September 1721. The earl had no children, and the title consequently devolved on his uncle. His works are : 1. A translation in blank verse of Horace's ' Art of Poetry/ London, 1680, 4to, and again in 1684 and 1709. 2. < Essay on Translated Verse,' London, 1684, 4to, 2nd edit, enlarged 1685, his principal pro- duction, to which were prefixed some encomi- astic verses by Dryden. A Latin translation of the ' Essay ' was made by Laurence Eusden, and is printed in the edition of Roscommon's poems which appeared in 1717, together with the poems of the Duke of Buckingham and Richard Duke. 3. Paraphrase on the 148th Psalm. 4. A translation of the sixth ec- logue of Virgil and of two odes of Horace. 5. An ode on solitude. 6. ' A Prospect of Death : a Pindarique Essay,' London, 1704, fol. 7. Verses on Dryden's ' Religio Laici.' 8. The Prayer of Jeremiah paraphrased. 9. A Prologue spoken to the Duke of York at Edinburgh. 10. Translation of part of a scene of Guarini's 'Pastor Fido.' 11. Pro- logue to l Pompey,' a tragedy, translated by Mrs. Catherine Philips from the French of Corneille. 12. Verses on the death of a lady's lapdog. 13. The Dream. 14. A translation of the 'Dies Irae.' 15. Epi- logue to * Alexander the Great ' when acted at Dublin. 16. 'Ross's Ghost.' 17. 'The Ghost of the old House of Commons to the new one appointed to meet at Oxford.' 18. Traitte" touchant 1'obeissance passive,' London [1685], 8vo. This French transla- tion of Dr. Sherlock's essay was edited by Dr. Knightly Chetwood. Roscommon's poems appeared in a collected form at London in 1701, 1709, and 1719, and at Glasgow in 1753. They are also in various collections of the works of the British poets. Dr. Johnson, in his ' Life of Roscommon,' says that ' he improved taste, if he did not enlarge knowledge, and may be numbered among the benefactors to English literature.' Pope has celebrated him as the only moral writer of the reign of Charles II : Unhappy Dryden ! in all Charles's days Roscommon only boasts unspotted lays. He was the first critic who publicly praised Milton's ' Paradise Lost.' With a noble en- comium on that poem, and a rational recom- mendation of blank verse, he concludes his ' Essay on Translated Verse,' though this passage was not in the first edition. His portrait, painted by Carlo Maratti, is in the collection of Earl Spencer. It has been en- graved by Clint and Harding. [MS. Life by Dr. Knightly Chetwood (Baker's MSS. xxxvi. 27) ; Fenton's Observations on some of Waller's Poems, p. Ixxv (appended to Waller's Works), ed. 1729; Biog. Brit. (Kippis) ; John- son's Lives of the Poets (Cunningham), i. 199; Gent. Mag. May 1 748 (another memoir by Dr. Johnson), and for December 1855, new ser. xliv. 603 ; Gibber's Lives of the Poets, ii. 344 ; Lodge's Peerage of Ireland (Archdall), iv. 165; Addit. MS. 5832, f. 224 ; Nichols's Select Collection of Poems, vi. 53 ; Luttrell's Hist. Relation of State Affairs, i. 301, 325 ; Kennett's Funeral Sermon on the Duke of Devonshire, p. 173 ; Dublin Univ. Mag. Ixxxviii. 601 ; Cat. of MSS. in Univ. Lib. Cambridge, v. 428 ; Walpole's Royal and Noble Authors (Park), v. 199 ; Harding's Portraits to illustrate Walpole's Royal and Noble Authors (1803); Granger's Biog. Hist, of England, 5th ed. i\r. 229 ; Evans's Cat. of Engraved Portraits, i. 297 ; Hist. MSS. Commission, Rep. i. 70, iii. 429, iv. 551, 559, 560, vi. 773, vii. 125, 127, 782, 784, 789, 801, 803, 804, 807, 818,826, viii. 501, 537, Append, pt. iii. p. 16, x. 346, Append, pt. v. pp. 49, 89, 94, xi. Append, pt. ii. p. 220.] T. C. DILLON, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1779-1857), admiral, son of Sir John Talbot Dillon [q. v.], by a daughter of Henry Col- lins, was born in Birmingham on 8 Aug. 1779. Entering the navy in May 1790, he served as a midshipman under Captain Gambier in the Defence, and was stunned by a splinter in the action of 1 June 1794. He was present in Lord Bridport's action off He de Groix on 23 June 1795, and at the reduction of St. Lucie in May 1796, when he carried a flag of truce to take possession of Pigeon Island. Having become an acting-lieutenant in the Glenmore (1798), he co-operated with the army at Wexford during the rebellion, where he succeeded in arresting the Irish chief Skallian. As senior-lieutenant of the Afri- caine, with a flag of truce from Lord Keith to the Dutch commodore, Valterbach, at Helvoetsluys, he was (20 July 1803) made, most unjustifiably, a prisoner, handed over to the French, and detained in captivity until September 1807. In the meantime (8 April 1805) he had' been made a commander, and on obtaining his release he took the command of the sloop Childers, carrying only fourteen 12-pound carronades and sixty-five men, and in her on 14 March 1808, on the coast of Nor- way, after a long action, drove off a Danish Dillon-Lee 9 o Dillwyn man-of-war brig of sixty guns and two hun- dred men. In this service he was severely wounded, and his gallant conduct was ac- knowledged ty the Patriotic Fund at Lloyd's by the presentation of a sword valued at one hundred guineas. After obtaining his post commission (21 March 1808) he served at Walcheren, on the coasts of Portugal and Spain, at Newfoundland, in China, India, and finally in the Mediterranean, in command of the Russell, 74, when he rendered much ser- vice to the Spanish cause. He obtained flag rank on 9 Nov. 1846. He was nominated K.C.H. on 13 Jan. 1835, on 24 June follow- ing was knighted by William IV at St. James's Palace, and in 1839 received the good-service pension. He was gazetted a vice-admiral of the red on 5 March 1853, and died on 9 Sept. 1857, leaving in manuscript an account of his professional career, with a description of the many scenes in which he had been engaged. [O'Byrne's Nav. Biog. Diet. p. 290 ; Gent. Mag. October 1857, p. 460; Times, 22 Sept. 1857, p. 12.] G-. C. B. DILLON-LEE, HENRY AUGUSTUS, thirteenth VISCOUNT DILLON (1777-1832), writer, eldest son of Charles, twelfth vis- count Dillon, K.P., by the Hon. Henrietta- Maria Phipps, only daughter of Constantine, first lord Mulgrave, was born at Brussels on 28 Oct. 1777. On 1 Oct. 1794 he obtained the rank of colonel in the Irish brigade, and on a vacancy occurring in 1799 he was re- turned to parliament for the borough of Har- wich. At the last general election of 1802 he was chosen one of the knights for the county of Mayo, and was re-elected in 1806, 1807, and 1812, and continued a member of the House of Commons till 9 Nov. 1813, when he succeeded to his father's title. He became colonel of the Duke of York's Irish regiment (101st foot) in August 1806. Dillon inherited through his grandmother, Lady Charlotte Lee, daughter of the second of the extinct Earls of Lichfield, the estate of Dytchley, with its beautiful hall built on the site of the mansion once occupied by Sir Henry Lee of Dytchley. He married in 1807 Henrietta Browne, sister of the first Lord Oranmore, by whom he had five sons and two daughters. He died, after much suffering, on 24 July 1832, at Brook Street, Grosvenor Square, London. Dillon published the following works : 1. 'A Short View of the Catholic Question, 1801, a pamphlet advocating the catholic claims. 2. ' A Letter to the Noblemen and Gentlemen who composed the Deputation of the Catholics of Ireland/ 1805. 3. ' A Commentary on the Military Establishments and Defence of the British Empire,' 2 vols. 8vo, 181 1-] 2. 4. An edition of ' The Tactics- of ^Elian,' with notes, 4to, 1814. 5. and high sherift'in 1818. The free- dom of the borough of Swansea was presented to him in 1834, and from 1835 to 1840 he served as alderman and mayor. He gave up parliamentary duties in 1841. In the previous year his ' Contribution towards a History of Swansea ' produced 150/. for the benefit of the Swansea infirmary, the profit of three hundred copies which he gave for that purpose. He cordially welcomed the British Association to Swansea in 1848, was one of the vice-pre- sidents of that meeting, and produced for the occasion his ' Flora and Fauna of Swansea.' This was his last literary production ; his health gradually declined, and for some years before his death he withdrew from outside pursuits. He died at Sketty Hall on 31 Aug. 1855, leaving two sons and two daughters. He was thoroughly upright in all his dealings, and a liberal and active country gentleman. He apparently ceased to be a Friend in marry- ing out of the society. Besides several minor papers, the following may be specially men- tioned: 1. * British Confervse,' London, 1802- 1809, 4to, (part) translated into German by Weber and Mohr, Goett. 1803-5, 8vo. 2. < Co- leopterous Insects found in the neighbour- hood of Swansea.' 3. ' Catalogue of more Rare Plants in the environs of Dover.' 4. ' Eeview of the references to the Hortus Malabaricus of RheedetotDrakensheim,' Swansea, 1839, 8vo. 4. ' Hortus Collinsonianus,' Swansea, 1843, 8vo (an account of Peter Collinson's garden at Mill Hill in the eighteenth century, from the unpublished manuscript). [Proc. Linn. Soc. 1856, p. 36 ; Jackson's Lit. of Botany, p. 540 ; Cat. Scientific Papers, ii. 205 ; Smith's Friends' Books, i. 582-3.] B. D. J. DILLY, CHARLES (1739-1807), book- seller, was born 22 May 1739 at Southill in Bedfordshire, of a good yeoman family which had been settled in that county for a couple of centuries. After making a short trip to America; he returned to London, his elder brother, Edward [q. v.], took him into part- nership, and the business was carried on under their joint names. They published Bos- well's ' Corsica,' Chesterfield's ' Miscellaneous Works,' and many other standard books. Being staunch dissenters they naturally dealt much in the divinity of that school. In their dealings with authors they were liberal, and Charles in particular was known for his kind- ness to young aspirants. They were ex- tremely hospitable, and gave excellent dinners described in the memoirs of the period. John- son was frequently their guest, and as such had his famous meeting with Wilkes, 15 May 1776, with whom he dined a second time, 8 May 1781, at the same table (BOSWELL, Life, iii. 67-79, iv. 101-7). Johnson, Gold- smith, Boswell, Wilkes, Cumberland, Knox, Reed, Parr, Rogers, Hoole, Priestley, Thom- son, and Sutton Sharpe were among those frequently to be found at the Poultry dinners. On the death of his brother Edward in 1779, Charles Dilly continued the business alone, and kept up the hospitality for which the two had been famous. He published Bos- well's * Tour to the Hebrides ' in 1780, the first edition of the ' Life of Johnson ' in 1791, the second in 1793, and the third in 1799. Boswell wrote an 'Horatian Ode' to him (NICHOLS, Illustrations, ii. 664). He was in- vited to become an alderman for the ward of Cheap in 1782, but retired in favour of Boy- dell. A plea of nonconformity excused him from the office of sheriff'. The extent and variety of his publications are shown in the contents of ' a catalogue of books printed for and sold by Charles Dilly,' 32 pp. 12mo, issued in 1787. In 1803 he was master of the Sta- tioners' Company. After a prosperous career of more than forty years he retired in favour of Joseph MawmanJ who had been in business in York. He continued his literary dinner- parties at his new house in Brunswick Row, Queen Square, and lived here a few years before his death, which took place at Rams- gate, while on a visit to Cumberland, on 4 May 1807. He was buried 12 May, in the cemetery of St. George the Martyr, Queen Square. He left a fortune of nearly 60,000/. DILLY, JOHN (1731-1806), the eldest ot the three brothers, Boswell's ( Squire Dilly,' had no direct connection with the business, and lived upon the family property at South- ill, where he was visited on a well-known occasion by Johnson and Boswell, in "June 1781 (Life of Johnson, iv. 118-32 ; other re- ferences to him, i. 260, ii. 247, iii. 396). He was high sheriff in 1783, and died 18 March 1806, aged 75, at Clophill in Bedfordshire, a kind of model farm purchased by Charles a few years before. He, his two brothers, and an only sister were unmarried. Martha, the sister, died 22 Jan. 1803, in her sixty- second year. Dilly Dimsdale A writer in ' Notes and Queries ' (5th ser. xi. 29) says that portraits of the Dillys are in existence. [G-ent. Mag. vol. Ixxvii. pt. i. pp. 478-80 ; Bos- bell's Life of Johnson (G. Birkbeck Hill), 6 vols. numerous references ; Letters of Boswell to Tem- ple, 1857; Boswelliana, ed. by Dr. Ch. Kogers, 1874 ; Memoirs of Kichard Cumberland, ii. 200, 226 ; Forster's Life of Goldsmith, 2nd ed. 1854, i. 299, ii. 214, 416 ; Memoirs of J. C. Lettsom, 1817, i. 151, 152; Nichols's Illustrations, ii. 664, 672, v. 777 ; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. iii. 190-2, 756; W. Granger's New Wonderful Mu- seum, vi. 3133; W. Dyce's Porsoniana in Recol- lections of S. Rogers, 1856, pp. 318-19; P. W. Clayden's Early Life of Rogers, 1887, 242, 243, 268 ; Timperley's Encyclopaedia, pp. 745, 830.] H. K. T. DILLY, EDWARD (1732-1779), book- seller, the second of the three brothers, was born at Southill, Bedfordshire, 25 July 1732. He had an extensive business at 22 in the Poultry, London, and carried on a large American export trade, especially in dissent- ing theology. On the return of his brother Charles [q. v.] from a trip to America he took him into partnership. He was an admirer of the politics (as well as the person, it is said) of Catherine Macaulay, and published her writings. Boswell includes a couple of his letters, one descriptive of the origin of the edition of the poets, in his ' Life of Johnson,' and in a communication to Temple (Letters, p. 240) describes his death, which took place 11 May 1779, at his brother John's house at Southill. He was a pleasant companion, but so loquacious and fond of society that * he almost literally talked himself to death,' says Nichols (Literary Anecd. iii. 191). [Gent. Mag. xlix. 271; Boswell's Life of Johnson (G. Birkbeck Hill), iii. 110, 126, 396; Boswelliana, ed. by Dr. Ch. Rogers, 1874; Nichols's Literary Anecd. iii. 190-2 ; Timperley's Encyclopaedia, p. 744.] H. R. T. DIMOCK, JAMES (d. 1718), catholic divine. [See DYMOCKE.] DIMSDALE, THOMAS (1712-1800), physician, was born on 6 May 1712. His grandfather, Robert Dimsdale, accompanied William Penn to America in 1684. His father was Sir John Dimsdale, a member of the Society of Friends, of Theydon Ger- non, Essex, in which county the family have held property for centuries. His mother was Susan, daughter of Thomas Bowyer of Albury Hall, near Hertford. He was a younger son, and educated in the medical pro- fession at St. Thomas's Hospital. He began practice at Hertford in 1714, and married the only daughter of Nathaniel Brassey, who died in 1744. In 1745 he offered his services gra- tuitously to the Duke of Cumberland, and ac- companied the English army as far north as Carlisle, on the surrender of which he re- turned home. In 1746 he married Anne lies, a relation of his first wife. He retired from practice on inheriting a fortune, but having a large family by his second wife resumed prac- tice and took the M.D. degree in 1761. In 1767 he published a work upon inoculation, ' The Present Method of Inoculation for the Small Pox,' which passed through very many editions ; and in 1768 he was invited to St. Petersburg by the Empress Catharine to in- oculate herself and the Grand Duke Paul, her son. The empress herself seems to have placed perfect reliance on the Englishman's good faith. But she could not answer for her subjects. She had therefore relays of post-horses prepared for him all along the line from St. Petersburg to the extremity of her dominions, that his flight might be instant and rapid in case of disaster. For- tunately both patients did well, and the phy- sician was created a councillor of state, with the hereditary title of baron, now borne by his descendant. He received a sum of 10,000/. down, with an annuity of 500/., and 2,000. for his expenses. The empress presented him with miniatures of herself and her son set in diamonds, and granted him an addition to his family arms in the shape of a wing of the black eagle of Russia. The patent, embel- lished with the imperial portrait and other ornaments, is carefully preserved at Essendon, the family seat in Hertfordshire. In 1784 he went to Russia to inoculate the Grand Duke Alexander and his brother Constantine, when the empress presented him with her own muff, made of the fur of the black fox, which only the royal family are allowed to wear. On his first return journey he paid a visit to Frederick the Great at Sans-Souci, and on his second to the Emperor Joseph at Vienna. When Prince Omai came to England with Captain Cook in 1775, he was much caressed by what Johnson called ' the best company,' and among other marks of distinction was inoculated by Dimsdale. A long account of him is to' be found in Cowper's ' Task,' but no reference to his physician. Dimsdale was member for Hertford in two parliaments, namely 1780 and 1784, and was the author of several medical works : ' Thoughts on General and Partial Inoculation,' 1776; ' Observations on the Plan of a Dispensary and General In- oculation,' 1780 ; and ' Tracts on Inoculation,' written and published at St. Petersburg in 1768 and 1781. At Hertford he opened an Dineley-Goodere 93 Dineley-Goodere 1 inoculating house,' under his own immediate superintendence, for persons of all ranks. He died on 30 Dec. 1800, in the eighty- ninth year of his age, and was buried in the quakers' burial-ground at Bishop's Stortford in Essex. There is an engraved portrait by Tulley. [Munk's Coll. of Phys. ii. 232-4; Gent. Mag. for 1801, i. 88, ii. 669 ; European Mag. August 1802 ; Smith's List of Friends' Books ; informa- tion from the family.] T. E. K. DINELEY-GOODERE, SIR JOHN (d. 1809), poor knight of Windsor, was the se- cond son of Samuel Goodere, captain of the Ruby man-of-war, by Elizabeth, daughter of a Mr. Watts of Leauinguian and Terrew, Monmouthshire (NASH, Worcestershire, i. 272). His father lived on bad terms with his elder brother Sir John Dineley-Goodere, bart., of Burhope in Wellington, Hereford- shire, who having no surviving children threatened to disinherit him in favour of his nephew John Foote of Truro, Cornwall (brother of Samuel Foote the dramatist). To prevent the execution of this threat, Captain Samuel Goodere [q. v.] caused his brother to be kidnapped at Bristol, and then to be strangled by two sailors on board the man-of-war which he commanded. The murder took place on the night of Sunday, 18 Jan. 1740-1, and on 15 April following the fratricide was hanged with his two accomplices at Bristol. His eldest son Edward succeeded as fourth ba- ronet, but dying insane in March 1761, aged 32, the title passed to his brother John. What little remained of the family estates he soon wasted ; about 1770 he was obliged to part with Burhope to Sir James Peachey (created Lord Selsey in 1794), and he lived'for a time in a state bordering on destitution. At length his friendship with the Pelhams, coupled with the interest of Lord North, procured for him the pension and residence of a poor knight of Windsor. Thenceforward he seems to have used the surname of Dineley only. He ren- dered himself conspicuous by the oddity of his dress, demeanour, and mode of life. He became in fact one of the chief sights of Wind- sor. Very early each morning he locked up his house in the castle, which no one entered but himself, and went forth to purchase pro- visions. ' He then wore a large cloak called a roquelaure, beneath which appeared a pair of thin legs encased in dirty silk stockings. He had a formidable umbrella, and he stalked along upon pattens. All luxuries, whether of meat, or tea, or sugar, or butter, were re- nounced. . . . Wherever crowds were as- sembled wherever royalty was to be looked upon there was Sir John Dineley. He then wore a costume of the days of George II the embroidered coat, the silk-flowered waist- coat, the nether garments of faded velvet carefully meeting the dirty silk stocking, which terminated in the half-polished shoe surmounted by the dingy silver buckle. The old wig, on great occasions, was newly pow- dered, and the best cocked hat was brought forth, with a tarnished lace edging. He had dreams of ancient genealogies, and of alliances still subsisting between himself and the first families of the land. A little money to be ex- pended in law proceedings was to put him in possession of enormous wealth. That money was to be obtained through a wife. To secure for himself a wife was the business of his existence ; to display himself properly where women most do congregate was the object of his savings. The man had not a particle of levity in these proceedings ; his deportment was staid and dignified. He had a wonder- ful discrimination in avoiding the tittering girls, with whose faces he was familiar. But perchance some buxom matron or timid maiden who had seen him for the first time gazed upon the apparition with surprise and curiosity. He approached. With the air of one bred in courts he made his most profound bow ; and taking a printed paper from his pocket, reverently presented it and withdrew ' (abbreviated from Penny Mag. x. 356-7, with woodcut). Specimens of these marriage pro- posals, printed after the rudest fashion with the author's own hands, are given in Burke's 1 Romance of the Aristocracy ' (edit. 1855), ii. 23-5. Occasionally he advertised in the newspapers. He also printed some extraordi- nary rhymes under the title of ' Methods to get Husbands. Measure in words and sylla- bles . . . With the advertised marriage offer of Sir John Dineley, Bart., of Charleton, near Worcester, extending to 375,000/., to the Reader of this Epistle, if a single lady, and has above One Hundred Guineas fortune.' A copy survives in the British Museum. The writer cited above states that though un- doubtedly a monomaniac, in other matters Dineley was both sane and shrewd. Twice or thrice a year he visited Vauxhall and the theatres, taking care to apprise the public of his intention through the medium of the most fashionable daily papers. Wherever he went the place was invariably well attended, especially by women. Dineley persevered in his addresses to the ladies till the very close of his life, but without success. He died at Windsor in November 1809, aged about eighty. At his decease the baronetcy became extinct. [Pamphlets relating to Trial, &c. of Captain S. G-oodere in Brit. Mus. ; Newgate Calendar Dingley 94 Dingley (edit. 1773), iii. 233-8; Kobinson's Manor Houses of Herefordshire, p. 284; Gent. Mag. Ixxix. ii. 1084, 1171, xcv. ii. 136 ; Burke s Extinct Baronet- age, p. 221 ; Burke's Romance of the Aristocracy (edit. 1855), ii. 19-25 ; New, Original, and Com- plete Wonderful Museum (April 1803), i. 422-8, with whole-length portrait ; True Briton, 5 July 1803.] G - G - DINGLEY, ROBERT (1619-1660), a puritan divine, second son of Sir John Dingley, by a sister of Dr. Henry Hammond, was born in 1619. In 1634 he entered Magdalen Col- lege, Oxford. Having finished his university career and taken his degree of M. A., he took holy orders. On the outbreak of the civil war he took the parliamentary side. Dingley was presented to the rectory of Brightstone in the Isle of Wight during the governor- ship of his kinsman, Colonel Hammond, and enjoyed a high reputation as a preacher. He gave active assistance to the commis- sioners of Hampshire in rejecting ignorant and scandalous ministers and schoolmasters. He died at Brightstone on 12 Jan. 1659- 1660. Dingley's works were: 1. -'The Spiritual Taste Described, or a Glimpse of _ Christ Discovered,' 1649, republished as ' Divine Re- lishes of matchless Goodness,' 1651. 2. ' The Deputation of Angels,' 1654, London. 3. ' Mes- siah's Splendour, or the Glimpsed Glory of a Beauteous Christian,' 1654. 4. ' Divine Op- tics, or a Treatise of the Eye discovering the Vices and Virtues thereof,' 1655. 5. ' Vox Cceli, or Philosophicall, Historicall, and Theo- logical Observations of Thunder,' 1658. 6. < A Sermon on Jobxxvi. 14/1658. For expressing himself unfavourably about the quakers he was attacked by George Fox in his ' Great Mystery,' 1659, p. 361. A portrait by T. Cross is prefixed to ' The Spiritual Taste,' 1649. [Brook's Puritans, iii. 314; Granger's Biog. Hist (1779), iii. 35 ; Wood's Athense Oxon. (Bliss), iii. 487. As to the Hampshire Commis- sion see The Country's Concurrence with the London United Ministers in their late Heads of Agreement, by Samuel Chandler, D.D., 1691.] DINGLEY or DINELEY, THOMAS (d. 1695), antiquary, was the son and heir of Thomas Dingley, controller of customs at Southampton and the representative of a family of some position in the place (Her. Visit, of Hampshire, made in 1622). He was born about the middle of the seventeenth century, and, as he himself tells us, educated by James Shirley, the dramatist, who for some years kept a school in Whitefriars, London. In 1670 he was admitted a student of Gray's Inn (Adm. Book, 6 Aug.), but does not appear to have pursued his studies very regularly, as in the following year he became one of the suite of Sir George Downing, then returning as am- bassador to the States-General of the United Provinces. He has left in manuscript a jour- nal of his ' Travails through the Low Coun- treys, Anno Domini 1674,' illustrated by some spirited sketches in pen and ink of the places he visited. Subsequently he made a tour in France, and wrote a similar record of his journey, copiously illustrated. In 1680 he visited Ireland, perhaps in a military capacity, and the account of what he there saw, and his observations on the history of the country, were published in 1870, as a reprint from the pages of the journal of the Kilkenny and South-east of Ireland Archaeo- logical Society. The manuscripts of all these accounts of travel are in the possession of Sir F. S. Wilmington at Stanford Court, Worcestershire. Henry Somerset, first duke of Beaufort, the lord president of the Prin- cipality, took Dingley with him in 1684 on an official progress through Wales. While thus engaged, Dingley was made an honorary free- man of the boroughs of Brecknock and Mon- mouth, and employed his pen and pencil with great industry and good effect. The manu- script of his journal is in the possession of the duke. Part of it, under the title of ' Notitia Cambro-Britannica,' was edited by Mr. Charles Baker in 1864, and printed for private circulation by the Duke of Beaufort. A reprint of the whole was privately issued in 1888. Dingley lived much at Dilwyn in Here- fordshire, and some fragments in his hand- writing are to be seen in the register of that parish, but he was evidently a man of active habits and fond of travel. The ' History from Marble,' a collection of epitaphs, church notes, and sketches of domestic and other buildings (published by the Camd. Soc. 1867- 1868), shows that he was well acquainted with most of the midland and western coun- ties, and, from the administration of his effects, granted in May 1695, we learn that he was at Louvaine in Flanders when death over- took him. Dingley's notes and sketches are extremely valuable, and were known to Nash and Theophilus Jones, who made use of them in their respective histories of Worcestershire and Brecon. The manuscript is in the posses- sion of Sir F. S. Winnington at Stanford Court. There seems to be no doubt that Dingley's collections formed the groundwork of Rawlinson's l History and Antiquities of the Cathedral Church of Hereford,' and they are certainly entitled to rank not far below Diodati 95 Dircks the ' Funerall Monuments ' of John Weever in interest and importance. [Introduction and postscript to Hist, from Marble, Camd. Soc., published 1867-8 ; Herald | &nd Genealogist, vi. ; Hist. MSS. Comm. 1st Rep. j 53-4 ; Gent. Mag. new ser. xliii. 45.] C. J. K. DIODATI, CHARLES (1608P-1638), friend of Milton, was born about 1608. His father, THEODOEE DIODATI, brother of Gio- vanni Diodati, a distinguished divine of Ge- neva (1576-1649), was born in all probability | at Geneva in 1574. The family belonged to Lucca. Charles's father emigrated to England when a youth ; was brought up as a doctor ; j lived at Brentford aboutl 609 ; attended Prince Henry and Princess Elizabeth ; graduated as a doctor of medicine at Leyden, 6 Oct. 1615 ; became a licentiate of the College of Phy- i sicians, London, 24 Jan. 1616-17 ; practised j in the parish of St. Bartholomew the Less, and was buried in the church there on 12 Feb. 1650-1. Florio when dedicating his transla- tion of Montaigne to Lucy, countess of Bed- ford, acknowledged assistance from Theodore Diodati. Hakewill prints a letter of his, dated 30 Sept. 1629, describing a case of phlebotomy j {Apology, 1630). Some of his medical recipes are in Egerton MS. 2214, ff. 46, 51, and fre- j quent mention is made of him as ' Doctor Deodate ' in i Lady Brilliana Harley's Corre- spondence ' (published by Camden Soc.) His first wife was an Englishwoman, and by her he had two sons, Charles and John, and a daughter, Philadelphia. When well advanced in life the doctor married again, much to the annoyance of his children. Charles gained a scholarship at St. Paul's School, and while there made Milton's ac- quaintance. In February 1621-2 he went to Trinity College, Oxford, and graduated M, A. in July 1628. A year later he was incor- porated M.A. at Cambridge. He was a good classical scholar, contributed some Latin alcaics to the volume published at Oxford on Camden's death in 1624, and wrote to Milton two letters in Greek, which are pre- served in the British Museum (Addit. MS. 5016, f. 64). Subsequently he practised physic in the neighbourhood of Chester, removed to the parish of St. Anne's, Blackfriars, lodged therewith his sister Philadelphia in the house of one Dollar, quarrelled with his father about his second marriage, and was buried at St. Anne's Church 27 Aug. 1638. His sister was buried at the same place seventeen days earlier, and his sister-in-law, Isabella, wife of his brother John, on 29 June of the same year. Diodati's friendship with Milton gives him his chief interest. Milton's Latin poems prove how warm was his affection for his friend. To Diodati Milton addressed the first and sixth of his elegies, written respectively in 1626 and 1629, and first published in 1645. In September 1637 Milton wrote two Latin letters to Diodati, which are printed in the poet's ' Epistolse Familiares,' and early in 1 639, when Milton was in Italy, he addressed Dio- dati in an Italian sonnet (No. v.) At Geneva Milton spent a fortnight with his friend's uncle, Giovanni Diodati, and on learning of Diodati's death he gave his most striking testimony to his affectionate regard for him in his ' Epitaphium Damoiiis.' In the intro- duction to the * Epitaphium ' Diodati is de- scribed as ( ingenio, doctrina cseterisque clarissimis virtutibus juvenis egregius.' The poem in pathetic and poetic expression almost equals ' Lycidas,' and had it been written in English instead of Latin would doubtless have been as popular. It was first published in 1645. Diodati also seems to have been in- timate with Lord Herbert of Cherbury, who entrusted him with a copy of his Sicily in command of the 3rd battalion of the 1st guards. He was made a brigadier-general in Sicily in August 1807, and was comman- dant of Messina from January to July 1808, when he started home to take command of a Disney 101 Disraeli forigade in England. On his way, however he touched at Lisbon on 6 Oct., and was at once begged by General Cradock to land and take command of a brigade consisting of the 2nd, 3rd, 6th, and 50th regiments, which Cradock wished to send to join the army of Sir John Moore in Spain. This brigade he led safely to Castello Branco by way of Abrantes, and there halted on 27 Nov., when he was ordered to hand over his brigade to Major-general Alan Cameron, and to join the main army under Sir John Moore. He reached Toro in safety, and was at once put in command of a brigade of Edward Paget's reserve, consisting of the 28th and 91st regi- ments. The reserve had to cover the famous retreat of Sir John Moore, and Disney greatly distinguished himself both at the action at Betanzos on 11 Jan. 1809, and in the battle of Corunna. For his services at that battle he received a gold medal, and was pro- moted major-general on 25 April 1809. In that year he commanded the first brigade of guards, attached to Hope's division, in the Walcheren expedition, and on his return to England was given the command of the home district. In 1810 he went out to Cadiz to act as second in command to General Graham, afterwards Lord Lynedoch, and in June 1811 he succeeded that general in the chief com- mand there. He handed over the command &t Cadiz to Major-general George Cooke in November 1811, and returned to England, and never again went on active service. He was promoted lieutenant-general on 4 June 1814, became colonel of the 15th regiment on 23 July 1814, was made a K.C.B. in 1815, and promoted general on 10 Jan. 1837. He died at his house in Upper Brook Street, Lon- don, on 19 April 1846, at the age of eighty. [SirF. W. Hamilton's History of the Grenadier Guards ; Eoyal Military Calendar ; Hart's Army List; Gent. Mag. for July 1846.] H. M. S. DISNEY, WILLIAM, D.D. (1731-1807), son of the Rev. Joseph Disney, M.A., vicar of Cranbrook and Appledore with the chapel of Ebony in Kent, was born 29 Sept. 1731. He was educated at the Merchant Taylors' School under Mr. Creech, and was entered as a pensioner at Trinity College, Cambridge, 26 Jan. 1748. He graduated as B.A. in 1753 (when he was senior wrangler), M.A. 1756, and D.D. 1789. He was admitted minor fel- low in 1754, major fellow in 1756, and third sub-lector in 1757. From 1757 to 1771 he was regius professor of Hebrew. In 1777 he became vicar of Pluckley in Kent, a living in the gift of the Archbishop of Canterbury, where he died in 1807. He published two sermons : 1. * Sermon preached before the University of Cambridge, 28 June 1789, with some strictures on the licentious notions avowed or enumerated in Mr. Gibbon's " History of Rome," ' Lond. 1709, 4to. 2. ' The Superiority of Religious Duties to Worldly Considerations,^ 1800, 8vo. [Bibliotheca Britannica ; Robinson's Register of Merchant Taylors' School ; Register of Trinity College ; Cooper's Memorials.] E. S. S. DISRAELI, BENJAMIN, first EARL OF BEACONSFIELD (1804-1881)] statesman and man of letters, was born at 6tfohn Street, Bed- ford Row, London, on 21 Dec. 1804 (Notes and Queries, 6th ser. x. 457). He was the son of Isaac D'Israeli [q. v.], whose family consisted of four sons and one daughter. Benjamin, who was baptised at St. Andrew's, Holborn (31 July 1817), was privately educated, and at the age of seventeen was articled to Messrs. Swain & Stevenson, solicitors in the Old Jewry. He entered Lincoln's Inn in 1824, and kept nine terms, but removed his name in 1831. He soon, however, discovered a taste for literature, and in 1826 contributed a forgotten poem, * The Modern Dunciad,' to a forgotten magazine, called 'The Star Chamber.' In the same year he burst upon the town with ' Vivian Grey ' (of which a second part appeared in 1827), a novel more remarkable perhaps for a youth of twenty than even Congreve's ' Old Bachelor.' Ex- travagant, audacious, and sparkling, rather than truly brilliant, it achieved at once a great success ; but the young author, as if to show his contempt for popularity, quitted England soon after its publication, and spent the next three years (1828-31) in Spain, Italy, the Levant, and the south-east of Europe, which he described to his sister in the first series of letters edited by Mr. Ralph Disraeli. On his return to England in 1831 , the brother and sister still continued regular correspondents, and his 'Letters' from 1832 to 1852 form the contents of a second volume lately pub- lished by the same editor. They do not add much to what was already known, and, though amusing and interesting, are coloured by a strain_of egotism, which, if Intended for a JbTie in writing to a near relative, is not one of those jokes which every one is bound to understand. It was not till the general election of 1837 that Disraeli obtained a seat in parliament, having previously contested without success both High Wycombe (twice in 1832, and again in 1834), and Taunton (in 1835), in- volving himself in squabbles of no very dig- nified character with Joseph Hume and Daniel O'Connell. At Taunton he attacked O'Con- nell, who had written a complimentary letter Disraeli IO2 Disraeli about him when he stood for Wycombe. O'Connell retorted by comparing Disraeli to the- ' impenitent thief.' There was some talk of a duel with O'Connell's son, Morgan, O'Connell having made a vow against the practice ; but nothing came of it. In a letter to the ' Times ' of 31 Dec. 1835 Disraeli gave his own version of the quarrel. While will- ing to accept the assistance of these influential politicians against whig dictation, he had dis- tinctly disavowed all sympathy with their peculiar principles. His support of the ballot and triennial parliaments he justified by the example of Bolingbroke and Sir William Wyndham. But the public of that day knew nothing of either, and the historical toryism of Disraeli was entirely beyond their grasp. During the five years that elapsed between his return to England and his entrance into parliament Disraeli's pen was constantly em- ployed. Besides 'What is He?' (1833), a reply to a reported sneer of Earl Grey, and 'The Present Crisis Examined' (1834), he published in 1835 his ' Vindication of the British Constitution,' a copy of which he forwarded to Sir Robert Peel, who thanked him for the gift in a very complimentary letter, and in 1836 the < Letters of Runny- mede,' an attack on the government of Lord Melbourne. In pure literature he was still more prolific. Within the same period he published 'The Young Duke' (1831), 'Con- tarini Fleming' (1832), ' The Wondrous Tale of Alroy' (1833), 'The Rise of Iskander,' 'The Revolutionary Epic' (1834), 'Venetia' (1837), and ' Henrietta Temple ' (1837). We learn from the ' Letters ' that he was received in the best society, and mingled in all the gaieties of the fashionable world. A hun- dred exaggerated stories of his dress, his manners, and his conversation at this period of his life were long current in London. One ^dy declared that she had seen him at a party in green velvet trousers and a black satin shirt. He was said to have delighted in shocking the respectability of decorous cele- brities by the most startling moral paradoxes, and in short to have done everything that he ought not to have done, if he really hoped to be, what he told Lord Melbourne in 1835 that he wished to be, < prime minister of Eng- land.' He himself was so far nettled by the revival of some of this gossip many years afterwards that he wrote to the editor of an evening paper to declare that he never pos- sessed a pair of green trousers in his life. His great friend at this time was Lord Lyndhurst, and much was made of the fact that in 1835 the two were seen pacing the Opera Colon- nade together at half-past twelve o'clock at night, engaged in the most animated con- versation. Lord Lyndhurst had before that date interested himself in Mr. Disraeli's par- liamentary prospects; but whether he had any share in procuring his return for Maid- stone we are unable to say. On the death of William IV, parliament was again dissolved, and Disraeli received an invitation to stand for the borough of Maid- stone in conjunction with Mr. Wyndham Lewis. They were both returned (27 July 1837) ; and Disraeli was now to measure him- self in reality against the statesmen and ora- tors with whom he had often contendB^in imagination, and in his own opinion TOth success. That he was not cowed by the failure of his first attempt might have convinced his contemporaries that his confidence was not ill-founded. The thin, pale, dark-complex- ioned young man. with the long black ringlets and dandified costume, rising from below the gangway, delivering an ambitious and eccen- tric speech, received with shouts of derision,, and finally sitting down with the defiant as- sertion that the time will come when they will hear him, is the central figure of a group destined one day, we hope, to be enrolled i among the great historic paintings which i illustrate the life of English politics. The I subject of his speech (7 Dec 1837) was a. I motion made by Mr. Smith O'Brien for a select | committee to inquire into the existence of an ! alleged election subscription in Ireland for promoting petitions against the return of certain members of parliament. O'Connell spoke against the motion and Disraeli replied to him. In this famous speech there is nothing outrageously bombastic, nothing more so, cer- tainly, than what was listened to with ap- | plause when the orator had won the ear of the house. But the language, the manner, and the appearance of the new member, neither j of which by itself would have provoked the i reception which he experienced, combined together to produce an irresistible effect, which, heightened by the knowledge of his rather singular antecedents, may excuse, though they cannot justify, the roars of laugh- ter amid which he was compelled to sit down. At the same time it should be remembered that this derisive clamour proceeded only from a portion of the house, and chiefly from a knot of members congregated below the bar. Two such judges as Mr. Sheil and Sir Robert Peel thought very different ly of the young orator ; both delected in his speech the germs of future excellence, and Sheil gave him somt excellent advice, by which he seems to have profited. Of the impression which his appearance,, manner, and inode of speaking fifty years ago produced upon a wholly disinterested spec- Disraeli 103 Disraeli tator an interesting record has been preserved by perhaps the only surviving eye-witness of a memorable scene which occurred in the court of queen's bench on 22 Nov. 1838. Disraeli tad published a libel on Mr. Charles Austin, the celebrated parliamentary counsel, who instructed his solicitor to file a criminal in- formation against him. Disraeli did not appear, either personally or by counsel, and in due time was called up to receive judg- ment. The gentleman who was then under articles to M* Austin's solicitors was in court that morning, and as soon as he entered he saw Disraeli sitting in the solicitors' ' well,' dressed in the height of the fashion. When Sir John Campbell rose to pray the judg- ment of the court, Disraeli begged permission to say a few words, and then spoke for about ten minutes with an eloquence, propriety, and dignity which the young clerk never forgot, and long loved to describe. His apology was accepted as both ample and honourable, and the future prime minister of England was dismissed with a fine of one shilling. The year 1839 was an eventful one in Disraeli's life. j[n July he made his famous speech on the chartist petition, alluded to with justifiable pride in 'Sybil/ in which he declared ' that the rights of labour were as sacred as the rights of property.' In the same month he published the ' Tragedy of Count Alarcos,' which was no success ; and in the fol- lowing August he married Mrs. Wyndham Lewis, the widow of his former colleague, whose acquaintance he had made six years before at Leeds, when he described her as ' pretty and a flirt.' Witn her fortune he was enabled to purchase the estate of Hugh- enden from the executors of the Young family and to assume the style and poBkpf an English country gentleman. In moreover, he found not only which he required, but the sympathy, the courage, and the' devotion of which he stood little less in need 'the perfect wife,' ever ready to console him under every disappoint- ment, to enliven him in his darkest hours, and to rekindle his hopes when they seemed almost reduced to ashes. In illustration of her courage it may be mentioned that once when she was driving down with her husband to the House of Commons, her hand was crushed in the door of the carriage, and she suppressed every indication of the pain that she was suffering till she Aad seen him safe into Westminster Hall, for fear of distracting his mind from the very impor- tant speech which he was about to deliver. Those who were admitted to the intimacy of ! Mr. and Mrs. Disraeli used to say that he was fond of telling her in joke that he had married her for her money, to which she would invariably reply, 'Ah! but if you had to do it again, you would do it for love,' a statement to which he always smilingly as- sented. Only a few years before he had as- sured his sister Sarah that he would never marry for love, for that all the men who did so either beat their wives or ran away from them. In 1841 Disraeli was returned for Shrews- bury, one of the ' great conservative party ' which Sir Robert Peel had led to victory. The accepted version of the controversy between Disraeli and Sir Robert Peel is derived, for the most part, from the friends of Sir Robert and the enemies of Disraeli. It is likewise to be remembered that the public opinion of England has declared in favour of free trade, a result which was by no means certain forty-three years ago ; and that the material aspects of the question have been allowed, as was inevitable, to colour very deeply the moral ones. ' The present generation,' says the editor of Lord Beacons- field's speeches, 'seems inclined to admit that the provocation given by Sir Robert Peel,, especially by the style in which he lectured his former supporters for adhering to the principles in which he himself had so long and so sedulously trained them, was, if not sufficient to justify every one of these attacks, far greater than the victorious converts were either willing to acknowledge, or perhaps even able to appreciate. Their success, their talents, and the popularity of the cause they had expounded, dazzled the public eye, and neutralised for a time all the efforts of a beaten party to vindicate the justice of its anger. But we may learn from Mr. Morley's " Life of Mr. Cobden " that the old free-traders, at all events, were doubtful of the political morality which sanctioned the carriage of free trade in a parliament dedicated to pro- tection, and that they saw little to condemn and something to applaud in Mr. Disraeli's satire.' It was not, however, till 1843 that Dis- raeli saw anything to find fault with in the commercial policy of Sir Robert Peel, which, as he declared, was only a continuation of the system begun by Bolingbroke and car- ried 011 by Pitt, Liverpool, and Canning. And he himself, in a speech which he de- livered at Shrewsbury on 9 May 1843, stated emphatically that his support of the corn laws j was based not on economical but on social and ' political grounds. Our territorial constitution was the foundation of our greatness, and as far as protection to agriculture was necessary to that constitution he was a protectionist. Disraeli 104 Disraeli From this position Disraeli never swerved : it was his firm conviction that the preponderance of the landed interest was as much for the benefit of the whole labouring population of the country as it was for that of farmers and landowners. The year 1843, however, did not pass over without some, indication of a change in the feelings of the conservative party towards the statesman whom they had so long venerated. The first symptoms of insubordination broke out on 9 Aug. on the introduction of the Irish Arms Bill, when Disraeli, Lord John Manners, Smy the, Baillie Cochrane, and the little party whom it was the fashion to style Young England, condemned the policy of the government as a violation of tory traditions, and, what was more, of the system to which the ministry had pledged itself. A violent attack was made upon them from the treasury bench, and in evidence that it was wholly unjusti- fiable we have the testimony of both the ' Times ' and the ' Morning Chronicle,' which denounced this attempt to l cow and bully ' the rising talent of the house in no measured terms. Disraeli always maintained in regard to his quarrel with Sir Robert Peel that the provocation came from the prime minister, and whoever will take the trouble to refer to the newspapers we have mentioned under the aforesaid date will see that he had some warrant for the assertion. Whatever change of tone came over the metropolitan press at a subsequent period, it is clear that at the commencement of the misunderstanding be- tween the two men the leading organs of opinion on both sides recognised the justice of Disraeli's protests. He was not the man to forgive or to for- get such treatment ; and the hour of ven- geance was at hand. The further develop- ment of Sir Robert Peel's financial system by degrees made it clear to his supporters that the principle of protection was doomed; and it is a moot question to this day whether a more confidential and conciliatory attitude on the part of the prime minister might not have overcome their resistance ta a change which he himself had so rigorously and per- sistently opposed. Disraeli's chance in life now came to him. He became the spokes- man of the malcontents two years before the great change was ^announced : and during that interval he poured forth speech after speech each bristling with sarcasms which went the round of Europe. Conservatism was an ' organise^ hypocrisy.' Peel ' had caught the whigs bathing, and run away with their clothes/ an image perhaps sug- gested by a copy of verses in the ' Craftsman.' His mind was a huge appropriation clause. The agricultural interest was likened to a cast-off mistress who makes herself trouble- some to her late protector, and then ' the right honourable gentleman sends down his valet who says in the genteelest manner " We : can have no whining here." ' Sir Robert ' was like the Turkish admiral who had steered ; his fleet right into the enemy's port. He 1 'was no more a great statesman than the man who gets up behind the carriage is a great whip.' There was just that element of truth in all these taunts which would have made it difficult for the most imper- ! turbable of mankind to hear them with in- difference. Peel writhed under them ; and, ! whatever his original offence, it is impossible to excuse the severity of the punishment in- flicted. The Maynooth grant, on which Disraeli opposed and Lord John Manners supported ' the government, broke up the Young England party ; but its spirit survived and lives still iii the pages of 'Coningsby' and ' Sybil.' These works were published in 1844 and 1845, just before the repeal of the corn laws, and while the conservative party was outwardly still unbroken. The sensation which they created was enormous, and the effect which they r produced was lasting. The political views expounded in these famous novels had already / been broached in the ' Vindication of the Bri- tish Constitution,' but there they attracted little notice ; and for this reason perhaps the author decided to recast them in the form of fiction. The pith and marrow of the theory which they embodied was that from 1688 to 1832 the government of the country had been j a close oligarchy, 'the Venetian constitution/ and that by theReformBill of 1832the crown, I having been delivered from the aristocratic | connections which had usurped its preroga- ' ti ves, might perhaps be destined to regain some of its suspended powers, and that herein might lie the best solution of many of our modern difficulties. The tories had fought bravely for the old constitution, which with all its faults was a reality, as the ' Edinburgh Review ' admitted in reviewing Disraeli's novels. But now that this was gone what had they in its place P Peel had not supplied a substitute, or a creed which could inspire faith. Could such, a substitute Joe found in the revival of the monarchical principle, combined with the great Anglican movement which had already taken root at Oxford ? In this question lies the key to ' Coningsby ' and ' Sybil.' Disraeli looked bacFto^Bolingbroke and Wyndham, as Newman and his friends looked back to Laud ' and Andrewes, and asked himself whether the tory idea of monarchy, as it existed in Disraeli Disraeli the reign of George I, was capable of being revived in the reign of Queen Victoria ' on & large sphere of action,' and as ' a sub- stantive religion.' He would pass over the long and dreary interval of pseudo-toryism, the toryism of Eldon and Wetherall, which was purely materialistic and obstructive, and seek his inspiration at the 'fountain-head ; among men who, while conforming themselves to the parliamentary constitution of the eigh- teenth century, still kept alive the chivalrous spirit of the seventeenth, and touched with one hand the traditions of the cavaliers. It is impossible to say, even after the lapse of half a century and with Disraeli's whole subsequent career unfolded before us, to what extent these suggestions were in- tended to be practical, and how far they were prompted by that love of effect which he shared with Lord Chatham. That his earliest sympathies were with the Stuart monarchy, and that he firmly believed such a system to be better adapted for securing the happiness of the whole people than the oligarchical monarchy which succeeded it, seems to be indisputable. But how far he really believed in the possibility of restor- ing it is another question. He saw what others saw, that the downfall of the old constitution in 1832 had been followed, as all revolutions are followed, by an age of infidelity, and he wished, as others wished, to see a revival of political faith. Here, too, he was perfectly sincere. But who and what was to be the object of it ? Disraeli said an emancipated sovereign. But did he really believe it ? The Jews, he tells us, are essen- tially monarchical, and the instincts of his race, combined with the bias imparted to his mind by the researches of his father, may certainly have rendered him less sceptical of such a consummation than an ordinary Eng- lishman. The very conservative reaction which followed the Reform Bill, instead of the revolution that was anticipated, may have contributed to the illusion. He makes Si- donia point out to Coningsby that the press is a better guarantee against abuses than the House of Commons. What experiments he might have tried, had power come to him twenty years sooner than it did, it is difficult to say. His speeches on Ireland during his earlier career in parliament are very remark- wable. ' A starving people, an alien church, Bland an absentee aristocracy,' that, said he, in H\1844, < is the Irish question.' That he would in those days have preferred a solution of one part of this question by the establishment of the Romish church in Ireland is pretty clear. Even four-and-twenty years afterwards he spoke of that as an ' intelligible policy' not one that he approved of himself, but one that might be entertained, and which at all events respected the sanctity of ecclesiastical pro- perty. But, whatever he may have believed forty years ago, he probably discovered soon afterwards that his favourite ideas could not be embodied in action, and he then seems to have made up his mind to do the best he could for the constitution as it actually existed. There was, however, another side to Young England toryism which admitted of a far more practical application, and which has been attended by far other fortunes. What ' Coningsby ' had to some extent done for the English peasantry by calling attention to their ancient rights, and to the degree in which they had been invaded by the new poor law, that ' Sybil ' did far more effectually for both peasantry and artisans. * Sybil ' was founded on the experience of the factory system which Disraeli acquired during a tour through the | north of England in 1844 in company with Lord John Manners and the Hon. G. Smythe. The graphic pictures of the misery and squalor of the factory population, which imparted to its pages so vivid a dramatic interest, lent a powerful impetus to the cause of factory re- form first initiated by Mr. Sadler, and after- wards carried forward by Lord Ashley. With- j out it the working classes would probably have | had longer to wait for that succession of re- ' medial measures which realised his own pre- diction and ' broke the last links in the chain i of Saxon thraldom.' But something more is ! still wanted to round off the Young England system. In ' Sybil ' the church plays the part ! which is played in Coningsby by the~ crown. The youth of England see in the slavery of ! the church as potent an instrument for evil as : in the bondage of the sovereign or the serf- l dom of the masses. All these things must be amended. This was the triple foundation f the church, the monarchy, and the people I on which the new toryism was based ; and! if it was a partial failure, it was certainly not a complete one, for it can hardly be dis- puted that the labouring classes are largely indebted to the sympathy inspired by Young England for their present improved condi- tion, while both the monarchy and the church have profited to some extent by the novel and striking colours in which their claims were represented. With the publication of ? i reasons which have never been explained, - would not allow them to be placed on the table of the house. Members voted in igno- rance of their contents, and the amendment was carried against the government by 323 to 310 votes, a majority of thirteen. Mr. Hors- man and others declared afterwards that they seen the blue book first they would have voted with ministers. Nobody knew then, an nobody knows now, by what motive Disraeli ^ was actuated ; and it was as much a riddle^, to his colleagues as it was to every one else.^ The second administration of Lord Pal- merston constitutes a kind of landing-place in the career of Disraeli. In the fifth volume of the life of the late prince consort a con- versation is mentioned which took place in January 1861 between the prince and the leader of the opposition, in which Disraeli declared that the conservative party did not wish to take advantage of the weakness of the government, but on the contrary were willing to support them provided they plunged into no system of l democratic finance/ as they had shown an inclination to do in 1860. This ' time-honoured rule of an honourable opposition/ says Sir Theodore Martin, was strictly observed in the session of 1861. But when the condition on which it rested was violated, Disraeli did not find his own party very willing to reverse their attitude. Their confidence in his leadership had been some- what shaken by the events of the past five years. The reform agitation, which had re- vived immediately on Lord Palmerston's resig- nation, subsided again, curiously enough, as soon as he returned to office ; and many tory members considered that the prime minister was a better representative of conservative opinions than the leader of the opposition. Disraeli at this time often sat alone upon the Disraeli 109 Disraeli front bench, and in 1862, when an opportunity occurred of defeating the government, on Lord Palmerston declaring that he would make it a cabinet question, Mr. AValpole, who had charge of the hostile resolution, positively re- fused to go on with it. Disraeli's imperturb- ability under every kind of attack or disap- pointment has often been remarked ; but it was sometimes more apparent than real. And men who sat exactly opposite to him at this period of his life used to say that they could tell when he was moved by the darkening of his whole face. Not a muscle moved ; but gradually his pale complexion assumed a' swarthier hue, and it was plain that he was struggling with emo- tions which he was anxious to avoid betraying. At this particular stage of his career he had perhaps some reason for despondency. He had begun well. He had completely lived down the ill effects of his first appearance and his early eccentricities. He had reconstructed the conservative party, and made it once more as powerful an opposition as it had been under Sir Robert Peel. Down to 1855 all had gone on favourably, but since that time his fortune seemed to have deserted him. The party for which he had done so much were insubordinate and suspicious, and talked of finding another leader. This was eminently unjust to Disraeli, since it was impossible in those days to make head against the popu- larity of Lord Palmerston, and no other leader whom the party could have chosen was likely to have shown more courage and confidence in adversity. But there is no doubt that this feeling of dissatisfaction prevailed widely in the conservative ranks, and that Disraeli at times felt it deeply. It was at this very time, however, that he made some of his best speeches. Two of them, delivered on 24 Feb. 1860 and 7 April 1862 respectively, contain a criticism of Mr. Gladstone's financial system, on which the last word has not yet been spoken, and are well worth studying at the present day ; while his annual surveys of Lord John Rus- sell's foreign policy are among the ablest, as well as the most humorous, speeches which he ever made. Lord Palmerston, however, was ' in for his life ; ' his personal influence was unrivalled, and, fortified by Mr. Glad- stone's budgets, his position was impreg- nable. The opposition was condemned to the dreary occupation of waiting for dead men's shoes. And no wonder they grew restless and dissatisfied. The general election of 1865 did nothing to improve their temper. They lost some twenty seats, and had Lord Pal- merston been a younger man they would have had another six or seven years of the cold shade to look forward to. > The prime minister, however, died in Oc- tober 1865, and a new chapter in the life of Disraeli was opened. Lord Palmerston was succeeded by Earl Russell, Mr. Gladstone leading the House of Commons. A reform bill was introduced by the government, di- vided into two parts, and the house was in- vited to consent to the extension of the fran- chise before it was made acquainted with the scheme for the distribution of seats. In op- position to this proposal a considerable section of the liberal party made common cause with the conservatives, and acquired thereby the title of ' the Cave ' bestowed on them by Mr. Bright. The government were compelled to bring in an entire measure, but this did not save them from ultimate discomfiture. They fixed the borough occupation franchise at 7/., and the question arose whether it should be a rental or a rating franchise ; that is to say, whether the 71. should be what the tenant actually paid to his landlord, or what he was. assessed at to the poor rate. If he was as- sessed at 71., his actual rent would be a trifle higher. The government adopted the former of these two views, Disraeli and his new allies the latter, and the result was that, on a resolution moved by Lord Dimkellin, the ministers were defeated by a majority of eleven, and Lord Russell immediately re- signed. It was not to the amount of the qualification that Disraeli objected so much as to the inferiority of a rental to a rating franchise, and his reasons for thinking so, for ' making the rate-book the register,' were ex- plained by himself, even in 1859, when he thought the practical difficulties in the way of it were too great to be overcome. It is important to remember this, because of the discussions that ensued in the following year when he brought in his own Reform Bill, and endeavoured to base the franchise on the personal payment of rates. This was the old constitutional qualification ; the ratepayer was simply the old scot-and-lot voter, and though the franchise might be limited to men who paid a certain amount of rates, it should be the payment of rates and not the payment of rent which entitled him to a vote. This was the position contended for by Lord Dun- kellin, Sir Hugh Cairns, and other speakers ; and it is an entire mistake to suppose that the objection to the government proposal was that a 71. qualification was too low. Lord Dunkellin was in favour of a lower one, and it was admitted by the whole opposition that this was a question of detail. The principle ) at issue was that the right to the franchise 1 should rest on the contribution to the poor / ^rate. Thus when in the following year Dis- raeli proposed to give the franchise to all Disraeli no Disraeli ratepayers there was no such change of front, no such ' unparalleled betrayal,' as Mr. Lowe charged him with. The conservative party had never taken their stand on any particular figure. And in point of fact the necessity of a rating suffrage pure and simple had long been \ contemplated by the two conservative leaders. ^ The cabinet, however, was divided on the subject, Lord Derby, Disraeli, and the ma- jority being in favour of a measure on which *the two leaders of the party had for some time been agreed, while Lords Cranborne and Carnarvon and General Peel considered that it went too far. In deference to their opinions, and to avert their resignation, a measure of a different character was devised on the spur of the moment and subsequently submitted to the house. Disraeli, who had at one time tendered his own resignation, which of course was not to be heard of, was observed to be labouring under very unwonted depression while discharging this unwelcome duty. But the l ten minutes' bill,' as it was named, was only born to perish. The ministry soon found their new position untenable. Their own followers demanded the original scheme. The resignation of the dissentients was accepted : and on 18 March 1867 the more popular bill was introduced. On 12 April Mr. Gladstone moved an amend- ment which struck at the principle of the bill by proposing to give the franchise to the house- holder who compounded for the rates as well as to the householder who paid them. This debate was the first real trial of strength be- tween the government and the opposition, and when the numbers were read out, for Glad- stone's amendment 289^ against it 310, a scene was witnessed in the house such as few of its oldest members recollected. The bursts of cheering were again and again renewed ; and none crowded to shake hands with the leader of the house more heartily than the very tory country gentlemen whom he was absurdly said to have betrayed. The younger mem- bers of the party extemporised a supper at the Carlton and begged of him to join them. But, as Lady Beaconsfield was never tired of repeating, { Dizzy came home to me,' and then she would add how he ate half the raised pie and drank the whole of the bottle of champagne which she had prepared in anti- cipation of his triumph. Perhaps the best defence of the conserva- tive Reform Bill within a narrow compass is to be found in Disraeli's speech at Edinburgh on 29 Oct. 1867, celebrated for its comparison of the * Edinburgh ' and l Quarterly' Reviews to the boots at the Blue Boar and the cham- bermaid at the Red Lion. While regretting that the settlement of 1832 had not been re- spected by its authors, he had always reserved to the conservative party the full right of dealing with the question now that their op- ponents had reopened it, and of redressing the anomalies which confessedly existed in Lord Grey's Reform Bill. In 1859 both Lord Derby and himself had come to the conclu- sion that between the existing 101. franchise and household suffrage there was no trust- worthy halting-place. In their first Reform Bill they chose to abide by the former, and, that alternative having been rejected, they could in their second essay only have recourse to the latter. It is pretty clear that they were right, and that any intermediate franchise of 71., 61., or 5/. would have been swept away within a very few years of its creation. But at the time the experiment was regarded with, considerable distrust and apprehension, which the results of the general election of 1868 were not calculated to allay. But, whatever the policy of the measure, there could not be two opinions of the extraordinary ability dis- played by Disraeli in the conduct of it. Nor must the fact be forgotten that in the intro- duction of a measure repugnant to the pre> judices and connections of conservatives in general, Disraeli, unlike Peel, carried hjsj}arty s eReform Bill became law in August 1867, and then, his work being done, Lord Derby, who had long been a great sufferer from the gout, retired from office, and Mr. Disraeli realised the dream of his youth, and became prime minister of England. But the popularity of the tory party did not ripen all at once. The Reform Bill of 1867 was not so inconsistent with the principles of toryism as many people supposed who took only the narrow view of tory principles which was fashionable about the middle of the century. The late Sir Robert Peel always regretted the extinction of those popular franchises which the first Reform Bill had abolished. And in 1831 Lord Aberdeen suggested household suf- frage to the Duke of Wellington as quite a natural and feasible principle for the tory party to adopt without incurring either re- monstrance or reproach. But the tory party were not at first accredited with the change. The people were told that it had been wrung from a reluctant aristocracy by the liberals, and the liberals reaped the whole benefit of it when the appeal to the people came. At the Guildhall dinner on 9 Nov., Disraeli spoke confidently of the organisation and prospects of the conservatives. 'Arms of precision' would, he said, tell their tale. But he was doomed to disappointment, and Mr. Gladstone returned to power with a majority of 170. Now began the last long phase of tlie Irish Disraeli Disraeli question. Disraeli had always sympathised | with Ireland. We have seen what he said j of her in 1837 and again in 1844. But he | seems to have thought that the Irish famine had really settled the Irish question ( by the act of God ; ' and he used to point to the growing prosperity of Ireland between -1850 and 1 865 in proof of his assertion. He always contended that the Fenian conspiracy, which so alarmed Mr. Gladstone, was a foreign con- spiracy ; and that, when this had been effec- tually crushed, England might have left Ire- land to proceed tranquilly along the path of improvement without further interference. Mr. Gladstone's Irish policy merely raked into a flame the embers which were all but extinct, revived hopes and aspirations which, except by a small party of conspirators, had been practi- cally forgotten, and created a new Irish ques- tion- for the present generation which other- wise would never have arisen. These were his general views. In 1871, two years after the passing of the ChurclTGill, and one year after the passing of the Land Act, the condition of Ireland was worse than ever. A coercion bill was passed, and the Habeas Corpus Act was suspended. It was impossible to explain away such facts as these, and in his speech on the 4 Westmeath committee,' 27 Feb. 1871, Dis- raeli ' woke up,' as it was said, and delivered a speech in his old style which delighted the opposition benches. Mr. Gladstone's Irish legislation, just or unjust, had not only failed in its avowed object the removal, namely, of Irish discontent but had rendered it still more rancorous. A darker and fiercer spirit had taken possession of Ireland than the one which had been driven out, and Mr. Gladstone had beckoned it to come in. The Black Sea conference, the treaty of Washington, the affair of Sir Spencer Eobin- son, Sir Robert Collier, and Ewelme Rectory continued to furnish him with materials for sarcasm during the next two years, and in 1872 he delivered two of his most famous speeches, one at Manchester on 3 April, and another at the Crystal Palace on 24 June. It was in the first of these that he likened the heads of departments in Mr. Gladstone's government, as he sat opposite to them in the House of Commons, to ( a range of extinct volcanoes.' But in the same speech is to be found also the best explanation and vindica- tion of the working of the English monarchy with which we are acquainted, and which may now be called the locus classicus on the subject. It has been quoted, and repeated, and borrowed, and abridged, and expanded over and over again. In the speech at the Crystal Palace he dwelt on his favourite dis- tinction between national and cosmopolitan principles as the distinctive creeds of toryism and liberalism, and claimed for the former that its watchwords were the constitution, the empire, and the people. The year, how- ever, which witnessed this revival of energy in the leader of the opposition, did not pass over without a severe domestic calamity which robbed his existence of its sunshine. On 15 Dec. 1872 his wife, who had been created Viscountess Beaconsfield, 30 Nov.J.868, died, and he felt ' that he had no longer a Home.' In 1873 Mr. Gladstone, being defeated on the Irj sjj^XJn i versity Education Bill, resigned office, anu ^er majesty sent for Disraeli, who declined to form a government, and Mr. Gladstone returned to his seat. In the fol- lowing January, however, he dissolved parlia- ment rather suddenly. The opposition was placed in a clear majority ; Disraeli no longer hesitated, and the.-Qxv_-government o_JL874 came into being. It was the first time that the tories had commanded a majority since 1841, and Disraeli was now at length\ to reap the fruits of his long and patientj devotion to the interests of his party. But\ the triumph had come too late, when it was impossible for him to carry out measures which, had he been ten years younger, he would certainly have adopted. 'The enfran- chisement of the peasantry and the reform of our provincial administration would as- suredly have been anticipated by the author of f Coningsby ' and ' Sybil,' the consistent upholder of local authority and jurisdiction, had his health and strength been adequate to so arduous an undertaking. But though Disraeli was a man of naturally strong con- stitution, his strength had been severely tried. When he became prime minister for the second time he was in his sixty-ninth year, and these were not the piping days of peace when Lord Palmerston could slumber tran- quilly through his duties up to eighty years of age. The strain of leading the House of Commons had doubled since his 'time, and at the end of the session ofj.876 Disraeli found it necessary to exchange that arduous position for the less trying duties which devolve on the leader of the House of Lords. On 11 Aug. 1876 he made his last speech in the House of Commons. But the public had no suspicion of the truth till the next morning, when it was officially announced that he was to be created Earl of Beaconsfield, and that his place in the lower house was to be taken by Sir Stafford Northcote. The English House j of Commons may have known more subtle j philosophers, more majestic orators, more I thoroughly consistent politicians, but never I one who loved it better or was more zealous i for its dignity and honour. Disraeli 112 Disraeli The tory administration from 1874 to 1880 will probably be remembered in history rather by the strongly marked features of its foreign and colonial policy than by any less imposing records. At the same time it would be a mistake to overlook the fact that in the field of domestic legislation it accomplished nu- merous reforms of a useful and popular de- scription, and effected a satisfactory settle- ment of more than one long-vexed question in which the working class was deeply inte- rested. We need only name such measures as the Factory Acts of 1874 and 1878, the Em- ployers and Workmen Act (abolishing impri- sonment for breach of contract), the Conspi- racy and Protection to Property Act (enlarg- ing the right of combination), the Poor Law Amendment Act, the Public Health Act, the Artisans' Dwellings Act, the Commons Act, and, last but not least, the Factories and Workshops Act. On 29 March 1878, Mr. Mac- donald, the labour representative, said of this bill, that it would redound to the honour and credit 'of the government. On 16 July 1875, Mr. Mundella thanked the home secretary, on behalf of the working men of England, ' for the very fair way in which he had met the repre- sentations of both masters and men.' But it is rather by the policy which he pursued in the east of Europe and in India that Disraeli's claim to distinction during the last tenyears of his life will generally be judged. Before, how- ever, we pass on to these questions, we must notice one act of his administration which cost him nearly a third of his popularity at a single stroke : we mean the Public Worship Regulation Act.. This act, though really less stringent in its provisions than the Church Discipline Act, and though Disraeli himself was personally averse to it, was made odious to the clergy by an unfortunate phrase which he applied to it. He said it was a bill ' to put down ritualism.' This unlucky expres- sion brought a hornets' nest about his ears, and alienated a considerable body of sup- porters who had transferred their allegiance from Mr. Gladstone to the leader of the con- servative party, when this unpardonable offence drove them away from him for ever. Macaulay complains of the war policy of Mr. Pitt, that it halted between two opinions. ' Pitt should either,' he says, ' have thrown himself heart and soul into Burke's conception of the war, or else liave abstained altogether.' This criticism represents perhaps to some slight extent what future historians will say of the policy of Lord Beaconsfield, as we must in future style him, though not of Beaconsfield himself. He avoided the mistakes of Lord Aberdeen, and, by his courage and decision at a critical moment. saved England from war and Turkey from destruction. But it will probably be thought hereafter that the same courage and decision exhibited at an earlier stage of the negotia- tions would have produced still more satis- factory results, and have prevented the cam- paign of 1877 altogether. When Russia made a casus belli of Turkey's refusal to sign the protocol submitted to her in the spring of that year, then, it may be thought, was Eng- land's real opportunity for the adoption of decisive measures. Lord Derby declared the conduct of Russia to be a gross breach of treaty obligations, yet resolved to remain neutral unless certain specific British interests were assailed or threatened. But for the neglect of this opportunity Beaconsfield was not re- sponsible. The cabinet was divided in opinion, and the party of compromise prevailed. In favour of this policy there are indeed several arguments to be adduced. Public opinion had been violently excited against j Turkey by what will long be remembered as I the * Bulgarian atrocities,' or the outrages | said to have been committed by the bashi- | bazouks in the suppression of the Bulgarian j insurrection. These outrages were discovered | shortly afterwards to have been either gross ! exaggerations or pure inventions. But the j effect of them had not subsided by the spring of 1877 ; and the violent and inflammatory harangues poured like torrents of lava on the heads of a government which could be base I enough to sympathise with the authors of them intimidated some of Beaconsfield's col- j leagues, and made Lord Derby's answer to the Russian announcement the only one pos- i sible. In the second place it may be said that the time for maintaining the integrity of the Turkish empire by force of arms had in 1877 already gone by ; that when Russia violated the treaty of Paris in 1871, then was the time for England and the other powers to have taken up arms in its defence ; and that their refusal to do so amounted to a tacit ad- mission that the treaty was obsolete. ' Turn decuit metuisse tuis,' Russia may have said with some reason ; and on this view of the situation it might of course be maintained fairly that in case of any future quarrel be- tween Turkey and Russia the intervention of England was limited to the protection of" her own interests. The only doubt that re- mains is whether the same end could not have been better served by exhibiting in 1877 the attitude which we reserved for 1878, and whether to have maintained the Turkish empire as it then stood would not have been a better guarantee for British interests than the treaty of Berlin. Beaconsfield would have said yes. But he was overruled as we Disraeli Disraeli have seen ; and that being so, history will not deny that he made the best of a bad bargain. The war between Russia and Turkey ended with the treaty of San Stephano, by which the empire of Turkey in Europe was effaced, and a new state, the mere tool of Russia, was to stretch from the Danube to the ^Egean. Beaconsfield instantly demanded that the treaty should be submitted to the other Euro- pean powers. The refusal of Russia brought the English fleet to the Dardanelles, and a division of our Indian army to Malta. Then at last Russia submitted to the inevitable. The congress assembled at Berlin, and Bea- consfield and Lord Salisbury went out as the English plenipotentiaries. The object of this country was to bar the advance of Russia to the Mediterranean, either by the northern or the southern route, either by Bul- garia or by Asia Minor. The treaty of Ber- lin and the Anglo-Turkish convention com- bined were supposed to have effected these objects. And when the plenipotentiaries re- turned to London on 15 May 1878, bringing 'peace with honour,' the popularity of Bea- consfield reached its culminating point. This was allowed by Mr. Gladstone himself in the eloquent tribute which he paid to a deceased rival. But Beaconsfield lived to show him- self even greater in adversity than he had been in prosperity, and by the dignity with which he bore the loss of power to win even more admiration and respect than he had ever known when he possessed it. /In view of quite recent circumstances it^ may be well to point out that, as the main* object of the treaty of Berlin was to exclude Russia from the Mediterranean, so one of the best means of effecting that obj ect was thought to lie in the constitution of a strong and in- dependent state between the Adriatic and the Black Sea. But though the materials for such a barrier might ultimately be found in Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Roumelia, they did not exist in 1878; and what Beacons- field designed by the provisional settlement then effected was to place the people in a position to develop^ them. To this end it was necessary to loose these provinces from the grasp of Russia, to protect them in the cultivation of their internal resources, to en- courage them in the accumulation of wealth, and, generally, to gain time for those habits and instincts to mature themselves which are essential to permanent independence. It was hoped that by the treaty of Berlin these ends would be attained, and that the concep- tion itself is worthy of a great statesman is surely not to be disputed. _ Beaconsfield's policy on the Eastern ques- tion was constantly ascribed by his enemies VOL. xv. to his ' Semitic instincts,' which were sup- posed to taint all his views of the relations between Turkey and her Christian subjects. But they could know little of Beaconsfield who supposed that his Semitic instincts led him to any partiality for the Turks. On the contrary, he always describes them in ' Tancred ' as the great oppressors of the Arabs, with whom lay his real sympathies, and as a tribe of semi-barbarous conquerors, who, with many of the virtues of a dominant race to recommend them, were without any true civilisation, literature, or science. When he said in the House of Commons that he <3id not much believe in the stories of the Turks torturing their prisoners, as they generally had a much more expeditious mode of dis- posing of them, he was simply stating that to give quarter to rebels was not one of the Turkish traditions ; and for this, forsooth, he was accused of ' flippancy ' in dealing with a grave subject. This charge, however, was. scarcely so absurd as the suggestion made in. some quarters that his summons of Indian troops to Malta was a precedent for bringing them to England and overthrowing our liber- ties by force ! The lawyers in both houses of parliament got up long debates on the technical construction of the statute by which the English and Indian armies were amalga- mated, and it was contended by the opposi- tion that this employment of the Indian army was a direct breach of it. The case was argued with equal ability on behalf of the government ; but the people of England took a broader view, deciding, on the principle of salus populi suprema lex, that government was justified by circumstances, and were n^t sorry perhaps at the same time to discove)* that they were a greater military power than they had supposed, v Beaconsfield's policy in India was based on the principle ofjnaterial guarantees. He . did not think it sate to trust entirely to moral ones : to friendships, which are depen- dent upon interests, or to interests which are necessarily fluctuating with every move- ment of the world around us. Especially was this true in his opinion of Indian states and rulers. There are those who think that the contingent benefits of insurance are not worth the certain cost, and there is an influential school of foreign policy in England which inculcates this belief. To this it is suffi- cient to say that Beaconsfield was diametri- cally opposed. The occupation of Cyprus, predicted, by the bye, in * Tancred,' the re- tention of Candahar, and the scheme of the 1 scientific frontier,' show that he cherished the traditions of Pitt, Canning, and Palmers- ton, who desired England to be a great empire Disraeli 114 Disraeli as well as a prosperous community. But it was in the advice tendered to her majesty to assume the title of Empress of India that Beaconsfield was supposed to have given the rein most freely to his heated imagina- tion and innate sympathy with despotism. We notice the charge, not because we believe that there was a particle of truth in it, but because no biography of this eminent man would be complete without some further re- ference to his supposed sympathy with per- sonal government./^ Beaconsfield was the first to perceive that one tendency of the Reform Bill of 1832 was to increase the power of individuals, and that he would have been well pleased to see it turned to the advantage of the crown may readily be granted. He saw that with the removal of those restraints which are imposed on the most powerful of ministers by an oli- garchical constitution one guarantee against personal supremacy had vanished. Unless some substitute for it could be^found in the royal prerogative, we seemed threatened with a septennial dictatorship. Democracy is fa- vourable to tribunes, and tribunes are not celebrated for their moderation, disinterest- edness, or love of constitutional liberty. With each enlargement of our electoral sys- tem the danger would grow worse, as great masses of people, especially uneducated masses, can only comprehend simplicity, and are impatient of all the complicated machi- nery, the checks and counter-checks on which constitutional systems are dependent. It may not have seemed impossible to Beaconsfield at one time that the crown might come to repre- sent that personal element in the govern- ment of the country which democracies love. It is said that one of his colleagues who disagreed with him, conversing with an ac- quaintance on her majesty's known attach- ment to Beaconsfield, said : ' He tells her, sir, that she can govern like Queen Elizabeth.' But whatever he told his sovereign it did not go beyond what has been already explained. And considering that a minister who is a dictator is really more powerful than either king or queen, and that the mischief which he may accomplish in seven years is incalculable, it is after all a question perhaps whether some increase in the direct power of the crown might not be for the public good. By his removal to the House of Lords the government was decidedly weakened, but Beaconsfield's own abilities were as conspicu- ous in the one house as in the other, and some of his greatest speeches were delivered during the last five years of his life. But the clouds which had been dispersed by the treaty of Berlin and the successful termination of the Afghan war began once more to gather round his administration. A war with the Zulus in South Africa, attended by serious disasters, and the continued depression of the agricultural and commercial interests, com- bined to create that vague discontent through- out the country which always portends a change of government. It is remarkable, in- deed, that the most sanguine member of the opposition did not look forward to more than a bare majority, and that most of the whig leaders despaired of their fortunes altogether. Beaconsfield himself, perhaps, foresaw what was likely to happen more clearly than any one. ' I think it very doubtful whether you will find us here this time next year,' was his re- mark to a friend who came to take leave of him in Downing Street before leaving Eng- land for a twelvemonth. But neither he nor any one else expected so decisive a defeat. Encouraged for the moment by great electoral successes at Liverpool, Sheffield, and South- wark, the cabinet determined to dissolve par- liament in March 1880, and the result was that the tory party lost a hundred and eleven seats. Beaconsfield at once resigned when he saw that the day was irretrievably lost, and Mr. Gladstone returned to power for the second time with an immense majority. During the brief period of political leader- ship that still remained to him, Beaconsfield conducted himself with great wisdom and moderation. It was owing to his advice that the House of Lords accepted both the Burials Bill and the Ground Game Bill, reserving their strength for the more important and mischievous proposals which he believed to be in store for them. Thus when government, to please their Irish supporters, passed the Compensation for Disturbance Bill through the commons, he was able to secure its rejec- tion in the House of Lords with less strain on their lordships' authority than might otherwise have been occasioned. In'the fol- lowing session and within six weeks of his death he spoke with great eloquence and earnestness against the evacuation of Can- dahar (4 March), and it was in this speech that he uttered the memorable words which will long live in English history : ' But, my lords, the key of India is not Herat or Can- dahar; the key of India is London.' This, though not the last time that his voice was heard in the House of Lords, was the last of his great speeches. About three weeks after- wards he was known to be indisposed, and though his illness fluctuated almost from day to day, and was not for some time supposed to be dangerous, he never left the house again. For the space of four weeks the public anxiety grew daily more intense ; and from Disraeli Disraeli every class of society, and from all quarters of the kingdom, came ever-increasing demon- strations of his deep and widespread popula- rity. All his errors were forgotten, and men thought only of the wit that had so long de- <| lighted them, of the eloquence which had so often thrilled them, and of those lofty concep- tions of public duty which, if sometimes mis- taken in particulars, were always instinct with the proudest traditions of English states- manship. The unanimous voice of the Eng- lish nation confessed in a moment the great .genius and the true patriot who was about to be taken from them ; and when the fatal termination of his illness on 19 April was made known to the nation it was followed by a general burst of sorrow, such as was scarcely elicited even by the death of the Duke of Wellington. He does not sleep among the heroes and the statesmen by whose side he was worthy to be laid. He had left express directions that his last resting-place should be next to Lady Beaconsfield's at Hughenden, and there, accordingly, on 26 April, he was lowered to his grave in the presence of an illustrious group of mourners of all ranks and parties. A few days afterwards the queen in person, accompanied by the Princess Beatrice, placed a wreath of flowers on the tomb of her de- ceased servant, and with that ceremony the vault was finally closed, and the name of Beaconsfield passed into the possession of history. That he was a great man who scaled the heights of fortune and won the battle of life against odds which seemed to be irresistible, and who at the gloomiest moments of his ca- reer never lost heart or hope, can no longer be a matter of controversy. A combination of genius, patience, intrepidity, and strength of will, such as occurs only at intervals of centu- ries, could alone have enabled him to succeed, and that combination is greatness. Of the means by which he rose to power, and the extent to which he was favoured by chance, different opinions will probably long be en- tertained, but as far as we can judge at pre- sent, his errors seem rather to have sprung from a reliance upon false analogies than from any deliberate design to make a tool of party, or rise by the profession of principles which he was prepared at any moment to abandon. It is most provable that he really believed in the popular toryism which he preached, and that he did not make sufficient allowance for the force of modern radicalism which was already in possession of the field. At the same time it is necessary to remember that the democratic Reform Bill, which Dis- raeli carried twenty years ago, has proved the existence of a conservative spirit among the working classes, in which it may be said, perhaps, that he alone of all his contem- poraries believed ; that under that franchise we had the first tory majority which had been returned for a whole generation ; and that under a still more enlarged franchise we have seen a tory party returned to parlia- ment numbering nearly half the House of Commons. These are facts to which their due weight must be allowed in estimating the politicaljoresight which proclaimed that tory principles ^ould, if properly explained, be supported by the English masses. To the foreign policy of which Beacons- field was the exponent justice could hardly be done, except under a system of govern- ment more stable than our own has now be- come. Beaconsfield no doubt carried popular opinion with him on the Eastern question, and it is possible that if he had been al- lowed his own way he might have obtained such a hold upon the working classes as to have averted the defeat which overtook him in 1880. But all this is matter of con- jecture. We only see that, notwithstanding the enthusiasm which his foreign policy had inspired, the people were ready on very slight provocation to depose him in favour of a statesman by whom it was sure to be re- versed. It is enough to affirm that Beacons- field was a great statesman^ though history may still decide that his policy, both foreign and domestic, was founded on a miscalcula- tion of the forces at his command, as well as of those that were opposed to him. Beaconsfield has been described as rather a debater than an orator. If concise and lumi- nous argument, felicitous imagery, satire un- equalled both for its wit and its severity, and the power of holding an audience enchained for many hours at a time, do not constitute an orator, the description may be just. But it is one that will exclude from the list of ora- tors a multitude of great names which the common consent of mankind has enrolled in it ; nor can the quality of moral earnestness, resulting from a sincere belief in the justice of his own cause, very well be denied to that eloquent vindication of a suffering interest which won the assent of Mr. Gladstone. His great speeches on the monarchy and the . empire breathe the ripened conviction of a lifetime. That Beaconsfield, had he not forsaken lite- rature for politics, might have equalled the fame of some of our greatest English writers, is an opinion which has been expressed by very competent and impartial critics. And we doubt, as it is, whether the non-political parts of ' C&ningsby ' and ' Sybil ' are either as well 12 Disraeli 116 Disraeli known or as much admired as they deserve I to be. His three best novels, considered only from a dramatic point of view, are the two just mentioned and ' Henrietta Temple,' pub- lished in 1837. Of these three the plots are skilfully constructed, the characters admi- rably drawn, and the style in the more col- loquial and humorous passages fresh, lively, and piquant. In ' Henrietta Temple,' indeed, there is not much character, except perhaps in the Roman catholic priest, Glastonbury, a portrait which we would not willingly have missed. But the story of the lovers is told with great sweetness and beauty, though the author does not affect to touch those deeper chords of passion which awaken tears and pity. In l Sybil ' he may have intended to do so ; and in the passion of Stephen Morley for the heroine he has made the nearest approach to it which we find in any of his works. But he has only partially succeeded even here, and it is evident that his strength did not lie in the delineation of this class of emotions. The plot in 'Coningsby' is perhaps the best of all, but both in this story and in the one which immediately succeeded it we have a proces- sion of characters which would have amply atoned for the worst plot that ever was con- structed. The best painters of character in our literature might be proud of two such portraits as Lord Marney and Mr. Ormsby. In ' Coningsby ' Disraeli first gave to the world that eloquent vindication of the Jewish race which has been rightly considered ! to reflect so much honour on himself. In j * Tancred ' he leads his readers into ' the Desert,' the cradle of the Arabs, from which ; they spread east and west, and became known j as the Moors in Spain and the Jews in Pales- ; tine. Nothing can be more interesting than ; his account of the manners and the men, of j which neither are much changed since the days of the patriarchs nothing finer than i his picture of the rocks and towers of Jeru- salem, or the green forests of the Lebanon^ His other novels, both his earlier and his later ones, are decidedly inferior to these. Of ' Vivian Grey ' neither the plot nor the characters are really good. In this, far more than in either ' Coningsby ' or ' Sybil,' it was the political satire which took the world by j storm ; but we doubt if any one could read it now without weariness. ' Venetia ' and ! the l Young Duke ' are not political, and they | narrowly miss being dull. l Lothair ' (1870) I and ' Endymion' (1880) are of very different ! degrees of merit, and though we cannot call the latter dull, most of Disraeli's admirers will wish that it had never been published. Of those which have not already been mentioned, 'Contarini Fleming 'has been the * most admired. Neither this, however, nor 'Alroy ' (1833), nor the 'Rise of Iskander,'' nor ' Count Alarcos ' (1839), nor the l Revo- lutionary Epick ' (1834), are worthy of the author's genius. He seems at one time to have fancied that nature had intended him for a poet. But even as a writer of poetical prose- he is not to be admired. His writings where he essays this style afford too many instances of the false sublime, and of stilted rhetoric mistaken for the spontaneous utterance of the imagination, to be entitled to any but very qualified commendation. Of a style exactly suited to the description of what we- call society, of its sayings and its doings, its sense and its folly, its vices and its virtues, Disraeli was a perfect master. In the three burlesques which he wrote in his youth, t The Infernal Marriage,' 'Ixion in Heaven,' and ' Popanilla ' (1828), this talent is displayed to great advantage. The second is perhaps the best. The dinner party at Olympus, with Apollo for Byron, and Jupiter for George IV, is excellent. Proserpine in Elysium, where she developed a taste for society, and her re- ceptions were the most brilliant of the sea- son, is also most diverting. In private life he is said to have been kind and constant in his friendships, liberal in hi$ charities, and prompt to recognise and assist struggling merit wherever his attention was directed to it. In general society he was not a great talker, and few of his witticisms have- been preserved which were not uttered on some public occasion. He usually had rather a preoccupied air, and though he was a great admirer of gaiety and good spirits in those who surrounded him, he was incapable of abandoning himself to the pleasures of the moment, whatever they might be, like Lord Derby or Lord Palmerston. He was no sportsman; and though he records in his letter to his sister that he once rode to hounds, and rode well, he seems to have been satis- fied with that experience of the chase. Though a naturalist and a lover of nature in all her forms, he had neither game nor gamekeepers at home. He preferred peacocks to pheasants, and left it to his tenants to supply his table as they chose. In his own woods and gardens he found a constant source of interest and amusement, while few things pleased him better than a walk or drive through the beautiful woodland scenery of the Chiltern Hills, with some appreciative companion to whom he could enlarge on the great conspi- racy of the seventeenth century which was hatched in the midst of them. He has added one more to the historical associations in which they are so rich ; and no tourist who pays his homage to Great Hampden and Checquers D'Israeli 117 D'Israeli Court will henceforth think his pilgrimage complete without a visit to the shades of Hughenden and the tomb of Lord Beacons- field. [The chief authorities are Sir Theodore Mar- tin's Life of the Prince Consort, 1880 ; The Right Hon. Benjamin Disraeli, a Biography, 1854 ; Me- morials of Lord Beaconsfield, 1881 ; Speeches of LordBeaconsfield, ed.T.E.Kebbel, 1881 ; Life of Bishop Wilberforce, 1879-83; Sir Theodore Mar- tin's Life of Lord Lyndhurst, 1883; the Earl of Malmesbury's Memoirs of an exrMinister, 1884 ; Wit and Wisdom of Lord Beaconsfield ; Greville Papers, 1874-85; Croker Papers, 1884; Kebbel's Tory Administration, 1886. Lord Beaconsfield, - by T. P. O'Connor, of which a 6th edition ap- peared in 1884, gives a hostile account of his political career. An elaborate sketch, arriving at very favourable conclusions, by Georg Brandes, was issued at Copenhagen in 1878. It was trans- lated from the Danish into German in 1879 and into English in 1880. Mr. G. C. Thompson in 1886 published Public Opinion and Lord Bea- consfield, 1875-80, an exposition of the fluctua- tions of public opinion as expressed in newspapers and published speeches regarding Lord Beacons- field's foreign policy.] T. E. K. D'ISRAELI, IS A AC (1766-1848), author, was born at Enfield, Middlesex, in May 1766. His ancestors were Jews who had been driven from Spain on account of their religion, and had taken refuge in Venice late in the fifteenth century. His father, Benjamin D'Israeli, was born 22 Sept. 1730 ; settled in England in 1748, prospered as a merchant, .and was made an English citizen by act of denization 24 Aug. 1801. In the act he is described as ' formerly of Cento in Italy.' He was a member of the London congregation of .Spanish and Portuguese Jews, and married at their synagogue in Bevis Marks : first, on 2 April 1756, Rebecca Mendez, daughter of Gaspar Mendez Furtado ; and secondly, on 28 May 1765, Sarah Siprut or Seyproot de Gabay . By his first wife,who died 1 Feb. 1765, he had one daughter, Rachel, who married, 4 July 1792, Mordecai, alias Angelo Tedesco of Leghorn. Isaac was the sole issue of the second marriage. Benjamin D'Israeli died on 28 Nov. 1816, at his house in Church Street, Stoke Newington, where he had lived since 1801, and was buried in the cemetery of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews at Mile End. It is curious to note that another Benjamin D'Israeli or Disraeli was a public notary in Dublin from 1788 to 1796, and subsequently until 1810 a prominent member of the Dublin Stock Exchange. He built a house called Beechey Park, co. Carlow, in 1810, and in the same year became sheriff of co. Carlow. He died at Beechey Park 9 Aug. 1814, aged 48, and was buried in St. Peter's church- yard, Dublin (FosTEK, Collectanea Genealo- ffica,pp. 6-16, 60; Notes and Queries, 5th ser. vi. 47, 136, xi. 23, 117). Isaac was sent at an early age to a school near Enfield, kept by a Scotchman named Morison. Before 1780 he was staying with his father's agent at Amsterdam, and study- ing under a freethinking tutor. He returned home in 1782, determined to become a poet and a man of letters. His mother ridiculed his ambition, and his father arranged to place him in a commercial house at Bordeaux. The youth jf^^ested, and for a time was left to his own devices. He wrote a poem con- demning commerce, and left it at Bolt Court for Dr. Johnson's inspection, but the doctor was ill and the manuscript was returned un- opened. In April 1786 he implored Vice- simus Knox [q. v.], master of Tunbridge grammar school, whom he only knew through his writings, to receive him into his house as an enthusiastic admirer and disciple (see letters in Gent. Mag. 1848, pt. ii. p. 29). In December 1786 he first appeared in print with a vindication of Dr. Johnson's character signed ' I. D. I.' in the ' Gentleman's Magazine/ Some poor verse addressed to Richard Gough [q.v.], the well-known topographer, then an Enfield neighbour, was printed in the t St. James's Chronicle ' on 20 Nov. 1787. Gough made a sarcastic acknowledgment, and tem- porarily damped the writer's poetic ardour. His father, dissatisfied with his studious habits, sent him to travel in France, and at Paris D'Israeli read largely and met many men of letters. He was home again in 1789, when he published in the ( Gentleman's Magazine ' for July an anonymous attack on Peter Pin- dar (Dr. John Wolcot), entitled l An Abuse of Satire.' Wolcot attributed the attack to William Hayley, and virulently abused him. D'Israeli avowed himself the author, and was applauded by those who had suffered from Wolcot's lash. Henry James Pye [q. v.] patronised him, and finally led the elder D'Israeli to consent to his son's adoption of a literary career. In 1790 D'Israeli's first volume, a ' Defence of Poetry ' in verse, was dedicated to Pye. He became intimate, through Pye, with James Pettit Andrews [q. v.], who introduced him to Samuel Rogers, and he made the acquaintance of W olcot, who received him kindly. In 1791 and 1801 D'Israeli wrote the annual verses for the Literary Fund (cf. Gent. Mag. Ixxi. 446), and in 1803 published a volume of ' Narra- tive Poems.' As a poet he showed little promise. From an early period D'Israeli read re- gularly at the British Museum, where he met Douce, who encouraged him in his literary Disraeli 118 D' Israeli researches. In 1791 he issued anonymously an interesting collection of ana in a single volume entitled ' Curiosities of Literature, consisting of Anecdotes,Characters, Sketches, and Observations, Literary, Critical, and His- torical.' D'Israeli was folio wing the example of his friend Andrews and of William Seward, each of whom had lately issued collections of literary anecdotes. He presented the copy- right to his publisher, John Murray, of 32 j Fleet Street (father of John Murray of Albe- j marie Street), but the book had an immediate j success, and D'Israeli repurchased the copy- | right at a sale a few years later. A second volume was added in 1793, a third in 1817, two more in 1823, and a sixth and last in 1834. The work was repeatedly revised and reissued in D'Israeli's lifetime (3rd edit. 1793, 7th edit. 1823, 9th edit. 1834, 12th edit. 1841). Similar compilations followed, and achieved like success. ' A Dissertation on Anecdotes' appeared in 1793, ' An Essay on the Literary Character' in 1795 (3rd edit. 1822, 4th 1828), ' Miscellanies, or Literary Recollections,' de- dicated to Dr. Hugh Downman [q. v.], in 1796, ' Calamities of Authors ' in 1812-13, 'Quarrels of Authors' in 1814. D'Israeli also tried his hand at romances, but these were never very popular. No less than three were published in 1797, viz.: 'Vaurien: a Sketch of the Times,' 2 vols.; 'Flim-Flams, or the Life of My Uncle;' and 'Mejnoun and Leila, the Arabian Petrarch and Laura.' The first two, published anonymously, in- cluded general discussions on contemporary topics, and were condemned as Voltairean in tone. ' Mejnoun and Leila ' is doubtfully stated to be the earliest oriental romance in the language. Sir William Ouseley seems to have drawn D'Israeli's attention to the Persian poem whence the plot was derived, and he acknowledges assistance from Douce. This tale was translated into German (Leip- zig, 1804). With two others ('Love and Humility ' and ' The Lovers ' ), and ' a poeti- cal essay on romance,' it was republished in 1799; a fourth tale ('The Daughter ') was added to a second edition of the collection in 1801. D'Israeli's last novel, 'Despotism, or the Fall of the Jesuits,' appeared in 1811. In 1795 D'Israeli's health gave way, and he spent three years in Devonshire, chiefly at Mount Radford, the house of John Baring, M.P. for Exeter. Dr. Hugh Downman of Exe- ter, a man of literary tastes, attended him, and doctor and patient became very intimate 'tf. Notes and Queries, 5th ser. v. 508). On Feb. 1802 D'Israeli married Maria, sister of George Basevi, whose son George [q. v.] was a well-known architect. Although no observer of Jewish customs, D'Israeli was until the age of forty-seven a member, like his father, of the London congregation of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews, and an annual contributor to its funds. On 3 Oct. 1813 the elders of the synagogue without consulting him elected him warden. D'Israeli declined to serve, and in a letter dated December 1813 expressed astonishment that an office whose duties were 'repulsive to his feelings' should have been conferred on ' a man who has lived out of the sphere of your observations . . . who can never unite in your public worship because, as now conducted, it disturbs instead of exciting religious emotions ' (PicClOTTO,. Sketches of Anglo-Jewish Hist.} For refusal to accept the office of warden D'Israeli was fined by the elders 40/. In March 1814 he repudiated this obligation, but wrote that he was willing to continue the ordinary contri- butions. In 1817 the elders insisted on the- payment of the fine, and D'Israeli resigned his membership of the congregation. His withdrawal was not formally accepted till 1821, when he paid up all arrears of dues down to 1817. His brother-in-law, George Basevi the elder, withdrew at the same time. D'Israeli's children were baptised at St. An- drew's, Holborn, in July and August 1817. Meanwhile D'Israeli's reputation was grow- ing. In 1816 he wrote, as ' an afiair of lite- rary conscience,' an apologetic ' Inquiry into the Literary and Political Character of James I.' In 1820 he noticed ' Spence's Anec- dotes ' in the ' Quarterly Review,' and sought to vindicate Pope's moral and literary cha- racter. The article excited the controversy about Pope in which Bowles, Campbell, Roscoe, and Byron took part. Between 1828 and 1830 appeared in five volumes D'Israeli's. 'Commentaries on the Life and Reign of Charles I.' This is D'Israeli's most valuable work, and marked a distinct advance in the- methods of historical research. He here con- sulted many diaries and letters (then unpub- lished), including the Eliot and Conway MSS. and the papers of Melchior de Sabran, French envoy in England in 1644-5. The ' Mercure Franois ' was also laid under contribution. Southey says that in one of his ' Quarterly ' articles he obscurely recommended such an undertaking to Dr. Christopher Wordsworth,, who had written on the ' Eikon Basilike,' and that D'Israeli, assuming the hint to be ad- dressed to himself, began his book (SouTHET, Correspondence with C. Bowles, ed. Dowden, p. 239). Lord Nugent contested D'Israeli's royalist conclusions in his 'Memorials of Hampden ' (1832), and D'Israeli replied in the same year in ' Eliot, Hampden, and Pyrn. ? As the biographer of Charles I, D'Israeli was- created D.C.L. at Oxford 4 July 1832. D'Israeli D'Israeli In 1833 D'Israeli issued anonymously the ' Genius of Judaism,' in which he wrote en- thusiastically of the past history and suffer- ings of the Jews, but protested against their social exclusiveness in his own day, and their obstinate adherence to superstitious practices and beliefs. He had written in a like vein in ' Vaurien ' (1797), and in an article on ' Moses Mendelssohn ' in ' Monthly Review ' for July 1798. In 1837 Bolton Corney [q. v.] savagely attacked his ' Curiosities ' in a pri- vately printed pamphlet (' Curiosities of Literature Illustrated '). Many inaccuracies were exposed, and D'Israeli's reply, 'The Illustrator Illustrated,' was met by Corney's 'Ideas on Controversy' (1838), which was issued both separately and as an appendix to a second edition of the original pamphlet. Towards the close of 1839 D'Israeli suffered from paralysis of the optic nerve, and he was totally blind for the rest of his life. With the efficient aid of his daughter Sarah he was able to complete his ' Amenities of Litera- ture ' (1840), which he at first intended to call f A Fragment of a History of English Literature.' He had long meditated a com- plete history of English literature, but his only remaining works were a paper in the * Gentleman's Magazine ' for January 1840 on the spelling of Shakespeare's name, which excited much controversy, and a revised edi- tion of the ' Curiosities' in 1841. In 1829 D'Israeli removed from Blooms- bury Square, where he had lived since 1818, to Bradenham House, Buckinghamshire. He died at Bradenham, 19 Jan. 1848, aged 82, and was buried in the church there. The wife of his son Benjamin erected a monu- ment to his memory on a hill near Hughen- den Manor in 1862. D'Israeli's wife died 21 April 1847, aged 72, and also lies buried in Bradenham Church. By her he had four sons and a daughter. Benjamin, the eldest son, was the well-known statesman ; Naph- tali, the second, born 5 Nov. 1807, died young. Ralph, born 9 May 1809, is deputy clerk of parliament, and'is still (1888) alive. James, born 21 Jan. 1813, was commissioner of inland revenue, died 23 Dec. 1868, and was buried at Hughenden. Sarah, born 29 Dec. 1802, died unmarried 19 Dec. 1859, and was buried in Paddington cemetery. She was engaged to be married to William Meredith, who travelled with her brother Benjamin in the East in 1830, and died at Cairo in 1831 (BEACONSFIELD, Home Letters, p. 138). D'Israeli was very popular with the lite- rary men of his day. Sir Walter Scott is said to have repeated one of D'Israeli's for- gotten poems when they first met, and to have added, ' If the writer of these lines had gone I on, he would have been an English poet.' I The poem was printed by Scott in his ' Min- i strelsy,' i. 230. Byron wrote to Moore ! (17 March 1814) that he had just read ' " The Quarrels of Authors," a new work by that most entertaining and researching writer, Israeli' (BTEO^, Works, iii. 15). In 1820 Byron dedicated to D'Israeli his ' Observa- tions on " Blackwood's Magazine."' Southey, I to whom D'Israeli inscribed the 1828 edition i of his t Literary Character,' was always a firm friend (cf. pref. to SOUTHEY, Doctor). Moore | frequ*m^ly met him at the house of Murray ! the publisher (MooRE, Diaries, iv. 23, 26). | Bulwer Lytton was a devoted admirer (BEA- CONSFIELD, Corresp. p. 13). Samuel Rogers, another intimate friend, said of him, accord- ing to Southey, 'There's a man with only half an intellect who writes books that must live.' I Charles Purton Cooper [q. v.] dedicated to ! him his 'Lettres sur la Cour de la Chan- | cellerie ' in 1828, and D'Israeli's letter ac- knowledging the compliment was privately 1 printed in 1857. John Nichols frequently ac- i knowledges his assistance in his ' Literary j Anecdotes,' and S. W. Singer, Basil Montagu, I and Francis Douce often mention their in- ! debtedness to him. John Murray, the pub- lisher of Albemarle Street, whose father was j the original publisher of the ' Curiosities,' re- peatedly consulted him in his literary under- takings, until a quarrel caused by Murray's arrangement in 1826 to issue the ' Representa- tive ' newspaper in conj unction with Benj amin Disraeli interrupted their friendship. As a populari ser of literary researches D'Israeli achieved a deserved reputation, but he was not very accurate, and his practice of announcing small literary discoveries as ' secret histories ' exposed him to merited ridicule. He is described by his son as a ner- vous man of retiring disposition. Benjamin Disraeli edited a new edition of 'Charles I' in 1851, and a collected edition of his father's other works in 1858-9 (7 vols.) The ' Curi- osities ' has been repeatedly reissued in cheap editions both here and in America. Engraved portraits after an Italian artist (1777) and from a .painting by S. P. Denning appear respectively in the first and third volumes of the 1858-9 edition. There are other drawings by Drummond, in 'Monthly Mirror,' January 1797; by Alfred Crowquill in ' Fraser's Magazine ; ' and by Count D'Orsay, whence an engraving was made for the ' Il- lustrated London News,' 29 Jan. 1848. [A sketch by Benjamin Disraeli, earl of Bea- consfield, was prefixed to the 1849 edition of the Curiosities, and has been often reprinted. See also Gent. Mag. 1848, ii. 96-8 ; Lord Beacons- field's Home Letters, 1831-2 (1885), and his Cor- Diss Diss respondence with his sister 1832-52 (1886) ; Pic- ciotto's Sketches of Anglo-Jewish Hist. ; Foster's Collectanea Grenealogica ; Southey's Letters to Caroline Bowles, ed. Prof. Dowden.] S. L. L. DISS or DYSSE, WALTER (d. 1404 ?), Carmelite, is supposed to have been a native of the town of Diss, twenty-two miles south- west of Norwich, and to have been educated in the Carmelite house of the latter city (BALE, m>tt.^n'.to.vii.26,pp.527f.) He studied at Cambridge, where he proceeded to the de- gree of doctor of divinity. So much is gathered from his subscription to the condemnation of the twenty-four conclusions of Wycliffe i passed by the council held at the Blackfriars, London, 21 May 1382 (Fasciculi Zizaniorum, I p. 286, ed. W.W. Shirley). Leland conjectures ; ( Commentarii de Scriptoribus Britannicis, cdl. j p. 393) that he was a student also at Paris j and Rome. That at least he belonged to j Cambridge and was an opponent of "Wycliffe appears certain. Nevertheless it has been maintained by Anthony a Wood and by others after him that Diss is the same person with Walter Dasch, who is mentioned as fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, in 1373, and who served as proctor in that university in 1382, this being the very year in which Diss is described in the proceedings of the Blackfriars coun- cil as ' Cantabrigiee ' (Wood thinks he only went to Cambridge at a later time), and in which Dasch took up an attitude of distinct friendliness to the Wycliffite party in Oxford ; for at a later session of the same council, 12 June 1382, 'inventus est suspectus can- cellarius (Thomas Bryghtwell) de favore et credentia hseresum et errorum, et prgecipue Philippi (Repyndon) et Nicolai (Hereford) et Wycclyff . . . ; et nedum ipse, sed etiam procurators universitatis Walterus Dasch et Johannes Hunteman ' (Fasc. Ziz. p. 304). It is safe therefore to distinguish these two persons hitherto identified, and to leave Ox- ford the credit of the Lollard proctor, while Cambridge is to be held to have produced the catholic friar, Walter Diss. A few years later Diss was employed by Urban VI, in whose allegiance, as against Clement VII, England continued unshaken. He had been for some time confessor to John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, and to his wife Constance, through whom this prince pre- tended to the crown of Castile, and Pope Urban seized the opportunity of using this claim as a means of asserting his own autho- rity in Spain, where that of his rival was generally acknowledged. In 1386 indulgences were offered to those who should support John of Gaunt's expedition (see Richard IPs pro- clamation on the subject, dated 11 April, in RTMEE, Feedera, vii. 507 f. ed. 1709), and Diss was named papal legate to give it the character of a crusade. He was authorised, according to Walsingham (a. 1387) and the other St. Albans chronicler, to grant certain privileges, ' non sine pecunia,' and to appoint papal chaplains on the same footing as those holding office in the Roman curia also, it seems, in return for a considerable payment to assist his mission. No less than fifty were to be thus appointed, and there was a rush of applicants which filled the more sober Benedictines with jealous disgust (WALSING- HAM, Gest. Abbot. Monast. S. Albani, ii. 417 et seq. ed. Riley, 1867). Among those, how- ever, so appointed was an Austin friar named Peter Pateshull, who made considerable sen- sation by at once attaching himself to the Lollards, and in consequence of this mishap, if we are to believe Walsingham, Diss never proceeded to Spain at all. The common account, on the other hand, repeated from Tritthemius (who ascribes his commission to Boniface IX), makes him papal legate in Eng- land, Spain (i. e. Castile), Portugal, Navarre, Aragon, and Gascony,where he was deputed to counteract the influence of schismatics (mean- ing adherents of Clement VII), and also of heretics in general. A Carmelite sermon preached in 1386, and printed in the appendix to the ' Fasciculi Zizaniorum,' p. 508, confirms the opinion that Diss's mission was not con- fined to Spain, but does not state that the mission was actually carried out. Of the rest of Diss'^ career nothing is recorded. He seems to have retired to the Carmelite monastery at Norwich, where he was buried about 1404 (5 Hen. IV). Diss's eminence as a preacher is commemo- rated by his biographers ; it may indeed be guessed from his appointment as legate in circumstances of much difficulty. He is said by Tritthemius to have written commentaries ' Super quosdam Psalmos,' ' Sermones de Tern- pore,' ' Sermones de Sanctis/ ' Contra Lol- hardos,' and 'De Schismate.' This last is apparently the ' Carmen de schismate ecclesise ' (inc. ' Helyconis rivuio modice dispersus ') possibly only three fragments of a larger poem bearing his name, and printed by J. M. Lydius in his edition of ' Nicolai de Clemangiis Opera,' pp. 31-4 (Leyden, 1613, quarto). An- other work by Diss, entitled 'Qusestiones Theologie,' was found by Bishop Bale in the library at Norwich (see his manuscript col- lections, JBodl. Lib?'. Cod. Selden., supra, 64, f. 50). In his printed < Scriptt. Brit. Cat.' Bale ascribes to him also the following writ- ings : ' Lectura Theologise,' ' Ex August ino et Anselmo,' ' Determinationes V arise,' ' Ad Ecclesiarum Prsesides,' and ' Epistolee ad Ur- banum et Bonifacium.' Ditton 121 Dive [Walsingham's Historia Anglicana, ii. 157 f. ed. H. T. Eiley, Eolls Series, 1864; Monach. Evesh. Vita R. Ricardi IT, pp. 79 f. ed. Hearne, 1729; Walsingham's Ypodigma Neustrise, p. 348, ed. Riley, 1876 ; Chronicon Anglise a Monacho S. Albani, pp. 376 f. ed. E. M. Thompson, Rolls Series, 1874; J. Tritthemius, De ortu et pro- gressu ac viris illustribus ordinis de Monte Car- mel, p. 48, ed. Cologne, 1643 ; Leland's Comm. de Scriptt. Brit, pp. 385, 393 f . ; Anthony a Wood's Hist, et Antiq. Univ. Oxon. ii. 106, 400 {Latin ed., 1674, folio); Wood's Fasti Oxon. 31, 32 ; Tanner's Bibl. Brit. p. '229. Peter Lucius (Carmelitana Bibliotheca, f. 80 verso, 1593) adds nothing to our information about Diss.] R. L. .P. DITTON, HUMPHREY (1675-1715), mathematician, was born at Salisbury on 29 May 1675, being, it is said, the four- teenth of the same name in a direct line. His mother belonged to the family of the Luttrells of Dunster Castle, Taunton, and trough t a fortune to his father, who nearly ruined himself by contending in support of the nonconformists. He sent his only son, however, to be educated by a clergyman, Dr. Olive. The younger Ditton afterwards be- came a dissenting preacher at his father's desire, and preached for some years at Tun- bridge. Here he married a Miss Ball. His energy injured his health, and after his father's death he gave up the ministry. In 1705 he published a short exposition of the fundamental theorems of Newton's ' Prin- cipia.' In 1706 he was appointed through Newton's influence master of a new mathe- matical school at Christ's Hospital. The school was discontinued after his death as a failure. William Whiston [q. v.] happened to mention in Ditton's company that he had heard at Cambridge the guns fired in the ac- tion off Beachy Head. This suggested a scheme for determining the longitude, to which an addition was made by Whiston on seeing the fireworks for the peace of Utrecht, 7 July 1713. The longitude might be ascer- tained by firing a shell timed to explode at a height of 6,440 feet. The time between the flash and the sound would give the distance to any ships within range. As the Atlantic, ac- cording to their statement, is nowhere more than three hundred fathoms deep 1 , fixed sta- tions might be arranged. The friends adver- tised their invention in the ' Guardian ' of 14 July and the ' Englishman ' of 10 Dec. 1713. They laid their scheme before Newton, Samuel Clarke, Halley, and Cotes. A committee of the house sat upon the question, and an act was passed in June 1714 offering a reward of from 10,000/. to 20,000/. for the discovery of a me- thod successful within various specified de- grees of accuracy. Arbuthnot, in a letter to Swift on 17 July 1714, ridicules the plan, de- claring that it anticipated a burlesque proposal I of his own intended for the ' Scriblerus Papers,' j and Swift made it the occasion of a song with ! unsavoury rhymes upon Whiston and Ditton. The plan, however, was laid before the board of longitude, which rejected it. Though it is said that the principle has been applied to determine the distance between Paris and Vienna, its absurdity for practical purposes in navigation is sufficiently obvious. The Germ^Jranslator of Ditton's book on the ' Resurree don ' says that he corresponded with Leibnitz upon the use of chronometers in de- termining the longitude, and sent him the design for a piece of clockwork. This method, however, is pronounced to be hopeless in his pamphlet. Ditton died on 15 Oct. 1715, when the matter was still unsettled (see 2nd ed. of New Method) ; it is therefore more pro- bable that he died of ' a putrid fever ' than of disappointment. The * Gospel Magazine ' for September 1777 (pp. 393-403, 537-41) gives a diary of Ditton's, consisting exclusively of religious meditations. Ditton's works are : 1. t On Tangents of Curves deduced from Theory of Maxima and Minima,' ' Philosophical Transactions,' vol. xxiii. p. 1333. 2. ' Spherical Catoptrics' (ib. x'xiv. 1810) ; translated in ' Acta Erudi- torum ' for 1705, and l Memoirs of Academy of Sciences at Paris.' 3. ' The General Laws of Nature and Motion,' 1705. 4. ' An Institution of Fluxions, containing the first principles, operations, and applications of that admir- able method as invented by Sir Isaac New- ton,' 1706 (2nd ed. revised by John Clarke, 1726). 5. ' A Treatise of Perspective, demon- strative and practical,' 1712 (superseded by Brook Taylor's treatise, 1715). 6. ' A Dis- course concerning the Resurrection of Jesus Christ ' (a discussion of the principles of ' moral evidence,' with an appendix arguing that thought cannot be the product of mat- j ter), 1714, 4th ed. 1727, and German and I French translations. 7. ' The new Law of j Fluids, or a discourse concerning the Ascent of Liquids, in exact geometrical figures, be- tween two nearly contiguous .surfaces,' 1714. To this is appended a tract, printed in 1713, entitled * Matter not a Cogitative Substance,' and an advertisement about the longitude project. 8. ' New Method for .discovering the Longitude both at Sea and Land ' (by Whis- ton and Ditton), 1714, 2nd ed. 1715. [Biog. Brit. ; Trollope's Hist, of Christ's Hos- pital ; Whiston's Memoirs.] L. S. DIVE or DIVES, SIR LEWIS. [See DYVE.] Dix 122 Dixie DIX, JOHN, alias JOHN Ross (1800?- 1865?), the biographer of Chatterton, was born in Bristol, and for some years practised as a surgeon in that city. He early showed talent in writing prose and verse, and pub- lished in 1837 a ' Life of Chatterton,' 8vo, which gave rise to great and bitter contro- versy. Prefixed to the volume was a so- called portrait of the ' marvellous boy,' en- graved from a portrait found in the shop of a Bristol broker. On the back of the original engraving was found written the word ' Chat- terton.' It was, says one of the opponents of Dix, ' really taken from the hydrocephalous son of a poor Bristol printer named Morris ' (Notes and Queries, 4th ser. ix. 294). Why the printer's boy should have his portrait en- graved is not stated. Mr. Skeat, in the me- moir of Chatterton prefixed to his edition of the poet's works, speaks highly of the ap- pendix to Dix's ' Life ' and its various con- tents. An account of the inquest held on the body of Chatterton, discovered by Dix, but which his assailants declare to be abso- lutely fictitious, appeared in ' Notes and Queries' (1853, p. 138). Leigh Hunt cha- racterised Dix's biography as ' heart-touching,' adding that in addition to what was before known the author had gathered up all the fragments. Still, it is a fact that the disputed portrait was omitted from the second edition of Dix's biography, 1851. The report of the inquest was subjected to the criticism of Pro- fessor Masson and Dr. Maitland. Dix went about 1846 to America, where he is supposed to have died, at a time not pre- cisely ascertained. He published ' Local Letterings and Visits in Boston^ by a Looker- on,' 1846. Other works attributed to him are : ' Lays of Home ; ' < Local Legends of Bristol ; ' ' The Progress of Intemperance,' 1839, obi. folio ; ' The Church Wreck,' a poem on St. Mary's, Cardiff, 1842 ; < The Poor Orphan ; ' < Jack Ariel, or Life on Board an Indiaman/ 2nd edit. 1852, 3rd edit. 1859. In 1850 he sent forth < Pen-and-ink Sketches of Eminent English Literary Personages, by a Cosmopolitan;' in 1852 'Handbook to Newport and Rhode Island,' as well as ' Lions Living and Dead:' and in 1853 < Passages from the Diary of a Wasted Life' (an account of Gough, the temperance orator). The list of his known publications closes with ' Pen Pictures of Distinguished American Divines,' Boston, 1854. He is treated very severely as a literary forger by Mr. Moy Thomas in the ' Athenaeum ' (5 Dec. 1887 and 23 Jan. 1888), and by W. Thornbury and Mr. Buxton Forman in ' Notes and Queries.' [Notes and Queries, 4th ser. ix. 294, 365 x 55 -] R. H. DIXEY, JOHN (d. 1820), sculptor and modeller, was born in Dublin, but came when young to London and studied at the Royal Academy. Here, from the industry and talent he showed, he was one of those selected from the students to be sent to finish their educa- tion in Italy. He is stated to have exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1788, but his name cannot be traced, unless he is identical with John Dixon of Red Lion Street, Clerkenwell, who exhibited a design for a ceiling. In 1789,. when on the point of leaving for Italy, he was offered advantages in America, which were sufficient to induce him to emigrate thither at once. Here he devoted himself with assiduity ! to the promotion and resuscitation of the arts in the United States, and after residing some years at New York was elected in 1810 or j 1812 vice-president of the Pennsylvania Aca- { demy of Fine Arts. He died in 1820. Dixey's I labours were principally employed in the or- ! namental and decorative embellishment of ! public and private buildings, such as the City 1 Hall at New York, the State House at Al- bany, &c. ; but he executed some groups in sculpture as well. He married in America, and left two sons, George and John V. Dixey r who both adopted their father's profession as modellers, but the latter subsequently turned his attention to landscape-painting. [Redgrave's Diet, of Artists; Dunlap's History of the Arts of Design in the United States, i. 329, ii. 299.] L. C. DIXIE, Sin WOLSTAN (1525-1594), lord mayor of London, son of Thomas Dixie and Anne Jephson, who lived at Catworth in Huntingdonshire, was born in 1525. His ancestors had been seated at Catworth for several generations, and had considerable estates. Wolstan, however, was the fourth son of his father, and was destined to a life of business. He appears to have been ap- prenticed to Sir Christopher Draper of the Ironmongers' Company, who was lord mayor in 1566, and whose daughter and coheiress, Agnes, he married. Sir Christopher was of Melton Mowbray in Leicestershire, and hence no doubt Dixie's acquirement of property in that county. He was a freeman of the Skin- ners' Company, was elected alderman of Broad Street ward 4 Feb. 1573, and became one of the sheriffs of London in 1575, when his col- league was Edward Osborne, ancestor of the dukes of Leeds. Agnes Draper is said to have been his second wife ; his first was named Walkedon, but he left no family by either. In 1585 he became lord mayor, and his in- stallation was greeted by one of the earliest city pageants now extant, the words being composed by George Peele [q. v.] On 8 Feb. Dixie 123 Dixon 1591-2 he became alderman of St. Michael Bassishaw ward in exchange for that of Broad Street. He had a high character as an active magistrate and charitable citizen, and died 8 Jan. 1593-4, possessed not only of the manor of Bosworth, which he had purchased in 1567 from Henry, earl of Huntingdon, but of many other ' lands and tenements in Bosworth, Gil- morton, Coton, Carleton, Osbaston, Bradley, and North Kilworth.' These estates devolved upon his brother Richard, except the manor of Bosworth, which he settled upon Richard's grandson, his own great-nephew, Wolstan. Dixie was buried in the parish church of St. Michael Bassishaw. His heir, Wolstan, was knighted, was sheriffof Leicestershire in 1614, and M.P. for the county in 1625. His son, a well-known royalist, was made a baronet 4 July 1660. The baronetcy is still extant. Dixie left large charitable bequests to various institutions in London an annuity to Christ's Hospital, of which he was elected president in 1590 ; a fund for establishing a divinity lecture at the church of St. Michael Bassishaw, in which parish he resided ; 500/. to the Skinners' Company to lend at a low rate of interest to young merchants; money for coals to the poor of his parish ; annuities to St. Bartholomew's and St. Thomas's Hos- pitals ; money for the poor in Bridewell, Newgate, and the prisons in Southwark ; for the two compters, and to Ludgate and Bed- lam ; 100/. to portion four maids ; 501. to the strangers of the French and Dutch churches ; 200/. towards building a pesthouse ; besides provision for the poor of his parish and of Baling, w r here he had a house, on the day of his funeral. He had subscribed 50/. towards the building of the new puritan college of Emmanuel in Cambridge (1584), and in his will he left 600/. to purchase land to endow two fellowships and two scholarships for the scholars of his new grammar school at Market Bosworth. This fund for many years accord- ingly supported these fellows and scholars, while the surplus was employed in purchas- ing livings. It has recently been devoted to the foundation of a Dixie professorship of ecclesiastical history. At the time of his death he was engaged in erecting the gram- mar school at Bosworth, which he had en- dowed with land of the yearly value of 20/. This was completed by his great-nephew and heir. One portrait of Dixie hangs in the court- room of Christ's Hospital, of which an en- graving is given by Nichols in his ' History of Leicestershire,' and another in the parlour of Emmanuel College, Cambridge. There are two other engravings of him one in ' A Set of Lord Mayors from the first year of Queen Elizabeth to 1601,' and another head by H. Holland, 1585. [Stowe's Survey of London (fol. ed. 1633), pp. 106, 138, 298, 590; Nichols's Leicestershire (fol. 1811), vol. iv. pt. ii. pp. 495-7; Orridge's Citizens of London, p. 230 ; Transactions of Lon- don and Middlesex Archaeol. Soc. vol. ii. pt. iv. pp. 25-36 ; Visitation of Leicester (Harl. Soc.), p. 116 ; Overall's Remembrancia ; Burke's Baro- netage.] E. S. S. DIXON, GEORGE (d. 1800?), naviga- tor, served as a pe.tty officer of the Resolution durin^Qook's last voyage [see COOK, JAMES]. He wouiJ seem to have afterwards had the command of a merchant ship, and in May 1785 was engaged by the King George's Sound Company, formed for the develop- ment and prosecution of the fur trade of the north-western parts of America. Dixon was appointed to command the Queen Charlotte, and sailed from St. Helen's on 17 Sept. 1785 in company with the King George, whose captain, Nathaniel Portlock [q. v.], had been his shipmate in the Resolution, and was now the commander of the expedition. Doubling Cape Horn and touching at the Sandwich Islands, they sailed thence on 13 June 1786, and on 18 July made the coast of America, near the mouth of Cook's River, in lat. 59 N. In that neighbourhood they remained some weeks, and then worked their way south- wards towards King George's, or, as it is now more commonly called, Nootka Sound, off which they were on 24 September ; but being prevented by baffling winds and calms from entering the Sound, they returned to the Sandwich Islands, where they wintered. On 13 March 1787 they again sailed for the coast of. America, and on 24 April an- chored offMontague Island. Here on 14 May the two vessels separated, it being considered more likely to lead to profitable results if they worked independently. During the next three months Dixon was busily employed southward as far as King George's Sound, trading with the natives, taking eager note of their manners and customs, as well as of the trade facilities, and making a careful survey of the several points which came within his reach. Cook had already denoted the general outline of the coast, but the de- tail was still wanting, and much of this was now filled in by Dixon, more especially the important group of Queen Charlotte Islands, which, in the words of their discoverer's narrative, * surpassed our most sanguine ex- pectations, and afforded a greater quantity of furs than perhaps any place hitherto known/ It may be noticed, however, that though he sighted and named Queen Charlotte's Sound, he missed the discovery that it was a passage Dixon 124 Dixon to the southward ; but indeed he made no pre- tence at finality. The first object of the voy- age was trade, and as the Queen Charlotte Islands seemed to more than answer all im- mediate wants, he was perhaps careless of other discoveries, and, ' while claiming to have made considerable additions to the geography of this coast,' contented himself with the re- mark that ' so imperfectly do we still know it that it is in some measure to be doubted whether we have yet seen the mainland. Certain it is that the coast abounds with islands, but whether any land we have been near is really the continent remains to be determined by future navigators.' An ex- amination of Dixon's chart shows in fact that most of his work lay among the islands. On leaving King George's Sound the Queen Charlotte returned to the Sandwich Islands, whence she sailed on 18 Sept. for China, where it had been agreed she was to meet her consort. On 9 Nov. she anchored at Macao, and at Whampoa on the 25th was joined by the King George. Here they sold their furs, of which the Queen Charlotte more especially had a good cargo, and having taken on board a cargo of tea they dropped down to Macao and sailed on 9 Feb. 1788 for England. In bad weather off the Cape of Good Hope the ships parted company, and though they met again at St. Helena, they sailed thence independently. The Queen Charlotte arrived off Dover on 17 Sept., having been preceded by the King George by about a fortnight. Of Dixon's further life little is known, but he has been identified, on evidence that is not completely satisfactory, with a George Dixon who during the last years of the cen- tury was a teacher of navigation at Gosport, and author of * The Navigator's Assistant ' (1791). Whether he was the same man or not, we may judge him, both from the work actually performed and from such passages of the narrative of his voyage as appear to have been written by himself (e.g. the greater part of letter xxxviii.), to have been a man of ability and attainments, a keen observer, and a good navigator. He is supposed to have died about 1800. [A Voyage round the World, but more par- ticularly to the North- West Coast of America, performed in 1785-88 ... by Captain George Dixon (4to, 1789). This, though bearing Dixon's name on the title-page, was really written by the supercargo of the Queen Charlotte, Mr. William Beresford. Another 4to volume with exactly the same general title was put forth in the same year by Captain Nathaniel Portlock, but the voyages, though beginning and ending together, were essen- tially different in what was, geographically, their most important part ; Meares's Voyages, 1788-9, from China to the North-West Coast of North America (4to, 1790)1. J. K. L. DIXON, JAMES, D.D. (1788-1871), Wesleyan minister, born in 1788 at King's Mills, a hamlet near Castle Donington in Leicestershire, became a Wesleyan minister in 1812. For some years he attracted no par- ticular notice as a preacher, and after tak- ing several circuits he was sent to Gibraltar, where his work was unsuccessful. It was after his return that his remarkable gifts began to be observed. Thenceforth he rose to celebrity among the leading preachers of the Wesleyan body. In 1841 he was elected president of the conference, and on that occasion he preached a sermon on ( Methodism in its Origin, Economy, and Present Posi- tion/ which was printed as a treatise, and is still regarded as a work of authority. In 1847 he was elected representative of the English conference to the conference of the United States, and also president of the con- ference of Canada. In this capacity he visited America, preaching and addressing meetings in many of the chief cities. His well-known work, ' Methodism in America/ was the fruit of this expedition. Dixon re- mained in the itinerant Wesleyan ministry without intermission for the almost unex- ampled space of fifty years, travelling in Lon- don, Liverpool, Manchester, Birmingham, and other great towns. His preaching was entirely original, and was marked by grandeur, thought, and impassioned feeling. His repu- tation as a platform speaker was equally high. His speeches at the great Wesleyan missionary anniversaries, and on the slave trade, popery, and other such questions as then stirred the evangelical party in Eng- land, were celebrated ; and he was selected several times to represent the methodist com- munity at mass meetings that were held upon them. In consequence of the failure of his sight he retired from the full work of the ministry in 1862, and passed the closing years of his life in Bradford, Yorkshire, where he died in 1871 . With him might perhaps be said to expire the middle period of methodism, the period to which belong the names of Bunting, Watson (whose son-in-law he was), Lessy, and Jackson. Besides the works above men- tioned, Dixon was author of a ' Memoir of the Rev. W. E. Miller/ and of several published sermons, charges, and lectures. He also wrote occasionally in the ' London Quarterly Re- view/ in the establishing of which he took part. But the great work of his life was preaching, and his sermons were among the most ennobling and beautiful examples of the modern evangelical pulpit. [Personal knowledge.] E. W. D. Dixon 125 Dixon DIXON, JOHN (d. 1715), miniature and crayon painter, a pupil of Sir Peter Lely, was appointed by William III ' keeper of the king's picture closet,' and in 1698 was concerned in a bubble lottery. The whole sum was to be 40,000/., divided into 1,214 prizes, the highest prize in money 3,000/., the lowest 20/. This affair turned out a great failure, and Dixon, falling in debt, removed for security from St. Martin's Lane,where he lived, to King's Bench Walk in the Temple, and afterwards to a small estate at Thwaite, near Bungay in Suffolk, where he died in 1715. The two following pictures by Dixon were sold at the Strawberry Hill sale : a miniature of the Lady Anne Clif- ford, daughter and heiress to George, earl of Cumberland, first married to Richard, earl of Dorset, and afterwards to Philip, earl of Pembroke and Montgomery ; and a portrait of Queen Henrietta Maria, with a landscape background. [Walpole's Anecd. of Painting in England (1862), ii. 535.] L. F. DIXON, JOHN (1740P-1780?), mezzo- tint engraver, was born in Dublin about 1740. He received his art training in the Dublin Society's schools, of which Robert West was then master, and began life as an engraver of silver plate. Having, however, run through a small fortune left to him by his father, he removed to London about 1765, and in the following year became a member of the In- corporated Society of Artists, with whom he exhibited until 1775. His portraits of Dr. Carmichael, bishop of Meath (afterwards arch- bishop of Dublin), after Ennis, and of Nicho- las, viscount Taaffe, after Robert Hunter, ap- pear to have been engraved before he left Ireland ; but soon after his arrival in London he became known by his full-length portrait of Garrick in the character of ' Richard III,' after Dance. Some of his best plates were executed between 1770 and 1775 ; they are well drawn, brilliant, and powerful, but oc- casionally rather black. Dixon was a hand- some man, and married a young lady with an ample fortune, whereupon he retired to Ranelagh, and thenceforward followed his profession merely for recreation. He after- wards removed to Kensington, where he died about 1780. Dixon's best engravings are after the works of Sir Joshua Reynolds, and include full- length portraits of Mary, duchess of Ancaster, and Mrs. Blake as < Juiio,' and others of Wil- liam, duke of Leinster, Henry, tenth earl of Pembroke, Elizabeth, countess of Pembroke, and her son, the Misses Crewe, Charles Towns- hend, chancellor of the exchequer, William Robertson, D.D., Nelly O'Brien, and Miss Davidson, a young lady whose death in 1767 caused her parents so much grief that they are said to have destroyed the plate and all the impressions they could obtain. Besides the portraits above mentioned, Dixon en- graved a group of David Garrick as ' Abel Drugger,' with Burton and Palmer as ' Subtle ' and ' Face,' after Zoffany ; a full-length of Garrick alone, from the same picture ; a half- length of Garrick, after Hudson ; William, earl of Ancrum, afterwards fifth marquis of Lothian, full-length, after Gilpin and Cos- way I'^'^nry, third duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, and Joshua Kirby, after Gains- borough ; Rev. James Hervey, after J. Wil- liams ; Sir William Browne, M.D., after Hudson ; { Betty,' a pretty girl who sold fruit near the Royal Exchange, after Fal- conet ; and William Beckford, both full- length and three-quarter reversed, after a drawing by himself. Other plates by him are ' The Frame Maker,' after Rembrandt ;. < The Flute Player,' after Frans Hals ; and 'The Arrest ' and ' The Oracle,' after his own designs. Forty plates by him are described by Mr. Chaloner Smith. [Redgrave's Diet, of Artists of the English School, 1878; Chaloner Smith's British Mezzo- tinto Portraits, 1878-83, i. 203-18 ; Catalogues of the Exhibition of the Society of Artists, 1766- 1775.] R. E. G. DIXON, JOSEPH, D.D. (1806-1866), Irish catholic prelate, born at Cole Island, near Dungannon, county Tyrone, on 2 Feb. 1806, entered the Royal College of St. Patrick, Maynooth, in 1822. He was ordained priest in 1829, and after holding the office of dean in the college for five years was promoted to- the professorship of Sacred Scripture and Hebrew. On the translation of Dr. Paul Cullen [q. v.] to Dublin he was chosen to succeed him as archbishop of Armagh and primate of all Ireland. His appointment by propaganda, 28 Sept. 1852, was confirmed by the pope on 3 Oct., and he was consecrated on 21 Nov. He died at Armagh on 29 April 1866. He was the author of: 1. 'A General In- troduction to the Sacred Scriptures in a series of dissertations, critical, hermeneutical, and historical,' 2 vols. 8vo, Dublin, 1852. A re- view by Cardinal Wiseman of this learned work appeared in 1853 under the title of ' The Catholic Doctrine of the Use of the Bible.' 2. ' The Blessed Cornelius, or some Tidings of an Archbishop of Armagh who went to Rome in the twelfth century and did not return [here identified with Saint Con- cord], prefaced by a brief narrative of a visit to Rome, &c., in 1854,' Dublin, 1855, 8vo. Dixon 126 Dixon [Brady's Episcopal Succession, i. 232; Tablet, 5 May 1866, p. 278; Cat. of Printed Books in Brit. Mus. ; Freeman's Journal, 30 April and 3 May 1866; Catholic Directory of Ireland (1867), p. 421.1 T. C. DIXON, JOSHUA, M.D. (d. 1825), bio- grapher, an Englishman by birth, took the degree of M.D. in the university of Edinburgh in 1768, on which occasion he read an inau- gural dissertation, ' De Febre Nervosa.' He practised his profession at Whitehaven, where he died on 7 Jan.1825. He wrote several useful tracts and essays, acknowledged and anony- mous, but his chief work is ' The Literary Life of William Brownrigg, M.D., F.R.S., to which are added an account of the Coal Mines near Whitehaven : and observations on the means of preventing Epidemic Fevers,' Whitehaven, 1801, 8vo. [Gent. Mag. 1825, i. 185 ; Biog. Diet, of Liv- ing Authors (1816), 96 ; Cat. of Printed Books in Brit. Mus.] T. C. DIXON, ROBERT, D.D. (d. 1688), royal- ist divine, was educated at St. John's Col- lege, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1634-5 and M.A. in 1638. He was or- dained on 21 Sept. 1639, and afterwards, it would seem, obtained a benefice in Kent. In 1644, as he was passing through the Crown yard in Rochester, on his return from preach- ing a funeral sermon at Gravesend, he was taken prisoner and conveyed to Knole House, near Sevenoaks, and subsequently to Leeds Castle, Kent, where he was kept in close con- finement for about fourteen months, on ac- count of his refusal to take the solemn league and covenant. After regaining his liberty he was presented in 1647 to the rectory of Tunstall, Kent, from which, however, he was sequestered on account of his adherence to the royalist cause. On the return of Charles II he was restored to his living and instituted to a prebend in the church of Rochester (23 July 1660). He was created D.D. at Cambridge, per literas regias, in 1668. In 1676 he resigned the rectory of Tunstall to his son, Robert Dixon, M. A., and afterwards he was presented to the vicarage of St. Nicho- las, Rochester. He died in May 1688. His portrait has been engraved by J. Collins, from a painting by W. Reader. He wrote : 1. ' The Doctrine of Faith, Jus- tification, and Assurance humbly endeavoured to be farther cleared towards the satisfac- tion and comfort of all free unbiassed spirits. With an appendix for Peace,' London, 1668, 4to. 2. * The Degrees of Consanguinity and Affinity described and delineated,' London, 1674, 12mo. 3. 'The Nature of the two Testaments ; or the Disposition of the Will and Estate of God to Mankind for Holiness and Happiness by Jesus Christ, concerning things to be done by Men, and things to be had of God, contained in His two great Tes- taments of the Law and the Gospel ; demon- strating the high spirit and state of the Gospel above the Law,' 2 vols. London, 1676, folio. In 1683 there appeared an eccentric volume of verse entitled ' Canidia, or the Witches, a Rhapsody in five parts, by R. D.' Biblio- graphers ascribe this crazy work to a Robert Dixon, and it has been suggested that the divine was its author. The character of the book a formless satire on existing society does not support this suggestion, although no other Robert Dixon besides the divine and his son of this date is known (cf. COKSER, Collectanea). [Eowe-Mores's Hist, of Tunstall, in Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica, pp. 56-8 ; Walker's Sufferings of the Clergy, ii. 231 ; Granger's Biog. Hist, of England (1824), iii. 326; Evans's Cat. of Engraved Portfpi,ts, No. 15144; Le Neve's Fasti (Hardy), ii. 583 '' r "Addit. MS. 5867, f. 276 ; Hasted's Kent (1782), ii. 527, 583; information from the Rev T f V R. Luard, D.D.] T. C. DIXON, THOMAS, M.D. (1680P-1729), nonconformist tutor, was probably the son of Thomas Dixon,* Anglus e Northumbria,'who graduated M.A. at Edinburgh on 19 July 1660, and was/ejected from the vicarage of Kelloe, county : Durham, as a nonconformist. Dixon studied at Manchester under John Chorlton [q. v.] and James Coningham [q. v.] probably from 1700 to 1705. He is said to have gone to London after leaving the Manchester academy. In or about 1708 he succeeded Roger Anderton as minister of a congregation at Whitehaven, founded by presbyterians from the north of Ireland, and meeting in a ' chapel that shall be used so long as the law will allow by protestant dis- senters from the church of England, whether presbyterian or congregational, according to their way and persuasion.' In a trust-deed of March 1711 he is described as ' Thomas Dixon, clerk.' Dixon established at White- haven an academy for the education of stu- dents for the ministry. He probably acted under the advice of- Dr. Calamy, whom he accompanied on his journey to Scotland in 1709. During his visit to Edinburgh, Dixon received (21 April 1709) the honorary degree of M.A. The academy was in operation in 1710, and on the removal of Coningham from Manchester in 1712, it became the leading nonconformist academy in the north of Eng- land. Mathematics were taught (till 1714) by John Barclay. Among Dixon's pupils Dixon 127 Dixon were Jolin Taylor, of the Hebrew concordance, George Benson, the biblical critic, Caleb Ro- theram, head of the Kendal academy, and Henry Winder, author of the * History of Knowledge.' In 1723 (according to Evans's manuscript ; Taylor, followed by other writers, gives 1719) Dixon removed to Bolton, Lancashire, as sue- ! cessor to Samuel Bourn (1648-1719) [q. v.] I He still continued his academy, and educated ! several ministers ; but took up, in addition, the medical profession, obtaining the degree of M.D. from Edinburgh. He is said to have attained considerable practice. Probably this accumulation of duties shortened his life. He died on 14 Aug. 1729, in his fiftieth year, and was buried in his meeting-house. A mural tablet erected to his memory in Bank Street Chapel, Bolton, by his son, R. Dixon, characterises him as l facile medicorum et theologorum princeps.' THOMAS 'DIXON (1721-1754), son of the above, was born 16 July 1721, and educated for the ministry in Dr. Rotheram's academy at Kendal, which he entered \i 1738. His first settlement was at Thaine, Oxfordshire, from 1743, on a salary of 251. ? ~ear. On 13 May 1750 he became assistant 3r. John Taylor at Norwich. Here, at Taylor's sug- gestion, he began a Greek concordance, on I the plan of Taylor's Hebrew one, but the manuscript fragments of the work show that \ not much was done. He found 't difficult to satisfy the demands of a fastidious con- gregation, and gladly accepted, in August 1752, a call to his father's old flock at Bolton. He was not ordained till 26 April 1753. With John Seddon of Manchester, then the only Socinian preacher in the district, he main- tained a warm friendship, and is believed to have shared his views, though his publica- tions are silent in regard to the person of our Lord. He died on 23 Feb. 1754, and was buried beside his father. Joshua Dobson of Cockey Moor preached his funeral sermon. His friend Seddon edited from his papers a posthumous tract, ' The Sovereignty of the Divine Administration ... a Rational Ac- count of our Blessed Saviour's Temptation/ &c., 2nd edition, 1766, 8vo. In 1810,William Turner of Newcastle had two quarto volumes, in shorthand, containing Dixon's notes on the New Testament. Dr. Charles Lloyd, in his anonymous ' Particulars of the Life of a Dis- senting Minister ' (1813), publishes (pp. 178- 184) a long and curious letter, dated ' Norwich, 28 Sept. 1751,' addressed by Dixon to Leeson, travelling tutor to John Wilkes, and pre- viously dissenting minister at Thame ; from this Browne has extracted an account of the introduction of methodism into Norwich. [Calamy's Account, 1713, p. 288; Calamy's Hist. Account of my own Life, 1830, ii. 192, 220; Monthly Repository, 1810, p. 326 (article by V. F., i.e. William Turner) ; Taylor's Hist. Octagon Chapel, Norwich, 1848, pp. 20, 40; Baker's Nonconformity in Bolton, 1854, pp. 43, 54, 106 ; Cat. Edinburgh Graduates (Bannatyne Club), 1858; Autobiog. of Dr. A. Carlyle, 1861, p. 94 ; Hew Scott's Fasti Eccles. Scotic. 1866, i. 340 ; James's Hist. Li tig. Presb. Chapels, 1867, p. 654 (extract from Dr. Evans's manuscript, in Dr. Williams's Library) ; Browne's Hist. Congr. Novf. and Suff. 1877, p. 190; extracts from Whiteh^sen Trust-deeds, per Mr. H. Sands ; from records of Presbyterian Fund, per Mr. W. D. Jeremy ; and from the Winder manuscripts in library of Kenshaw Street Chapel, Liverpool.] A. G, DIXON, WILLIAM HENRY (1783- 1854), clergyman and antiquary, son of the Rev. Henry Dixon, vicar of Wadworth in the deanery of Doncaster, was born at that place on 2 Nov. 1783. His mother was half-sister to the poet Mason, whose estates came into his possession, together with va- rious interesting manuscripts by Mason and Gray, some of which are now preserved in the York Minster Library. Dixon attended the grammar schools of Worsborough and Houghton-le-Spring, and in 1801 matricu- lated at Pembroke College, Cambridge. In January 1805 he graduated B.A., proceeding M.A. in 1809, and in 1807 entered into orders. His first curacy was at Tickhill, and he suc- cessively held the benefices of Mapleton, Wistow, Cawood, TopclifFe, and Sutton-on- the-Forest. He was canon of Ripon, and at the time of his decease prebendary of Weigh- ton, canon-residentiary of York, rector of Etton, and vicar of Bishopthorpe. He also acted as domestic chaplain to two archbishops of York. In all his offices he worthily did his duty, and endeared himself to his ac- quaintance. He had ample means, which he spent without stint, and he left memorials of his munificence in nearly all the parishes named. He was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries 31 May 1821. In 1839 he pub- lished two occasional sermons, and in 1848 wrote ' Synodus Eboracensis ; or a short ac- count of the Convocation of the Province of York, with reference to the recent charge of Archdeacon Wilberforce/ 8vo. For many years he worked assiduously in extending and shaping James Torre's manuscript annals of the members of the cathedral of York. On the death of Dixon at York in February 1854 the publication of his ' Fasti ' was projected as a memorial of the author, and the manuscript was placed in the hands of the Rev. James Raine, who, after spending nearly ten years in Dixon T2S Dixon further researches, published a first Tolume of * Fasti Eboracenses ; Laves of the Arch- bishops of York ' (1863, 8vo), which includes the first forty-four primates of the northern province, ending with John de Thoresby, 1373. This learned and valuable work is almost wholly written by Canon Raine, the materials left by Dixon" being inadequate. The remainder of the work, for which Dixon's manuscript collections are more full, has not yet appeared. [Raine's preface to Fasti Ebor. ; Fowler's Me- morials of Ripon (Surtees Soe.), 1886, ii. 340 ; Le Neve's Fasti, ed. Hardy, iii. 225, 332 ; Graduati Cantab. ; a short memoir of Dison was privately printed by his nephew, the Rev. C. B. NorelifFe, 8vo,York, 1860; information from Canon Raine.] c. w. a DIXON, WILLIAM HEPWORTH (1821-1879), historian and traveller, was born on 30 June 1821, at Great Ancoats in Manchester. He came of an old puritan ftr- mily, the Dixons of Heaton Royds in Lan- cashire. His father was Abner Dixon of Holmfirth and Kirkburton in the West Rid- ing of Yorkshire, his mother being Mary j Over. His boyhood was passed in the hill ! country of Over Darwen, under the tuition j of his grand-uncle, Michael Beswick. As a lad he became clerk to a merchant named Thompson at Manchester. Before he was of age he wrote a five-act tragedy called 1 The Azamoglan/ which was even privately printed. In 1842-3 he wrote articles signed W. H. D. in the ' North of England Maga- zine. 7 In December 1843 he first wrote under his own name in Douglas Jerrold's ' Illumi- nated Magazine.' Early in 1846 he tecMed to attempt a literary career. He was for two months editor of the ' Cheltenham Journal' While at Cheltenham he won two prin- cipal essay prizes in Madden's ' Prize Essay Magazine.* In the summer of 1846, on the strong recommendation of Douglas Jerrold, he moved to London. He soon entered aft the Inner Temple, but was not called to the bar until 1 May 18-S4. He never practised. He became contributor to the * Athenaeum ' and the ' Daily News/ In the latter he pub- lished a series of startling papers on i The Literature of the Lower Orders,' which pro- bably suggested Henry Mayhew's ' London Labour and the London Poor/ Another series of articles, descriptive of the * Tondon Prisons," led to his first work, ' John Howard and the Prison World of Europe/ which appeared in 1849, and though declined bv many publishers passed through three edi- tions. In 1850 Dixon brought out a volume descriptive of i The London Prisons/ At about the same time he was appointed a deputy-commissioner of the first great inter- national exhibition, and helped to start more than one hundred out of three hundred com- mittees then formed. His ' Life of William Penn ' was published in 1851 ; in a supple- mentary chapter ' Macaulay's charges against Penn/ eight in number/ were elaborately answered [see PESTS, WIIXIAM]. Macaulay never took any notice of these criticisms, though a copy of Dixon T s book was found close by him at his death. During a panic in 1851 Dixon brought out an anonymous pamphlet, ' The French in England, or Both Sides of the Question on Both Sides of the Channel/ arguing against the possibility of a French invasion. In 1852 Dixon published a life of ' Robert Blake, Admiral and General at Sea, based on Family and State Papers' [see BLAKE, ROBERT!. It- was more successful with the public than with serious historians. After a long tour in Europe he became, in January 1853,^editor of the ' Athenaeum/ to which he had been a con- tributor for some years. In 1854 Dixon began his researches in regard to Francis Bacon, lord Yerulam. He procured, through the interven- tion of Lord Stanley and Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton, leave to inspect the 'State Papers,* which had been hitherto jealously guarded from the general viewby successive secretaries of state. He published four articles criticis- ing Campbell's < Life of Bacon ' in the * Athe- naeum 'for January 1860. These were enlarged and republished as * The Personal History of Lord Bacon from Unpublished Papers ' in 1861. He published separately as a pamph- let in 1861 < A Statement of "the Facts in regard to Lord Bacon's Confession, 7 and a more elaborate volume called ' The Story of Lord Bacon's Life/ 1862. Dixon's books upon Bacon obtained wide popularity both at home and abroad, but have not been highly valued by subsequent investigators (see SPED- Drse's remarks in Bacon, L 386). Some of his papers in the ' Athenaeum ' led to the publication of the ' Auckland Memoirs * and of i Court and Society/ edited by the Duke of Manchester. To the last he contributed a memoir of Queen Catherine. In 1861 Dixon travelled in Portugal, Spain, and Morocco, and edited the * Memoirs of Lady Morgan,' who had appointed him her literary executor. In 1863 Dixon travelled in the East, and on his return helped to found the Palestine Explo- ration Fund. Dixon was an active member of the executive committee, and eventually became chairman. In 1865 he published ' The Holy Land,' a picturesque handbook to Palestine" In 1866 Dixon travelled through the United States, going as far westward as Dixon 129 Dixon the Great Salt Lake City. During this tour he discovered a valuable collection of state papers, originally Irish, belonging to the na- tional archives of England, in the Public Library at Philadelphia. They had been missing since the time of James II, and upon Dixoii's suggestion were restored to the Bri- tish, government. With them was found the original manuscript of the Marquis of Clan- ricarde's ' Memoirs' from 23 Oct. 1641 to 30 Aug. 1643, -??hich were long supposed to have been destroyed,- .and of which especial mention had been made in Mr. Hardy's 'Report on the Carte and Carew Papers.' In 1867 Dixon published his ' New America.' It passed through eight editions in England, three in America, and several in France, Russia, Holland, Italy, and Germany. In the autumn of that year he travelled through the Baltic provinces. In 1868 he published two supplementary volumes entitled ' Spiri- tual Wives.' He was accused of indecency, and brought an action for libel against the ' Pall Mall Gazette,' which made the charge in a review of ' Free Russia.' He obtained a verdict for one farthing (29 Nov. 1872). His previous success had led him into grave error, though no man could be freer from immoral intention. At the general election of 1868 Dixon declined an invitation to stand for Marylebone. He shrank from abandoning his career as a man of letters, although he fre- quently addressed political meetings. In 1869 j he brought out the first two volumes of ' Her Majesty's Tower,' which he completed two years afterwards by the publication of the third and fourth volumes. In August 1869 j he resigned the editorship of the ' Athenaeum.' j Soon afterwards he was appointed justice of j the peace for Middlesex and Westminster, j and in the latter part of 1869 travelled for j some months in the north, and gave an ac- j count of his journey in ' Free Russia,' 1870. j During that year he was elected a member j of the London School Board. In direct | opposition to Lord Sandon he succeeded in j carrying a resolution which thenceforth es- tablished drill in all rate-paid schools in the metropolis. During the first three years of | the School Board's existence Dixon's labours were really enormous. The year 1871 was passed by him for the most part in Switzer- land, and early in 1872 he published < The Switzers.' Shortly afterwards he was sent to Spain upon a financial mission by a council of foreign bondholders. On 4 Oct. 1872 he was created a knight commander of j the Crown by the Kaiser W T ilhelm. While j in Spain Dixon wrote the chief part of his ! ' History of Two Queens,' i.e. Catherine of Arragon and Anne Boleyn. The work ex- VOL. xv. panded into four volumes, the first half of which was published in 1873, containing the life of Catherine of Arragon, and the second half in 1874, containing the life of Anne Boleyn. Before starting upon his next journey he began a movement for open- ing the Tower of London free of charge to the public. To this proposal the prime mini- ster, Mr. Disraeli, at once assented, and on public holidays Dixon personally conducted crowds of working men through the building. In the September of 1874 he travelled through Canada anTS for y fvpolpav (Eumen. 888) appears. His other npers are : ' Inscription at Damietta ' (No. f , ' Inscription at Fenica ' (No. 10), * Classi- cal Criticism ' (No. 14), ' Fragment of Lon- gus ' (No. 16), ' De Hesychio Milesio ' (No. 18), ' Epitaphium in Athenienses ' (No. 27), ' Or- chomenian inscription' (No. 32) (see on this his remarks in CLARKE, Travels, vii. 191-6, 8vo), ' On a passage in Plato's Meno ' (No. 33) ; they are usually signed 0. or Stelocopas. To Mr. Kidd's ' Tracts and Criticisms of Por- son ' (1815) he added the ' Auctarium ' (pp. 381-93), and to Mr. Rose's ' Inscriptiones Grsecse ' the letter on the Greek marbles in Trinity College Library. Thus, if the notes on inscriptions be excepted, everything he published in his lifetime was due to his re- verence for Porson. He bequeathed one thousand volumes to the library of his college, but his books with manuscript notes to that of the university ; from these his successor, Professor Schole- field, published two volumes of ' Adver- saria' (1831-3), containing very large se- lections from his notes on the Greek and Latin writers, especially the orators, and sub- sequently (1834-5) a small volume of notes on inscriptions, and a reissue of the ' Lexi- con Rhetoricum Cantabrigiense ' which he had appended to Photius. These amply jus- tify his being classed in the first rank of English scholars. It was said of him : ' Of all Porson's scholars none so nearly re- sembles his great master. His mind seems to have been of a kindred character ; the same unweariable accuracy, the same promptness in coming to the point, the same aversion to all roundabout discussions, the same felicity in hitting on the very passage by which a question is to be settled, which were such remarkable features in Porson, are no less remarkable in Dobree. Both of them are preserved by their wary good sense from ever committing a blunder ; both are equally fearful of going beyond their warrant, equally | distrustful of all theoretical speculations, j equally convinced that in language usage I is all in all. Nay, even in his knowledge of ! Greek, of the meaning and force of all its i words and idioms, Dobree is only inferior to j Porson; his conjectural emendations, too, i are almost always sound, and some of them ' may fairly stand by the side of the best of Dobson 136 Dobson Person's' (HAKE, Philological Museum, i. 205-6). [Documents in the Cambridge University Re- gistry ; Museum Criticum, i. 116; Kidd's Pre- face to Dawes's Miscellanea Critica, 2nd ed. pp. xxxvii-xxxviii ; Preface to Dobraei Adversaria, vol. i. ; Catalogue of Adversaria in the Cambr. Univ. Library, pp. 66-80 ; information from the late A. J. Valpy.] H. R. L. DOBSON", JOHN (1633-1681), puritan divine, was born in 1633 in Warwickshire, in which county his father was a minister. He became a member of Magdalen College, Oxford, in 1653, taking his B.A. degree in October 1656, proceeding M.A. in 1659, and in 1662 being made perpetual fellow. He had prior to 1662 taken orders, and speedily be- came known as an eloquent preacher. His memory was so good that at Easter 1663 he repeated four Latin sermons in St. Mary's Church, Oxford. In September of that year he was expelled from the university for being the author of a libel vindicating Dr. Thomas Pierce against the strictures of Dr. Henry Yerbury, although Wood alleges that he did not write the libel, but only took the re- sponsibility on himself to shield Dr. Pierce. Dobson was soon after restored, and in De- cember 1667 obtained the degree of B.D., and in the year following was instituted to the rectory of Easton Neston in Northampton- shire. In 1670 he was presented to the rec- tory of Corscombe in Dorsetshire, and about four years later to that of Cold Higham in Northamptonshire, by Sir William Farmer of Easton Neston, who had been his pupil at Magdalen College. He died in 1681 at Cors- combe, where he was buried and a monu- mental tablet erected to his memory. He wrote : 1. ' Queries upon Queries, or En- quiries into certain Queries upon Dr. Pierce's Sermon at Whitehall, February the first,' 1663. 2. < Dr. Pierce, his Preaching confuted by his Practice.' 3. 'Doctor Pierce, his Preach- ing exemplified by his Practice ; or an Anti- dote to the Poison of a Scurrilous Pamphlet sent by N. G. to a Friend in London,' 1663. 4. ' Sermon at the Funeral of Lady Mary Farmer, relict of Sir William Farmer, bart.,' 1670. [Wood's Athenae Oxon. (Bliss), iv. 1 ; Hutchins's Hist, of Dorset, vol. i. ; Salisbury's Account of First-fruits ; Bloxam's Registers of Magdalen College, Oxford, i. 46, ii. 197, v. 164.] A. C. B. DOBSON, JOHN (1787-1865), architect, was born in 1787 at Chirton, North Shields. From an early age he manifested a great power of design, and at fifteen he was placed as a pupil in the office of Mr. David Stephenson, the leading builder and architect in New- castle-on-Tyne. On the completion of his studies he repaired to London, and sought the instruction of John Varley, the father of English water-colour, who was so struck with his ability as to agree to give him lessons at the early hour of five in the morning, the rest of his day being fully occupied. One of Varley's pictures, exhibited at the Royal Academy, was a curious monument of their intercourse. It was an airy landscape, with buildings, wood, and water, which was ac- tually composed by the master from a sketch noted down by the pupil on awakening from sleep, and bore the title of ' Dobson's Dream.' After some time spent in London Dobson returned to Newcastle, where he settled him- self permanently, and became the most noted architect of the north of England. He died, 8 Jan. 1865, in his seventy-seventh year. It has been claimed for him that he was the real author of the modern Gothic revival in actual practice, and that the earliest Gothic church of this century was built by him. He was the restorer of a great number of churches, and acted with judgment and knowledge where he was not overruled. In domestic architecture he was perhaps even more suc- cessful. His work is to be seen in many of the great seats of the gentry of the north, as Lambton Castle, Unthank Hall, Seaton Delaval, in which last place the difficulties that he overcame were extraordinary. In engi- neering architecture his greatest achievement was the Newcastle central station, the curved platform of which has been imitated through- out the kingdom, and the design of which, if it had been carried out as he gave it, would have been very fine. In prison architecture he applied the radiating system, which was for many years the favourite scheme of Jeremy Bentham. Bentham, however, was unable to secure the adoption of his ' Panopticon.' An early example of this structure was given by Dobson in his building of Newcastle gaol. His great monument, indeed, is the city of Newcastle-on-Tyne, the greatest part of the public buildings of which, and the finest new streets, were designed or erected by him. If the corporation of Newcastle could have ac- cepted his designs absolutely, their town would now be the finest in the empire. The characteristics of this architect were adap- tability, ingenuity, patience, constructive imagination, and an instinctive intelligence of the genius loci. [Life by his daughter, Memoirs of John Dob- son, 1885 ; an account of his architectural pro- jections is given in Mackenzie's Hist, of New- castle.] E. W. D. Dobson 137 Dobson DOBSON, SUSANNAH, nee DAWSON (d. 1795), translator, came from the south of England. She married Matthew Dobson, M.D., F.R.S., of Liverpool, author of several medical treatises, who died at Bath in 1784. In 1775 she published her ' Life of Petrarch, collected from Memoires pour la vie de Pe- trarch' (by de Sade), in 2 vols. 8vo. It was reprinted in 1777, and several times up to 1805, when the sixth edition was issued. Her second work was a translation of Sainte- Palaye's 'Literary History of the Trouba- dours,' 1779, 8vo ; 2nd edit. 1807. In 1784 she translated the same author's * Memoirs of Ancient Chivalry,' and in 1791 Petrarch's * View of Human Life ' (' De Remediis Utri- usque Fortunee'). To her also is ascribed an anonymous ' Dialogue on Friendship and Society' (8vo, no date), and ' Historical Anec- dotes of Heraldry and Chivalry.' The latter was published in quarto at Worcester about 1795. Madame d'Arblay mentions that in 1780 Mrs. Dobson was ambitious to get into Mrs. Thrale's circle, but the latter * shrunk from her advances.' She died 30 Sept. 1795, and was buried at St. Paul's, Covent Garden. [Smithers's Liverpool, 1825, p. 418; Gent. Mag. 1795, pt. ii. p. 881 ; D'Arblay's Diary, &c., 1842, i. 336 ; Moule's Bibliotheca Heraldica, 1 822, p. 480; Brit. Mus. Cat. of Printed Books.] C. W. S. DOBSON, WILLIAM (1610-1646), por- trait-painter, was born in London, in the parish of St. Andrew, Holborn, in 1610. His father, who was master of the Alienation Office, had been a gentleman of good position in St. Albans, but having squandered his estate, he apprenticed his son to Robert Peake, a portrait-painter and dealer in pictures, who was afterwards knighted by Charles I. He appears, however, to have learned more of the elder Cleyn. According to Walpole, he acquired great skill by copying pictures by Titian and Vandyck, and one of his pictures exposed in the window of a shop on Snow Hill, London, attracted the attention of Van- dyck, who found him at work in a garret, and introduced him to the notice of the king. On the death of Vandyck in 1641, Dobson was appointed sergeant-painter to Charles I, whom he accompanied to Oxford, where the king, Prince Rupert, and several of the no- bility sat to him. Dobson stood high in the favour of Charles, by whom he was styled the ' English Tintoret.' He is said to have been so overwhelmed with commissions that he endeavoured to check them by obliging his sitters to pay half the price before he began, a practice which he was the first to intro- duce. The decline of the fortunes of Charles, however, coupled with his own imprudence and extravagance, involved him in debt to such an extent that he was thrown into prison, and obtained his release only through the kindness of a patron. He died soon after in London on 28 Oct. 1646, and was buried in the church of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields. He was of middle height, possessing ready wit and pleasing conversation, and was twice married. There are two epigrams on portraits by him in Elsum's ' Epigrams,' 1700, and an elegy upon him in a collection of poems called ' Calanthe.' Dobson was the first English painter, except Sir Nathaniel Bacon [q. v.J, who distinguished himself in portrait and history. He was an excellent draughtsman and a good colourist, and although his portraits resemble some- what those of Vandyck and Lely, his style is distinct enough to prevent his works being mistaken for theirs. The principal subject picture by him is the ' Beheading of St. John/ in the collection of the Earl of Pembroke at Wilton House. Among his chief works in portraiture are the fine painting of himself and his wife at Hampton Court, and of which there are one or two 1 replicas ; a picture containing the portraits , of ' Two Gentlemen,' also at Hampton Court, I and of which a replica is said to be at Cobham Hall ; a picture containing half-length por- traits of Sir Charles Cotterell, Sir Balthazar Gerbier, and himself, in the possession of the Duke of Northumberland ; the Family of Sir Thomas Browne, the author of ' Religio Me- dici,' in the collection of the Duke of Devon- shire at Devonshire House ; John Cleveland, j the poet, in that of the Earl of Ellesmere at Bridgewater House ; William Cavendish, ' first duke of Newcastle, in that of the Duke j of Newcastle ; Margaret Lemon, the mistress i of Vandyck, in that of Earl Spencer at ' Althorp ; James Graham, marquis of Mont- | rose (ascribed also to Vandyck), in that of ' the Earl of Warwick ; Bishop Rutter, in that | of the Earl of Derby at Knowsley Hall ; John Thurloe, .secretary of state, in that of Lord Thurlow; John, first Lord Byron, in that of Lord De Tabley ; the Tradescant Fa- i mily, Sir John Suckling, the poet, and the artist's wife, in the Ashmolean Museum at I Oxford ; a fine head of Abraham Vander- i dort, the painter, formerly in the Houghton Gallery, and now in the Hermitage at St. Pe- tersburg ; and those of Lord-keeper Coventry, . Colonel William Strode, one of the five mem- bers arrested by Charles I, Cornet Joyce, who carried off the king from Holmby House and delivered him up to the army, Sir Thomas Fair- | fax, afterwards third Lord Fairfax, Thomas Parr (' Old Parr '), and Nathaniel Lee, the Dobson 138 Docharty mad poet, all of which were in the National Portrait Exhibition of 1866, and a fine half- length of a sculptor (unknown), exhibited by the Earl of Jersey at the Royal Academy in 1888. There are in the National Portrait Gal- lery heads by Dobson of Sir Henry Van the younger, Endymion Porter, Francis Quarles, the poet, and that of himself, which was engraved by Bannerman for the Strawberry Hill edition of Walpole's ' Anecdotes,' and by S. Freeman for Wornum's edition of the same work. Dobson's portrait, after a painting by himself, was also engraved in mezzotint by George White. [Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting in England, ed. Wornum, 1849,ii. 351-4; Eedgraves' Century of Painters of the English School, 1866, i. 29 ; Seguier's Critical and Commercial Dictionary of the Works of Painters, 1870; D'Argenville's Abrege de la vie des plus fameux Peintres, 1762, iii. 411-13; Scharfs Historical and Descriptive Cat. of the National Portrait Gallery, 1884; Law's Historical Cat. of the Pictures at Hampton Court, 1881 ; Waagen's Treasures of Art in Great Britain, 4 vols., 1854-7; Catalogues of the Exhi- bitions of National Portraits on loan to the South Kensington Museum, 1866-8 ; Catalogues of the Exhibitions of Works of Old Masters at the Royal Academy, 1871-88.] K. E. G. DOBSON, WILLIAM (1820-1884),jour- nalist and antiquary, came of a family of agriculturists seated at Tarleton in Lanca- shire. His father was Lawrence Dobson, a stationer and part proprietor with Isaac Wil- cockson of the ' Preston Chronicle.' He was born at Preston in 1820, and educated at the grammar school of that town. He afterwards engaged in the various branches of newspaper work. On the retirement of Wilcockson he acquired a partnership interest in the ' Chro- nicle/ and was for some years the editor. His career as a journalist came practically to an end in March 1868, when the proprietor- ship of the 'Chronicle' was transferred to Anthony Hewitson. He continued, how- ever, along with his brother, to carry on the stationery business in Fishergate. In August 1862 he first entered the town council, with the especial object of opening up more fully for the public the advantages of Dr. Shep- herd's library. He remained in the town council until November 1872, and subse- quently sat from 1874 to November 1883. Dobson, who was a member of the Chetham Society, possessed an extensive knowledge of local history and antiquities. He was the author of: 1. ' History of the Parliamentary Representation of Preston during the last Hundred Years,' 8vo, Preston, 1856 (second edition), 12mo, Preston [printed], London, 1868. 2. 'Preston in the Olden Time; or, Illustrations of the Manners and Customs in Preston in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. A Lecture,' 12mo, Preston, 1857. 3. ' An Account of the Celebration of Pres- j ton Guild in 1862,' 12mo, Preston [1862]. 4. * Rambles by the Ribble,' 3 series, 8vo, Preston, 1804-83, 3rd edition, 8vo, Preston, 1877, &c. 5. ' The Story of our Town Hall,' 8vo, Preston, 1879. His other writings were : 1 A Memoir of John Gornall,' ' A Memoir of Richard Palmer, formerly Town Clerk of | Preston,' ' The Story of Proud Preston,' ' A History and Description of the Ancient Houses in the Market Place, Preston,' ' A I History of Lancashire Signboards,' and a useful work on ' The Preston Municipal Elec- tions from 1835 to 1862.' He also published ' Extracts from the Diary of the Rev. Peter Walkden, Nonconformist Minister, for the years 1725, 1729, and 1730, with Notes/ I 12mo, Preston [printed], London, 1866, an interesting scrap of local biography, and i joined John Harland, F.S.A., of Manchester, in writing ' A History of Preston Guild ; the Ordinances of various Guilds Merchant, the Custumal of Preston, the Charters to the Borough, the Incorporated Companies, List of Mayors from 1327,' &c., 12mo, Preston [1862], followed by two other editions. Dob- son died on 8 Aug. 1884, aged 64, at Churton Road, Chester, and was buried on the llth | in Chester cemetery. [Preston Guardian, 13 Aug. 1884, p. 4, col. 4; Preston Chronicle, 16 Aug. 1884, p. 5, col. 6; Palatine Note-book, iv. 180 ; Athenaeum, 16 Aug. 1884,p.210 ; Sutton's List of Lancashire Authors, p. 31 ; Fishwick's Lancashire Library, pp. 164, 165, 166, 170, 237.] G. G. DOCHARTY, JAMES (1829-1878), landscape-painter, born in 1829 at Bonhill, Dumbartonshire, was the son of a calico printer. He was trained as a pattern de- signer at the school of design in Glasgow, after which he continued his studies for some years in France. Returning to Glasgow he began to practise on his own account, and | succeeded so well that when he was about j thirty-three years of age he was able to give up designing patterns and to devote himself exclusively to landscape-painting, which he had long been assiduously cultivating in his leisure hours. His earlier works were for the most part scenes from the lochs of the Western Highlands, which he exhibited at ! the Glasgow Fine Art Institute. Afterwards i he extended his range of subjects to the Clyde, I and to other highland rivers and lochs, which he treated with vigour and thorough uncon- I ventionality of style. He was an earnest student of nature, and his latest and best works are distinguished by the quiet harmony Docking 139 Dockwray of their colour. Most of his works appeared in Glasgow, but he was also a constant ex- hibitor at the Royal Scottish Academy, and from 1865 to 1877 his pictures were fre- quently seen at the Royal Academy in Lon- don. Among the best of these works were: * The Haunt of the Red Deer on the Dee, Braemar' (1869), 'The Head of Loch Lo- mond ' (1873), < Glencoe' (1874), < The River Achray, Trossachs' (1876), 'A Good Fishing- day, Loch Lomond ' (1877), and his last ex- hibited works, ' The Trossachs ' (1878), in the Royal Scottish Academy, and a ' Salmon Stream ' in the Glasgow Institute exhibition of 1878. All his works are in private collec- tions. In 1876 failing health compelled him to leave home, and he made a lengthened tour in Egypt, Italy, and France, without, however, deriving much benefit from it. Late in 1877 he was elected an associate of the Royal Scottish Academy. He died from consumption at Pollokshields, Glasgow, on 5 April 1878, and was buried in Cathcart cemetery. [Scotsman, Edinburgh Courant, and Glasgow Herald, 6 April 1878 ; Art Journal, 1878, p. 155 ; Armstrong's Scottish Painters, 1888, p. 73 ; Cata- logues of the Exhibition of the Royal Academy, 1865-77.] R. E. G. DOCKING, THOMAS OF (ft. 1250), Franciscan, is stated in the Royal MS. 3 B. xii. in the British Museum to have been really named * Thomas Gude, i.e. Bonus,' but called ' Dochyng ' from the place of his birth (CASLEY, Catalogue of the Manuscripts of the King's Library, p. 43, London, 1734), evi- dently the village of Docking in the north of the county of Norfolk. The same manuscript describes him as doctor of divinity at Oxford. Of the character he bore while a student there we have testimony in a letter of Adam de Marisco, written between 1240 and 1249, in which the writer asks the Franciscan provin- cial, William of Nottingham, that the Bible of a deceased brother may be conferred on Thomas of Dokkyng, ' quern et suavissimse conversationis honestas, et claritas ingenii perspicacis, et litteraturae provectioris emi- nentia, et facundia prompti sermonis illus- trant insignius ' (ep. cc. in BREWER, Monu- menta Franciscana, p. 359). Adam was the | first Franciscan reader in divinity in the uni- j versity, and Docking, in due course, became the seventh in order ; Archbishop Peckham was the eleventh (ib. p. 552). The statement made by Oudin ( Comm. de Scriptt. Eccles. iii. 526) that Docking became chancellor of Ox- ford seems to rest upon no evidence, and is perhaps due to a confusion with Thomas de Bukyngham, whose 'Qusestiones Ixxxviii/ preserved in an Oxford manuscript (CoxE, Catal. Cod. MS8., New College, cxxxiv. p. 49), have been conjecturally ascribed to Docking by Sbaralea (suppl. to Wadding, Scnptores Ordinis Min. p. 675 a, 1806). But the manu- script itself describes the author as ' nuper ecclesiee Exoniensis cancellarium,' and we know that Thomas of Buckingham was col- lated to that office in 1346 (LE NEVE, Fasti EccL Angl. i. 418, ed. Hardy). From Thomas the confusion has extended to John Buck- ingham (or Bokingham), who was bishop of Lincoln from 1363 to 1397, and the latter's ' Quaestiones in quattuor libros Sententiarum,' published at Paris in 1505, have been accord- ingly transferred to our author's bibliography. Docking's genuine works consist mainly of commentaries. Those on Deuteronomy, Isaiah (imperfect), and the Pauline epistles exist in manuscripts of the fifteenth century in the | library of Balliol College, Oxford (Codd. \ xxviii-xxx), and the extent of the writer's , popularity is shown by the fact that the first of these was transcribed in 1442 by a German, Tielman, the son of Reyner. Other manu- scripts of some of these works are at Magdalen | College, Oxford, in the British Museum, and in Lincoln Cathedral. One is apparently that on Deuteronomy, mentioned by Tanner under ' Bokking ' (p. 110). Docking is also said to have expounded the book of Job (GASCOIGNE, Liber Veritatis, manuscript; ap. WOOD, Hist. [ et Antiqq. i. 73, Latin ed.), St. Luke, and ! the Apocalypse, his work upon this last ! being possibly (according to an old marginal i note) the commentary contained in the Bal- i liol MS. cxlix. A commentary on the ten commandments according to Deuteronomy, bearing Docking's name, is contained in the j Bodleian MS. 453, f. 57, and thus a presump- | tion arises that the treatise preceding it in the manuscript, ' De sufficiencia articulorum in simbolo contentorum,' going on to another ; exposition of the decalogue (also found in Laud. MS. Misc. 524, f. 26), is also by Dock- ing ; but no name is given, and the character of the work argues a later date. Further, a ' Tabula super Grammaticam ' by Docking is ', mentioned by Tanner as being in the cathe- I dral library at Lincoln. Other works as- ' signed to Docking, but no longer known to I exist, are : 1. 'Lecturse Bibliorum Liber i/ | 2. ' Queestiones ordinaries.' 3. ' Correctiones in S. Scripturam.' 4. ' In Posteriora Aris- [ totelis Libri ii.' [Leland's Collect, ii. 343, Comm. de Scriptt. Brit, cccxi. pp. 314 et seq. ; Bale's Scriptt. Brir. Catal. iv. 29. p. 324 f; Tanners Bibl. Brit. 229 f.] R. L. P. DOCKWRAY or DOCKWRA, WIL- LIAM (d. 1702 ?), was a merchant in Lon- don in the later half of the seventeenth cen- Dockwray 140 Docwra tury sug In 1683, improving upon an idea gested, and already partially carried out, by Robert Murray, an upholsterer, Dock- wray established a penny postal system in the metropolis. There existed at this time no adequate provision for the carriage of letters and parcels between different parts of London. Dockwray set up six large offices in the city, a receiving-house was opened in each of the principal streets, every hour the letters and parcels taken in at the receiving- houses were carried to ' the grand offices ' by one set of messengers, sorted and registered, and then delivered by another set of mes- sengers in all parts of London. In the prin- cipal streets near the Exchange there were six or eight, in the suburbs there were four, deliveries in the day. All letters and parcels not exceeding one pound in weight, or any sum of money not exceeding 10/., or any parcel not more than 10. in value, were carried to any place within the city for a penny, and to any distance within a given ten- mile radius for twopence. Dockwray's enter- prise, so far as he personally was concerned, was unsuccessful. The city porters, com- plaining that their interests were attacked, tore down the placards from the windows and doors of the receiving-houses. Titus Gates affirmed that the scheme was connected with the popish plot. The Duke of York, on whom the revenue of the post office had been settled, instituted proceedings in the king's bench to protect his monopoly, and Dock- wray was cast in slight damages and costs. In 1690, however, he received a pension of 500/. a year for seven years, and this was continued on a new patent till 1700. Dock- wray appears to have been a candidate for the chamberlainship of the city of London in October 1695 (LUTTRELL), with what re- sult is not stated. In 1697 he was appointed comptroller of the penny post. A poem on Dockwray's ' invention of the penny post ' is in ' State Poems ' (1697). In 1698 the officials and messengers under his control memo- rialised the lords of the treasury to dismiss him from his office on the grounds inter alia that he had (1) removed the post office from Cornhillto a less central station ; (2) detained and opened letters ; and (3) refused to take in parcels of more than a pound in weight, thereby injuring the trade of the post-office porters. The charges were investigated be- fore Sir Thomas Frankland and Sir Robert Cotton, postmasters-general, in August 1699, and on 4 June 1700 Dockwray was dismissed from his position. In 1702 he petitioned Queen Anne for some compensation for his losses, stating that six out of his seven children were unsettled and unprovided for in his old age. [Macaulay's Hist. i. 338 ; Knight's London, iii. 282 ; Luttrell's Brief Historical Relation of State Affairs, ii. and iv. ; Thornbury's Old and New London, ii. 209 ; Le win's Her Majesty's Mails, pp. 54, 59 ; Stow's Survey of London, ii. 403-4.] A. W. E. DOCWRA, SIB HENRY (1560P-1631), also spelt Dowkra, Dockwra, Dockwraye, Dockquerye, and by Irish writers Docura, general, afterwards Baron Docwra of Cul- more, was born in Yorkshire about 1568 of a family long settled in that county. At an early age he became a soldier, and served under Sir Richard Bingham [q. v.] in Ireland, where he attained the rank of captain, and was made constable of Dungarvan Castle 20 Sept. 1584. The campaign began 1 March 1586, with the siege of the castle of Clonoan in Clare, then held by Mathgamhain O'Briain (Annala RioghachtaEireann, v. 1844). After a siege of three weeks the castle was taken, and the garrison slain. The victorious army marched into Mayo, and took the Hag's Castle, a mediaeval stronghold built upon an ancient crannog in Loch Mask. Bingham next laid siege to the castle of Annis, near Ballin- robe . The Joyces of Dubhthaigh-Shoigheach and the MacDonnels of Mayo rose in arms to support the fugitives from the Hag's Castle. Docwra's services seem to have commenced at this siege. On 12 July 1586 the force was encamped atBallinrobe,and afterwards made a series of expeditions till the tribes of Mayo were reduced. A force of Scottish highlanders having landed in alliance with the Burkes, it was necessary to march to Sligo to prevent their advance. Some of the O'Rourkes joined them on the Curlew mountains with McGuires from Oriel, and Art O'Neill, who afterwards went over to Docwra, gave these clans some support. After an action in which the high- landers and their allies were victorious, Bingham's force was obliged to retire, but afterwards defeated them at Clare, co. Sligo. The Burkes, however, continued in arms, and Bingham accomplished nothing more of importance. Docwra left Ireland, and com- manded a regiment in the army of the Earl of Essex in Spain and the Netherlands ; he was present at the siege of Cadiz (LODGE, Peerage of Ireland,!. 237) and was knighted in Spain. In 1599 his regiment, with that of Sir Charles Percy, was sent to Ireland to aid in suppressing the rebellion of Tyrone. Docwra took a prominent part in the war, and was appointed in 1600 to reduce the north; his army consisted of four thousand foot and two hundred horse, three guns, and a regular field hospital of one hundred beds. He touched at Knockfergus (now Carrickfer- giis) 28 April 1600, and remained there for Docwra 141 Docwra eight days. On 7 May he sailed for Lough Foyle, which he did not reach till the 14th. He landed at Culmore, where he found the remains of a castle abandoned by the English in 1567, which he immediately converted by earthworks into a strong position. While these were being made he marched inland to Elogh, and garrisoned the then empty castle, the ruins of which remain on a small hill | commanding the entrance from the south to [ Innisho wen, Donegal. On 22 May he possessed ; himself of the hill now crowned by the cathe- dral of Deny. He must be regarded as the founder of the modern city of Derry, for he built streets as well as ramparts on the hill top. O'Kane with his tribe lurked in the woods, and cut off any stragglers. On 1 June Docwra received the submission of Art O'Neill, and on 28 June he fought his first serious engage- ment with the natives under O'Dogherty near Elogh (A. 7?. E. vi. 2188). Docwra's force consisted of forty horse and five hundred foot, and his lieutenant, Sir John Chamberlain, was unhorsed, and while the general endea- voured to rescue him, his own horse was shot under him. The Irish captured some horses, and retired from a battle in which what advantage there was rested with them. Docwra's courage won their respect, and a local Gaelic historian says * he was an illus- trious knight of wisdom and prudence, a pillar of battle and conflict.' A more serious battle was fought on 29 July with the O'Don- nells and MacSwines, and the general him- self was struck in the forehead by a dart cast by Hugh the Black, son of Hugh the Red O'Donnell. He was confined to his room with his wound for three weeks, and many com- j panics in his army were reduced by disease and wounds to less than a third of their com- plement. On 16 Sept. he was nearly sur- prised by a night attack of O'Donnell, and next day received a much-needed supply of victuals by sea. Continued expeditions into the country em- ployed the whole winter, and he penetrated to the extremity of Fanad. In April 1601 he reduced Sliocht Airt, and in July and August made expeditions towards the river Ban, conquering O'Kane's country, and in April 1602 obtained possession of the castle of Dungiven, commanding a great part of the mountain country of the present county of Londonderry. Besides warlike expeditions he was engaged in endless negotiations with the natives. The war ended at the beginning of 1603, though it was only by great watch- fulness that Docwra prevented a rising on Elizabeth's death. He remained as governor of Derry, with a garrison of about four hun- dred men, and immediately devoted himself to the improvement of the city. He received a grant 12 Sept. 1603 to hold markets on Wednesdays and Saturdays, and for a fair. On 11 July 1604 he was appointed provost for life, and received a pension of 20s. a day for . life. In 1308-he sold his house, appointed a ' vice-governor, and returned to England. He published in 1614 resigned his office. To protect his character he avoided receiving any definite promise from the prince until 18 July, when the prince promised that upon coming to the crown he would give Dodington a peerage, and the secretaryship of state. Doding- ton's new position at Leicester House was not easy, as he was opposed by many of the prince's household. He was supported by hopes of the king's death ; but on 20 March 1751 the prince most provokingly died him- self, and Dodington was left to his own re-' sources. He kept upon friendly terms with the Princess of Wales, and joined with her* in abusing the Pelhams, now in power. He also applied without loss of time to the ' Pelhams, promising to place himself entirely at their disposal. Henry Pelham listened to him, but told him that the king had a pre- judice against him for his previous desertions. Pelham was anxious, however, to deal for Dodington's ( merchantable ware/ five or six votes in the House of Commons. On Pel- ham's death (6 March 1754) Dodington made assiduous court to the Duke of Newcastle. " He returned members for Weymouth in New- castle's interest, and did his best to retain \ Bridgewater, even at the peril of ' infa- mous and disagreeable compliance with the low habits of venal wretches,' the electors, which vexed his righteous soul. He was beaten at Bridgewater by Lord Egmont, but* assured Newcastle of his sincerity, as proved by an expenditure which gradually rose in his statements from 2,500/. to 4,OOOJ. He swore that he must be disinterested, because he had ' one foot in the grave,' and declared in the same breath that he was determined * to make some figure in the world ' if pos- 4 sible under Newcastle's protection, but in any case to make a figure (Diary, pp. 297, 299). He now sat for Weymouth. Throughout- the complicated struggles which preceded Pitt's great administration Dodington in- trigued energetically, chiefly with Lord Hali-' fax. During 1755 even Pitt condescended to make proposals to Dodington with (if Dod- ington may be believed) high expressions of esteem (ib. 376). Pitt was dismissed soon afterwards from the paymastership, and on 22 Dec. 1755 Dodington kissed hands as treasurer of the navy under Newcastle and Fox. He tried to explain his proceedings to the Princess of Wales, but she ' received him very coolly' (ib. 379). He lost his place again in November 1756, when Pitt, on taking . office under the Duke of Devonshire, de- manded it for George Grenville. The most creditable action recorded of him was what Walpole calls a humane, pathetic, and bold Dodington 168 Dodington speech in the House of Commons (22 Feb. 1757) against the execution of Byng. He returned to office for a short time from April to June 1757, during the interregnum which > followed Pitt's resignation, but was again turned out for George Grenville when Pitt formed his great administration with New- castle. To Dodington's great disgust his friend Halifax consented to resume office, but Dodington remained out of place until the king's death. He then managed to ally him- self with the new favourite, Lord Bute, and ^ in 1761 reached the summit of his ambition. In April of that year he was created Baron Melcombe of Melcombe Regis in Dorsetshire. He received no official position, however, and died in his house at Hammersmith 28 July 1762. Besides his political activity Dodington * aimed at being a Maecenas. He was the last - of the ' patrons,' succeeding Charles Mont- agu (Lord Halifax) in the character. It is curious that Pope's 'Bufo ' in the epistle to Arbuthnot was in the first instance applied to Bubb or Dodington, who is also mentioned in the epilogue to the Satires, along with Sir W. Yonge, another place-hunter (COTJRTHOPE, Pope, iii. 258-61, 462). Dodington was com- plimented by many of the best-known writers of his day. About 1726 Young (of the < Night Thoughts ') addressed his third satire to Dod- ington ; he received verses from Dodington in return. Thomson's ' Summer ' (1727) was dedicated to Dodington. Fielding addressed to him an epistle on ' True Greatness ' (Mis- cellanies, 1743). Dodington was the patron of Paul Whitehead, who addresses a poem to the quack Dr. Thompson, another sycophant of Dodington's (HAWKINS, Johnson, pp. 329- 340). Richard Bentley (1708-1782) [q. v.] published an epistle to him in 1763. He offered his friendship to Johnson upon the appearance of the ' Rambler,' but Johnson seems to have scorned the proposal. ' Leo- nidas' Glover was another of his friends, and was returned for Wey mouth when Dodington himself accepted a peerage. The first Lord Lyttelton also addresses an ' eclogue ' to Dodington. Dodington was himself a writer of occa- sional verses, and had a high reputation for wit in his day. The best description of him is in Cumberland's ' Memoirs ' (1807, i. 183-96). Cumberland, as secretary to Lord Halifax, was concerned in the negotiations between them about 1757. He visited Dodington at Eastbury, at his Hammersmith villa, called by reason of the contrast La Trappe, and at his town house in Pall Mall. All these houses . were full of tasteless splendour, minutely described by Cumberland and Horace Wai- pole. Dodington's state bed was covered with gold and silver embroidery, showing by ' the remains of pocket-holes that they were made out of old coats and breeches. His vast figure was arrayed in gorgeous brocades, some* of which ' broke from their moorings in a very indecorous manner ' when he was being presented to the queen on her marriage to George III. After dinner he lolled in his chair in lethargic slumbers, but woke up to produce occasional flashes of wit or to read selections, often of the coarsest kind, even to ladies. He was a good scholar, and especially well read in Tacitus. In 1742 Dodington acknowledged that he had been married for seventeen years to a Mrs. Behan, who had been regarded as his mistress. According to Walpole he had been unable to acknowledge the marriage until the death of a Mrs. Strawbridge, to whom he had given a bond for 10,000/. that he would marry no one else (WALPOLE, Letters, i. 216, 296 ; ix. 91). Mrs. Dodington died about the end of 1756 (ib. iii. 54). Dodington left no child- ren, and upon his death Eastbury went to Lord Temple, with whom he was connected through his grandmother (see above). All but one wing was pulled down in 1795 by Lord Temple (created Marquis of Buckingham in 1784),who had vainly offered 200/. a year to any one who would live in it. Dodington left all his dis- posable property to a cousin, Thomas Wynd- ham of Hammersmith. The Hammersmith villa was afterwards the property of the mar- grave of Anspach. His papers were left to Wyndham on condition that those alone should be published which might ' do honour to his memory.' They were left to Wyndham's nephew, Henry Penruddocke Wyndham, who published the diary in 1784, persuading him- self by some judicious sophistry that the phrase in the will ought not to hinder the publication. It is the most curious illustra- tion in existence of the character of the ser- vile place-hunters of the time, with unctuous professions of virtuous sentiment which serve to heighten the effect. It also contains some curious historical information, especially as to the Prince and Princess of Wales during the period 1749-60. Dodington more or less inspired various political papers and pamphlets, including the I * Remembrancer,' written by Rudolph in 1745 ; I the ' Test,' attacking Pitt in 1756-7 ; and some, it is said, too indelicate for publication. He addressed a poem to Sir R. Walpole on his birthday, 26 Aug. 1726 ; and an epistle I to Walpole is in Dodsley's collection (1775, iv. 223, vi. 129). A manuscript copy of the last is in Addit. MS. 22629, f. 1841. A line from it, f In power a servant, out of power a Dods 169 Dodsley friend,' is quoted in Pope's ' Epilogue to the Satires ' (dialogue ii. 1. 161). It has been said that this poem is identical with an epistle ad- dressed to Bute and published in 1776 with corrections by the author of 'Night Thoughts.' In fact, however, the two poems are quite different. [Dodington's Diary ; Walpole's Memoirs of George II, i. 87, 88, 437-42, ii. 320 ; H.Walpole's Letters ; Coxe's Wai pole ; Coxe's Pelham Admi- nistration ; Fitzmaurice's Shelburne, i. 120-2; Chesterfield's Letters (1853), v. 385; Harvey's Memoirs, i. 431-4; Seward's Anecdotes (under 'Chatham'), vol. ii. ; Collinson's Somersetshire, iii. 518.] L. S. DODS, MARCUS, D.D. (1786-1838), theological writer, was born near Gifford in East Lothian in 1786, and educated at Edin- burgh. In 1810 he was ordained presbyterian minister at Belford in Northumberland, and in that charge he remained till his death in 1838. He was a man of deep theological scholarship, and at the same time of irrepres- sible wit. As a leading contributor to the ' Edinburgh Christian Instructor/ under the editorship of the distinguished Dr. Andrew Thomson, it fell to him to write a critique on the views of Edward Irving on the incarna- tion of our Lord (January 1830). Irvingwrote a very characteristic letter to Dods, frankly stating that he had not read his paper, but that he understood it was severe, and inviting him to correspond with him on the subject. Mrs. Oliphant, not having read the critique any more than Irving, writes as if Dods had been a malleus hereticorum, and mistakes the character of the man. Dods published his views at length in a work entitled ' On the Incarnation of the Eternal Word, the second edition of which appeared after his death with a strongly recommendatory notice by Dr. Chalmers. A monument to Dods erected at Belford bears an inscription written by the late Professor Maclagan, D.D., which has been greatly admired both for truthful delineation and artistic power: 'A man of noble powers, nobly used, in whom memory and judgment, vigour and gentleness, gravity and wit, each singly excellent, were all happily combined, and devoted with equal promptitude and per- severance to the labours of Christian godli- ness and the deeds of human kindness. The delight of his household, the father of his flock, the helper of the poor, he captivated his friends by his rich converse, and edified the church by his learned and eloquent pen. The earthly preferment which he deserved but did not covet, the earth neglected to be- stow ; but living to advance and defend, he died in full hope to inherit, the everlasting kingdom of Christ Jesus, our Lord.' [Christian Instructor, 1838 ; Oliphant's Life of Irving ; information from family.] W. Gr. B. DODSLEY, JAMES (1724-1797), book- seller, a younger brother of Robert Dodsley [q. v.], was born near Mansfield in Notting- hamshire in 1724. He was probably em- ployed in the shop of his prosperous brother, Robert, by whom he was taken into partner- ship the firm trading as R. & J. Dodsley in Pall Mall and whom he eventually suc- ceeded in 1759. In 1775 he printed 'A Petition and Complaint touching a Piracy of " Letters by the late Earl of Chesterfield," ' 4to. Dr. Joseph Warton told Malone that Spence had sold his Anecdotes ' to Robert Dodsley for a hundred pounds. Before the matter was finally settled both Spence and Dodsley died. On looking over the papers Spence's executors thought it premature to publish them, and ' James Dodsley relin- quished his bargain, though he probably would have gained 400/. or 500/. by it ' (PRIOR, Life of Malone, pp. 184-5). A list of forty-one works published by him is advertised at the end of Hull's ' Select Letters,' 1778, 2 vols. 8vo. In 1780 he produced an improved edi- tion of the ' Collection of Old Plays,' 12 vols. 8vo, edited by Isaac Reed, who also edited for him anew, two years later, the ' Collec- tion of Poems,' 6 vols. 8vo. He was a mem- ber of the ' Congeries,' a club of booksellers who produced Johnson's ' Lives of the Poets' and other works. Dodsley was the puzzled referee in the well-known bet about Gold- smith's lines, For he who fights and runs away May live to fight another day, which George Selwyn rightly contended were not to be found in Butler's ' Hudibras ' (Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. iv. 61-3). The plan of the tax on receipts was suggested by him to the Rockingham administration in 1782. On 7 June 1787 he lost 2,500/. worth of quire- stock, burnt in a warehouse (NICHOLS, Illustr. vii. 488). He paid the usual fine instead of serving the office of sheriff of London and Middlesex in 1788. Dodsley carried on an extensive business, but does not seem to have possessed all his brother's enterprise and energy. Writing from Woodstock on 26 July 1789 Thomas King refers to his farming and haymaking (Add. MS. in British Museum, No. 15932, ff. 20-2). Eighteen thousand copies of Burke's ' Reflections on the Revolution in France ' were sold by him in 1790. He enjoyed a high character in commer- cial affairs, but was somewhat eccentric in private life. He always led a reserved and secluded life, and for some years before his Dodsley 170 Dodsley death gave up his shop and dealt wholesale in his own publications. The retail business was taken over by George Nicol. i He kept a carriage many years, but studiously wished that his friends should not know it, nor did he ever use it on the eastern side of Temple Bar' (Gent. Mag. vol. Ixvii. pt. i. p. 347). He left the bulk of his fortune, estimated at 70,000/., to nephews and nieces. He died on 19 Feb. 1797 at his house in Pall Mall in his seventy-fourth year, and was buried in St. James's Church, Westminster. [Chalmers's Life of Robert Dodsley ; Gent. Mag. Ivii. (pt. ii.) 634, Ixvii. (pt. i.) 254, 346-7 ; Walpole's Letters (Cunningham), vols. vi. vii. viii. and ix. ; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. vols. ii. iii. v. and vi. ; Boswell's Life of Johnson (G. B. Hill), i. 182, ii. 447 ; Timperley's Encyclopaedia, pp. 746, 793-4, 806, 815, 911; agreements and corre- spondence with authors in Add. MSS. in British Museum, Nos. 12116, 19022, 28104, 28235, H. R. T. DODSLEY, ROBERT(1703-1764), poet, dramatist, and bookseller, was born in 1703, probably near Mansfield, on the border of Sherwood Forest,Nottinghamshire ; but there is no record of his birth in the parish register of Mansfield (Notes and Queries, 1st ser. vii. 237). His father, Robert Dodsley, kept the free school at Mansfield, and is described as a little deformed man, who, having had a large family by one wife, married when seventy-five a young girl ,of seventeen, by whom he had a child. One son, Alvory, lived many years, and died in the employment of Sir George Savile. Isaac died in his eighty-first year, and was gardener during fifty-two years to Ralph Allen of Prior Park, and Lord Wey- mouth of Longleat. The name of another son, John, was, with those of the father and Alvory, among the subscribers to ' A Muse in Livery.' A younger son was James [q. v.], afterwards in partnership with his elder brother. Harrod states that Robert Dodsley the younger was apprenticed to a stocking- weaver at Mansfield, but was so starved and illtreated that he ran away and entered the service of a lady (History of Mansfield, 1801, p. 64). At one time he was footman to Charles Dartiquenave [q. v.] While in the employment of the Hon. Mrs. Lowther he wrote several poems; one 'An Entertain- ment designed for the Wedding of General Lowther and Miss Pennington.' The verses were handed about and the writer made much of, but he did not lose his modest self-respect. In the ; Country Journal, or the Craftsman,' of 20 Sept. 1729 was ad- vertised ' Servitude, a poem,' Dodsley's first publication. It consists of smoothly written verses on the duties and proper behaviour of servants. An introduction in prose, cover- ing the same ground, is considered by Lee to have been written by Defoe (Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. ix. 141-2, and Daniel Defoe, his Life, i. 449-51). Dodsley appears to have been sent by the bookseller to whom he first showed his verses to Defoe, who consented to write the title, preface, introduction, and postscript, the latter bantering his own tract, 1 Every Body's Business is No Body's Busi- ness.' Eighteen months afterwards, when Mrs. Lowther and her friends were getting subscribers for Dodsley's next volume, it was thought desirable to bring out ' Servitude ' with a new title-page, ' The Footman's Friendly Advice to his Brethren of the Livery ... by R. Dodsley, now a footman.' Two short ' Entertainments ' were printed in pamphlet form, and in 1732 included in l A Muse in Livery,' a volume of verse with one trifling exception. A second edition was issued in the same year as ' by R. Dodsley, a footman to a person of quality at Whitehall.' His lady patrons exerted themselves, and the list of subscribers exhibits a remarkable array of names, including three duchesses, a duke, and many other fashionable people. Dodsley next composed a dramatic satire, ' The Toy-shop.' There must have been great charm in his manner. It captivated Defoe, and even Pope, perhaps influenced by the duchesses, received the young footman in a very friendly way. When asked to read the manuscript he answered, 5 Feb. 1732-3, ' I like it as far as my particular judgment goes,' and recommended it to Rich. ' This little piece was acted [at Covent Garden, 3 Feb. 1735] with much success ; it has great merit, but seems better calculated for perusal than representation ' (GENEST, Account of the English Stage, iii. 460) . The hint of the plot was taken from Thomas Randolph's ' Con- ceited Pedlar ' (1630), who, like the toyman, makes moral observations to his customers on the objects he sells. With the profit derived from his books and play, and the interest of Pope, who assisted him with 100/. (JOHNSON, Lives in Works, 1823, viii. 162), and other friends, Dodsley opened a bookseller's shop at the sign of Tally's Head in Pall Mall in 1735. 'The King and the Miller of Mansfield ' was acted at Drury Lane 1 Feb. 1737, 'a neat little piece . . . with much success ' (GENEST, iii. 492). The plot turns upon the king losing his way in Sherwood Forest, when John Cockle, the miller, receives and entertains his unknown guest, and is ultimately knighted for his generosity and honesty. A sequel, ' Sir John Cockle at Court,' was produced at the same theatre 23 Feb. 1738. During this Dodsley 171 Dodsley time Dodsley was active in his new business. In April 1737 he published Pope's 'First Epistle of the Second Book of Horace Imi- tated/ and in the following month Pope made over to him the sole property in his letters. Curll, in a scurrilous epistle to Pope, 1737, says : Tis kind indeed a ' Livery Muse' to aid, Who scribbles farces to augment his trade. Young and Akenside also published with him. In May 1738, through Cave, he issued John- son's ' London, a poem,' and gave ten guineas for it (BoswELL, Life, i. 121-4). Next year he printed l Manners,' a satire by Paul White- head, which ' was voted scandalous by the lords, and the author and publisher ordered into custody, where Mr. Dodsley was a week, but Mr. Paul Whitehead absconds ' ( Gent. Mag. 1739, ix. 104). Dodsley had to pay 701. \ in fees for his lodgings (BEN VICTOR, Letters, \ i. 33), and was only released on the petition of the Earl of Essex. Many influential per- sons made offers of assistance. There was published in 1740 ' The Chro- nicle of the Kings of England written by ! Nathan Ben Saddi/the forerunner of a swarm of sham chronicles in mock-biblical style. Among them are ' Lessons of the Day/ 1742 ; ' The Chronicle of James the Nephew/ 1743 ; < Chronicles of the Duke of Cumberland/ 1746 ; and < Chronicles of Zimri the Refiner/ 1753. Nathan Ben Saddi was said to be a pseudonym of Dodsley, and his chronicle, a continuation of which appeared in 1741, is, like the ' Eco- ! nomy of Human Life/ reprinted in his col- lected ' Trifles.' It contains the much-quoted sentence about Queen Elizabeth, ' that her ministers were just, her counsellors were sage, ; her captains were bold, and her maids of honour ate beefstakes to breakfast.' Dodsley j could not have written a work showing so much wit and literary force, and Chesterfield is usually credited with the authorship. The i first number of the * Publick Register/ one of j the many rivals of the ' Gentleman's Maga- | zine/came out on 3 Jan. 1741, and it appeared \ for twenty-four weeks. The reason given by j Dodsley for its discontinuance was 'the addi- \ tional expense he was at in stamping it; and j the ungenerous usage he met with from one of i the proprietors of a certain monthly pamph- | let, who prevailed upon most of the common j newspapers not to advertise it.' One novel feature is a description of the counties of Eng- land, with maps by J. Cowley, continued week after week. Genest says ' The Blind neatness' (Account, iii. 629-30). It was only represented once. The songs have merit. Dodsley attempted literary fame in many branches, but among all his productions no- thing is so well known as his ' Select Collec- tion of Old Plays/ 1744, dedicated to Sir Clement Cotterel Dormer, who probably con- tributed some of its contents. The great j ladies who first patronised Dodsley had not forgotten him, and the subscription list dis- plays a host of aristocratic names. The art of collation was then unknown, and when he first undertook the work the duties of an editor of other than classical literature were not so well understood as in more recent times. ' Rex et Pontifex, a new species of pantomime/ was not accepted by any manager, and thoauthpipMnfid it in 1745. ' The Mu- | seum/ of which the first number was issued 29 March 1746, was projected by Dodsley. He had a fourth share of the profits, the re- mainder belonging to Longman, Shewell, Hitch, and Rivington. It consists chiefly of historical and social essays, and possesses considerable merit. Among the contributors were Spence, Warburton, Horace Walpole, Joseph and Thomas Warton, Akenside, Lowth, Smart, Merrick, and Campbell, whose political pieces were augmented and repub- lished as 'The Present State of Europe/ 1750. It was continued fortnightly to 12 Sept. 1747. Another specimen of Dodsley's commercial originality was ' The Preceptor/ ' one of the most valuable books for the improvement of young minds that has appeared ' (BoswELL, Life, i. 192). Johnson supplied the preface, and * The Vision of Theodore the Hermit/ which he considered the best thing he ever wrote. The work is a kind of self-instructor, with essays on logic, geometry, geography, natural history, &c. Johnson says : ' Dodsley first mentioned to me the scheme of an Eng- lish dictionary ' (Life, iii. 405, i. 182, 286) ; but Pope, who had some share in the original proposals, did not live to see the prospectus issued in 1747. The firm of Robert & James Dodsley was one of the five whose names ap- pear on the first edition in 1755. The first edition of ' A Collection of Poems ' came out in 1748, and the publisher took great pains to obtain contributions from nearly every fashionable versifier of the day. It has been frequently reprinted and added to, and forms perhaps the most popular collection of the kind ever produced. In the same year Dodsley collected his dramatic and some other pieces under the title of * Trifles ' in two volumes, dedicated ' To Morrow/ who is asked to take into 'consideration the author's want of that assistance and improvement which a liberal education bestows/ the writer hoping his productions ' may be honoured with a fa- vourable recommendation from you to your Dodsley 172 Dodsley worthy son and successor, the Next Day.' To celebrate the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle he composed a masque, which was performed at Drury Lane on 21 Feb. 1749, with music by Dr. Arne, and Mrs. Olive as first shepherdess. Johnson's ' Vanity of Human Wishes ' and ' Irene ' were published by him in the same year. The first edition of l The Economy of Human Life ' came out in 1750, and was for some time attributed to Dodsley. It has long been recognised to have been written by the Earl of Chesterfield (Notes and Queries, 1st ser. x. 8, 74, 318). Dodsley 's connection with the publication of the first separate edition of Gray's * Elegy ' in February 1751 has been investigated by the late E. Solly (The Biblio- grapher, 1884, v. 57-61). He suggested the title of the ' World,' a well-printed miscel- lany of the ' Spectator' class, for a new periodi- cal established with the help of Moore in 1753 and produced for four years. It was extremely successful, both in its original form and when reprinted. Chesterfield, Horace Walpole, Soame Jenyns, the Earl of Bath, and Sir C. H. Williams were among the contributors. The iast number is signed by Mary Cooper, who published many of Dodsley's books. He had long meditated an ambitious poem on agricul- ture, commerce, and the arts, entitled ' Public Virtue,' of which the first part alone was published in 1753. This laboured didactic treatise in blank verse was not very favour- ably received, although the author assured the world that * he hath taken some pains to furnish himself with materials for the work ; that he hath consulted men as well as books.' It was sent to Walpole, who answered, 4 Nov. 1753: 'I am sorry you think it any trouble to me to peruse your poem again ; I always read it with pleasure ' (Letters, ix. 485). Johnson wrote to Warton, 21 Dec. 1754 : ' You know poor Mr. Dodsley has lost his wife ; I believe he is much affected ' (Life, i. 277). Johnson wrote for Dodsley the in- troduction to the ' London Chronicle ' in 1756. ' Melpomene,' an ode, which was published anonymously in 1758, is on a much higher level of thought than any other of his compo- sitions. On 2 Dec. of the same year his tra- gedy of ( Cleone ' was acted for the first time at Co vent Garden. Garrick had rejected it as ' cruel, bloody, and unnatural ' (DAVIES, Life, i. 223), and Johnson, who supported it, ' for Doddy, you know, is my patron, and I would not desert him,' thought there was 1 more blood than brains ' in it (Life, i. 325-6, iv. 20-1). The night it was produced Garrick did his best to injure it by appearing for the first time as Marplot in the ' Busybody,' and his congratulations were accordingly re- sented by Dodsley (Garrick Correspondence, vol. i. pp. xxxv, 79-80). Warburton, how- ever, writing to Garrick, 18 Jan. 1759, accuses Dodsley of being ' a wretched fellow, and no man ever met with a worse return than you have done for your endeavours to serve him ' (ib. i. 96). The play ran sixteen nights, owing much of its popularity to the acting of Mrs. Bellamy (Apology, 1786, iii. 105-12; GENEST, iv. 559-60). Two thousand copies of the first printed edition were sold at once, and five weeks later the fourth edition was being pre- pared. It is based upon the legend of Ste. Genevieve, translated by Sir William Lower. The original draft in three acts had been shown to Pope, who said that he had burnt an attempt of his own on the same subject, and recommended Dodsley to extend his own piece to five acts. Mrs. Siddons revived it with much success at Drury Lane, 22 and 24 Nov. 1786. His most important commer- cial achievement was the foundation of the 'Annual Register' in 1758, which is still pub- lished with no great variation from its early form. Burke was paid an editorial salary of 100/. for some time, and had a connection with it for thirty years. In this year Dodsley accompanied Spence on a tour through Eng- land to Scotland. On their way they stayed a week at the Leasowes. TheDodsleys published Goldsmith's ' Polite Learning' in 1759, and, with Strahan and Johnson, Johnson's * Rasselas ' in March or April of the same year. Kinnersley having produced an abstract of ' Rasselas ' in the ( Grand Magazine of Magazines,' an injunc- tion was prayed for by the publishers, and refused by the master of the rolls, 15 June 1761, on the ground that an abridgment is not piracy (AMBLEE, Reports of Chancery Cases, 1828, i. 402-5). In 1759 Dodsley re- tired in favour of his brother, whose name had been for some time included in the firm as Robert & James Dodsley, and gave himself up to the preparation of his ' Select Fables,' which were tastefully printed by Baskerville two years later. The volume is in three books, the first consisting of ancient, the se- cond of modern, and the third of * newly in- vented ' fables ; with a preface, and a life from the French of M. de Meziriac. The fables are decidedly inferior to those of Samuel Croxall [q. v.] Writing to Graves. 1 March 1761, Shenstone says : * What merit I have there is in the essay ; in the original fables, although I can hardly claim a single fable as my own ; and in the index, which I caused to be thrown into the form of morals, and which are almost wholly mine. I wish to God it may sell ; for he has been at great ex- pence about it. The two rivals which he has Dodsley 173 Dodsley to dread are the editions of Richardson and Croxall ' ( Works, iii. 360-1). In a few months two thousand were disposed of, but even this sale did not repay the outlay. He then be- gan to prepare for a new edition, which was printed in 1764. Among 1 the contributors to the interesting collection of ' Fugitive Pieces ' edited by him in 1761 were Burke, Spence, Lord Whitworth, and Sir Harry Beaumont. When Shenstone died, 11 Feb. 1763, Dodsley erected a pious monument to the memory of his old friend in an edition of his works, 1764, to which he contributed a biographical sketch, a character and a de- scription of the Leasowes. He had long been tormented by the gout, and died from an attack while on a visit to Spence at Durham on 25 Dec. 1764, in his sixty-first year. He was buried in the abbey churchyard at Dur- ham. 1 Mr. Dodsley (the bookseller) ' was among Sir Joshua Reynolds's sitters in April 1760 (0. R. LESLIE and TOM TAYLOK'S Life, 1865, i. 187). Writing to Shenstone 24 June he says : ' My face is quite finished and I be- lieve very like' (HuLL, Select Letters, ii. 110). The picture was engraved by Ravenet and prefixed to the collected * Trifles,' 1777. He only took one apprentice, who was John Walter (d. 1803) of Charing Cross, not to be confounded with the founder of the ' Times ' of the same name. Most of the pub- lications issued by the brothers came from the press of John Hughs (NICHOLS, Lit. Anecd. v. 35). Personally Dodsley is an attractive figure. Johnson had ever a kindly feeling for his ' patron,' and thought he deserved a biogra- pher. His early condition lent a factitious importance to some immature verse, and his unwearied endeavours for literary fame gained him a certain contemporary fame. Some of his songs have merit ' One kind kiss before we part ' being still sung and the epigram on the words ' one Prior ' in Burnet's * His- tory ' is well known. As a bookseller he showed remarkable enterprise and business aptitude, and his dealings were conducted with liberality and integrity. He deserves the praise of Nichols as ' that admirable pa- tron and encourager of learning' (Lit. Anecd. ii. 402). ( You know how decent, humble, inoffensive a creature Dodsley is ; how little apt to forget or disguise his having been a footman.' writes Walpole to George Montagu 4 May 1758 (Letters, iii. 135). A volume of his manuscript letters to Shenstone in the British Museum has written in it by the latte r 22 May 1759, that Dodsley was l a person whose writings I esteem in common with the publick ; but of whose simplicity, benevolence, i humanity, and true politeness I have had j repeated and particular experience.' The following is a list of his works : 1. ' Ser- | vitude, a Poem, to which is prefixed an in- troduction, humbly submitted to the con- sideration of all noblemen, gentlemen, and ladies who keep many servants ; also a post- ! script occasioned by a late trifling pam- phlet, entitled "Every Body's Business is No ! Body's " [by D. Defoe], written by a Foot- man in behalf of good servants and to excite the bad to their duty,' London, T. Worrall [1729], 8vo. 2. 'The Footman's Friendly Advice to his Brethren of the Livery . . . by R. Dodsley, now a footman,' London [1731], 8vo (No. 1 with a new title-page). | 3. ' An Entertainment designed for Her Ma- jesty's Birthday,' London, 1732, 8vo. 4. 'An Entertainment designed for the Wedding of Governor Lowther and Miss Pennington,' London, 1732, 8vo. 5. ' A Muse in Livery, or the Footman's Miscellany,' London, printed for the author, 1732, 8vo (second edition 1 printed for T. Osborn and T. Nourse,' 1732, 8vo, not so well printed as the first). 6. ' The Toy-shop, a Dramatick Satire,' London, 1735, 8vo (reprinted). 7. * The King and the Miller of Mansfield, a Dramatick Tale,' London, printed for the author at Tully's Head, Pall Mall [1737], 8vo (reprinted). 8. ' Sir John Cockle at Court, being the sequel of the King and the Miller of Mansfield,' London, printed for R. Dodsley and sold by M. Cooper, 1738, 8vo. 9. ' The Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green,' London, 1741, 8vo. 10. 'The Publick Re- gister, or the Weekly Magazine,' London, 1741, 4to (Nos. 1 to 24, from Saturday, 3 Jan. 1741 to 13 June 1741). 11. ' Pain and Patience, a Poem,' London, 1742, 4to (dedicated to Dr. Shaw). 12. ' Colin's Kisses, being twelve new songs design'd for music,' London, 1742, 4to (see Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. ix. 220 ; the words reprinted by Chalmers). 13. 'A Se- lect Collection of Old Plays,' London, 1744, 12 vols. 12mo (with introduction on the his- tory of the stage reprinted in ' second edition, corrected and collated with the old copies, with notes by Isaac Reed,' London, J. Dods- ley, 1780, 12 vols. 8vo, twelve plays rejected and ten added, see Gent. Mag. 1. 237-8. 'A new edition [the third] with additional notes and corrections by the late Isaac Reed, Octa- vius Gilchrist, and the editor ' [J. P. Collier], London, 1825-8, 13 vols. sm. 8vo, including supplement. ' Fourth edition, now first chro- nologically arranged, revised, and enlarged, with the notes of all the commentators and new notes, by W. Carew Hazlitt,' London, 1874-6, 15 vols. 8vo). 14. ' Rex et Pontifex, being an attempt to introduce upon the stage a new species of pantomime,' London^fl.745, bf Between ' London ' and ' 1745 ' insert ' Printed for M. Cooper at the Globe in Pater-Noster-Row ' (Birrell Dodsley 174 Dodson 4to. 15. ' The Museum, or the Literary and Historical Register,' London, 1746-7, 3 vols. 8vo (No. 1, Saturday, 29 March 1746, to No. 39, 12 Sept. 1747). 16. < The Preceptor, containing a general course of education/ London, 1748, 2 vols. 8vo (reprinted). 17. ' A Collection of Poems by Several Hands,' Lon- don, 1748, 3 vols. 12mo (a second edition with considerable additions and some omis- sions the same year ; a fourth volume was added in 1749. A fourth edition, 4 vols., appeared in 1755. The fifth and sixth volumes were added in 1758; other editions, 1765, 1770, 1775, 1782. Pearch, Mendez, Fawkes, and others produced supplements. For the contributors see Gent. Mag. 1. 122-4, 173-6, 214, 406-8, and Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. xi. 172 ; see also 1st ser. ii. 264, 343, 380, 485; 2nd ser. i. 151, 237, ii. 274, 315). 18. ' The Art of Preaching, in imitation of Horace's Art of Poetry,' London, n. d. folio (anonymous, but attributed to Dodsley by Chalmers, who includes it in his collection ; the authorship is doubtful). 19. 'Trifles,' London, 1748, 2 vols. 8vo ; 2nd edit. 1777, 2 vols. 8vo, with portrait (reprint of pieces issued separately). 20. < The Triumph of Peace, a masque perform'd at the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane on occasion of the Ge- neral Peace concluded at Aix-la-Chapelle,' London, 1749, 4to (Chalmers was unable to obtain a copy). 21. ' The World,' London, 1753-6, 4 vols. fol. (No. 1, Thursday, 4 Jan. 1753, to No. 209, 30 Dec. 1756 ; frequently reprinted in 8vo ; No. 32 by Dodsley ; for an account of the contributors see N. DBAKE, Essays illustrative of the Rambler, &c. 1810, ii. 253-316). 22. < Public Virtue, a Poem, in three books i. Agriculture, ii. Commerce, iii. Arts,' London, 1753, 4to (only book i. pub- lished). 23. ' Melpomene, or the Regions of Terror and Pity, an Ode,' London, 1757, 4to (without name of author, printer, or pub- lisher). 24. ' Cleone, a Tragedy as it is acted at the Theatre Royal in Covent Garden/ Lon- \ don, 1758, 8vo (5th edit, 1786). 25. ' Select Fables of Esop and other Fabulists, in three books/ Birmingham, printed by J. Baskerville for R. & J. Dodsley, 176], 12mo (2nd edit. | 1764, by Baskerville, eighteen pages less and , inferior in appearance). 26. l Fugitive Pieces , on various subjects/ by several authors, Lon- j don, 1761, 2 vols. 8vo (reprinted; see NICHOLS, J Lit. Anecd. ii. 373-80). 27. < The Works in j Verse and Prose of William Shenstone, most of which were never before printed/ London, I 1764, 2 vols. 8vo. [Most of the biographical notices are full of j errors; the best is by Alex. Chalmers, who knew Dodsley ; it is prefixed to a selection of his poems in Chalmers's English Poets, 1810, xv. 313-23, reprinted in Gen. Biogr. Diet. xii. 167-78. A somewhat different selection and biography are in Anderson's British Poets, 1795, xi., and R. Walsh's Works of the British Poets, New York, 1822, vol. xxvi. Kippis, in Biogr. Brit. 1793, v. 315-19, and Baker's Biographia Dramatica, 1812, i. 192-3. The re are numerous references in H. Walpole's Letters, Boswell's Life of Johnson, and Nichols's Lit. Anecd. and Illustrations. See also Gent. Mag. 1. 237, Ixvii. (pt. i.) 346 ; Ben Victor's Letters, 1776, 3 vols.; T. Hull's Select Letters, 1778, 2 vols. (containing correspondence between Dodsley and Shenstone); Timperley'sEn- cydopsedia, 1842, pp. 71 1-13, 815; P. Fitzgerald's Life of Garrick, i. 376-8 ; W. Roscoe's Life of Pope, 1824, pp. 488, 505; K. Carruthers's Life of Pope, 1857, pp. 350, 409; Forster's Life of Goldsmith, 1854, i. 96, 180, 191, 282, 316. In the British Museum are original agreements be- tween him and various authors (1743-53), Eger- ton MS. 738, and an interesting correspondence with Shenstone (1747-59), Addit. MS. 28959.] H. E. T. DODSON, JAMES (d. 1757), teacher of the mathematics and master of the Royal Mathematical School, Christ's Hospital, is known chiefly by his work on i The Anti- Logarithmic Canon ' and ' The Mathematical Miscellany.' Of his early life nothing is known, except that his contemporary, Dr. Matthew Maty, in his ' Membire sur la vie et sur les ecrits de M. A. de Moivre/ enume- rated Dodson among ' les disciples qu'il a formes.' In 1742 Dodson published his most important work, ' The Anti-Logarithmic Canon. Being a table of numbers consist- ing of eleven places of figures, corresponding to all Logarithms under 100,000, with an Introduction containing a short account of Logarithms.' This was unique until 1849. The canon had been actually calculated, it is asserted, by Walter Warner and John Pell, about 1630-40, and Warner had left it to Dr. H. Thorndyke, at whose death it came to Dr. Busby of Westminster [q. v.], and finally was bought for the Royal Society ; but for some years it has been lost. From a letter of Pell's, 7 Aug. 1644, written to Sir Charles Cavendish, we find that Warner be- came bankrupt, and Pell surmises that the manuscript would be destroyed by the credi- tors in ignorance. In 1747 Dodson published 'The Calculator . . . adapted to Science, Business, and Pleasure.' It is a large collec- tion of small tables, with sufficient, though not the most convenient, seven-figure loga- rithms. This he dedicated to William Jones. The same year he commenced the publication of ' The Mathematical Miscellany/ contain- ing analytical and algebraical solutions of a large number of problems in various branches of mathematics. His preface to vol. i. is Dodson Dodson dated 14 Jan. 1747, the title giving 1748. This volume is dedicated to A. de Moivre, and a second edition was issued by his pub- lisher in 1775. Vol. ii. (1753) is dedicated to David Papillon, and contains a contribu- tion by A. de Moivre. Vol. iii. (1755) he dedicated ' to the Right Hon. George, Earl of Macclesfield, President, the Council, and the rest of the Fellows of the Royal Society.' This volume is devoted to problems relating to annuities, reversions, insurances, leases on lives, &c., subjects to which Dodson devoted special attention. His l Accountant, or a Method of Book-keeping,' was published 1750, with a dedication to Lord Macclesfield. In 1751 he edited Wingate's f Arithmetic/ which had previously been edited by John Kersey and afterwards by George Shelley. Dodson's edition is considered the best. Another work, 4 An Account of the Methods used to describe Lines on Dr. Halley's Chart of the terra- queous Globe, showing the variation of the magnetic needle about the year 1756 in all the known seas, &c. By Wm. Mountaine and James Dodson,' was published in 1758, after Dodson's death. He was elected a fellow of the Royal So- ciety 16 Jan. 1755, and was admitted 23 Jan. 1755, probably on the merits of his published works, with the patronage of his friend, Lord Macclesfield, who not long before was elected president of the society. On 7 Aug. of the same year he was elected master of the Royal Mathematical School, Christ's Hospital, which post he held until his death. Before his elec- tion to this mastership he seems to have been an ' accomptant and teacher of the mathe- matics.' Having been refused admission to the Amicable Life Assurance Society, because they admitted none over forty-five years of age, he determined to form a new society upon a plan of assurance more equitable than that of the Amicable Society. After Dod- son's vain attempts to procure a charter from 1756 to 1761, the scheme was taken in hand by Edward Rowe Mores and others, who by deed in 1762 the year following Dodson's death started the society now known as the Equitable Society. Dodson died 23 Nov. 1757, being over forty- seven years of age. He lived at Bell Dock, Wapping. His children were left ill provided for. At a meeting of the general court holden in Christ's Hospital 15 Dec. 1757 a petition was read from Mr. William Mountaine, where it was stated that Dodson died ' in very mean circumstances, leaving three motherless chil- dren unprovided for, viz. James, aged 15, Thomas, aged 11 and three quarters, and Elizabeth, aged 8.' The two youngest were admitted into the hospital. After the Equi- table Society had started, and fifteen years or more after Dodson's death, a resolution was put in the minutes for giving 300/. to the children of Dodson, as a recompense for the * Tables of Lives ' which their father had pre- pared for the society. Dodson's eldest son, James the younger, succeeded to the actuary- ship of the society in 1764, but in 1767 left for the custom house. Augustus De Morgan [q. v.] was the great- grandson of Dodson, his mother being the daughter of James Dodson the younger. In De Morgan's * Life ' is the following : ' But he was mathematical master at Christ's Hos- pital, and some of his descendants seem to have thought this a blot on the scutcheon, for his great-grandson has left on record the impression he had of his ancestor. When quite a boy he asked one of his aunts "who James Dodson was," and received for answer, "We never cry stinking fish." So he was afraid to ask any more questions, but settled that somehow or other James Dodson was the " stinking fish " of his family : but he had to wait a few years to find out that his great- grandfather was the only one of his ancestors whose name would be deserving of mention.' [C. Button's Dictionary, 1815; Memoir by Nicollet in the Biographie Universelle; A. de Morgan's Life by his wife, 1 882 ; F. Bailey's Account of Life Assurance Companies, 1810 ; Nichols's Literary Anecdotes, vol. v. 1812; in- formation supplied by M. S. S. Dipnall, and original manuscript collections by A. De Morgan, communicated by his son, Wm. I)e Morgan ; and the books mentioned.] Gr. J. Or. DODSON, SIR JOHN (1780-1858), judge of the prerogative court, eldest son of the Rev. Dr. John Dodson, rector of Hurstpierpoint, Sussex, who died in July 1807, by Frances, daughter of the Rev. Mr. Dawson, was born at Hurstpierpoint 19 Jan. 1780. He en- tered Merchant Taylors' School in 1790, and proceeded to Oriel College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1801, M.A. 1804, and D.C.L. 1808. He was admitted an advocate of the College of Doctors of Laws 3 Nov. 1808, and acted as commissary to the dean and chapter of Westminster. From July 1819 to March 1823 he represented Rye in parlia- ment as a tory member. On 11 March 1829 I he was appointed by the Duke of Wellington to the office of advocate to the admiralty J court, and on being named advocate-general, 15 Oct. 1834, was knighted at St. James's Palace on the 29th of the same month. He was called to the bar at the Middle Temple 8 Nov. 1834, and in the following year was elected a bencher of his inn. He became master of the faculties in November 1841, and Dodson 176 Dodsworth vicar-general to the lord primate in 1849. He held the posts of judge of the prerogative court of Canterbury and dean of the arches court from February 1852 until the abolition of both these jurisdictions, 9 Dec. 1857. He was sworn a privy councillor 5 April 1852, and diedat6SeamorePlace,Mayfair, London, 27 April 1858. By his marriage, 24 Dec. 1822, to Frances Priscilla, eldest daughter of George Pearson, M.D. of London, he left an only son, John George Dodson, barrister, of Lincoln's Inn, who was elected M.P. for East Sussex in April 1857. Sir John Dodson was con- cerned in the following works : 1. ' A Report of the Case of Dalrymple the Wife against Dairy mple the Husband,' 1811. 2. 'Reports of Cases argued and determined in the High Court of Admiralty,' 1811-22, London, 1815- 1828, another ed. 1853. 3. ' A Report of the Case of the Louis appealed from the Admiralty Court at Sierra Leone, and determined in the High Court of Admiralty,' 1817. 4. 'A Di- gested Index of the Cases determined in the High Court of Admiralty, contained in the Reports of Robinson, Edwards, and Dodson/ by Joshua Greene, 1818. 5. ' A Report of the Judgment in the Case of Sullivan against Sul- livan, falsely called Oldacre,' 1818. 6. ' Law- ful Church Ornaments, by J. W. Perry. With an Appendix on the Judgment of the Right Hon. Sir J. Dodson in the appeal Liddell v. Westerton,' 1857. 7. ' A Review of the Judg- ment of Sir John Dodson in the case of Liddell ?>. Westerton,' by C.F.Trower, 1857. 8. 'The Judgment of the Right Hon. Sir J. Dodson, also the Judgment of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in the case of Liddell and Home against Westerton,' by A. F. Bay- ford, 1857. [Law Times, 26 Dec. 1857, p. 198, and 1 May 1858, p. 87 ; Times, 10 Dec. 1857, p. 11, 19 Dec. 1857, p. 9, and 29 April 1858, p. 9 ; Gent. Mag. June 1858, p. 670.] G-. C. B. DODSON, MICHAEL (1732-1799), lawyer, only son of Joseph Dodson, dissent- ing minister at Marlborough, Wiltshire, was born there in September 1732. He was educated at Marlborough grammar school, and then, in accordance with the advice of Sir Michael Foster, justice of the king's bench, was entered at the Middle Temple 31 Aug. 1754. He practised for many years as a special pleader (some of his opinions are among the Museum manuscripts, Add. MS. 6709, ff. 113, 131), but was finally called to the bar 4 July 1783. In 1770 he had been appointed one of the commissioners of bank- ruptcy. This post he held till his death, which took place at his house, Boswell Court, Carey Street, 13 Nov. 1799. In 1778 Dod- son married his cousin, Elizabeth Hawkes of Marlborough. Dodson's legal writings were an edition with notes and references of Sir Michael Foster's * Report of some Proceedings on the Commission for the Trial of Rebels in the year 1746 in the County of Surrey, and of other crown cases ' (3rd edition 1792). In 1795 Dodson wrote a ' Life of Sir Michael Foster.' This, originally intended for the new edition of the ' Biographia Britannica,' was pub- lished in 1811 with a preface by John Disney. Dodson, who was a Unitarian in religion, took considerable interest in biblical studies. In 1790 he published ' A New Translation of Isaiah, with Notes Supplementary to those of Dr. Louth, late Bishop of London. By a Layman.' This led to a controversy, con- ducted with good temper and moderation, with Dr. Sturges, nephew of the bishop, who replied in ' Short Remarks ' (1791), and was in turn answered by Dodson in a ' Letter to the Rev. Dr. Sturges, Author of " Short Remarks," on a New Translation of Isaiah/ Dodson wrote some other theological tracts. [G-eneral Biog. 1802, iii. 416 et seq., contri- buted by Disney ; Brit. Mus. Cat.] F. W-T. DODSWORTH, ROGER (1585-1654), antiquary, son of Matthew Dodsworth, regis- trar of York Cathedral, was born at Newton Grange, Oswaldkirk, Yorkshire, in the house of his maternal grandfather, Ralph Sand with. The date, according to his own account, was 24 July 1585, but the parish register of Oswaldkirk states that he was baptised on 24 April. In 1599 Dodsworth was sent to Archbishop Hutton's school at Warton, Lan- cashire, under Miles Dawson, afterwards vicar of Bolton. In 1605 he witnessed the execu- tion of Walter Calverley [q. v.] at York. At an early age Dodsworth became an antiquary. In 1605 he prepared a pedigree, which is still extant. His father's official connection with York Cathedral gave Dodsworth opportu- nities of examining its archives, and he seems to have made in his youth the acquaintance of the Fairfaxes of Denton, Yorkshire, who encouraged him to persevere in his antiqua- rian pursuits. In September 1611 he married Holcroft, widow of Lawrence Rawsthorne of Hutton Grange, near Preston, Lancashire, and daughter of Robert Hesketh of Rufford, by Mary, daughter of Sir George Stanley. Dods- worth took up his residence at his wife's house at Hutton Grange, and only left it on anti- quarian expeditions. He visited nearly all the churches of Yorkshire ; studied in Lon- don in the library of Sir Robert Cotton ; paid a first visit to the Tower of London in 1623, and in 1646 examined the Clifford Dodsworth 177 Dodsworth papers at Skipton Castle. About 1635 Thomas, first lord Fairfax of Cameron, settled on him a pension of 50/. a year, and in September 1644 he was staying with Francis Nevile at Chevet, Wakefield. Lord Fairfax's son Charles [q. v.] worked with him in his anti- quarian researches. On 2 Oct. 1652 the coun- cil of state gave Dodsworth free access to the records in the Tower, ' he having in hand some- thing of concernment relating to the public ' (Cat. State Papers, 1652, p. 427). He died in August 1654, and was buried at Rufford, Lancashire. His wife died before him. He had by her four children, Robert, Eleanor, Mary, and Cassandra. Robert was educated at Christ's College, Cambridge, and held a benefice at Barton, North Riding of York- shire. Dodsworth published nothing in his life- time, but he designed three works, an Eng- lish baronage, a history of Yorkshire, and a Monasticon Anglicanum. He collected volu- minous notes for all three, but he only put those for the last into shape. While stay- ing with Francis Nevile in 1644 he wrote that he intended to restrict the work to the north of England, and to entitle it a ' Monas- ticon Boreale.' But in his will dated 30 June 1654 he says that his ' Monasticon ' was then at press, and begs John Rushworth to direct its publication. He had borrowed money for this purpose of Lady Wentworth, and ordered his executors to pay to her the yearly pension of 50 which Lord Fairfax had pro- mised to continue for three years after his death. Dodsworth desired the published book to be dedicated to Lord Fairfax, and suggested that l my good friend Mr. Dugdale ' should be invited to frame ' the said epistle and dedication.' This is the sole reference which Dodsworth is known to have made to Dugdale. But Rushworth induced Dugdale to edit Dodsworth's papers, and when the first volume of the ' Monasticon ' was pub- ! lished in 1655, his name is joined with Dods- worth's as one of the compilers. 'A full third part of the collection is mine,' wrote Dugdale, 10 Dec. 1654 (NICHOLS, Illustra- tions, iv. 62), but he hesitated to put his name on the title-page until Rushworth in- sisted on it. The second volume, which was issued in 1661, likewise had both Dodsworth's and Dugdale's names on, the title-page, but the third and last volume bears the name of Dugdale alone, and the whole work is in- variably quoted as Dugdale's. There can, however, be no doubt that Dodsworth de- serves the honour of projecting the great book. Dodsworth's manuscripts were bequeathed to Thomas, third lord Fairfax, the well- VOL. XV. known parliamentary general. In September 1666 Dugdale borrowed eighteen of them, and in 1673 Fairfax deposited 160 volumes in the Bodleian Library. It has been stated that Henry Fairfax, dean of Norwich, son of Dods- worth's fellow-worker Charles Fairfax, was chiefly instrumental in procuring this pre- sentation to Oxford (Atterbury Correspon- dence). The manuscripts were wet when they arrived, and Anthony a Wood, out of 're- spect to the memory of Mr. Dodsworth,' spent a month in drying them ( WOOD, Autobiog. ed. Bliss, Ixxv). They include transcripts of docu- ments and pedigrees, chiefly relating to York- shire churches and families. Extracts from them appear in the Brit. Mus. Harl. MSS. 793- 804. Under the general title of < Dodsworth's Yorkshire Notes ' Dodsworth's notes for the wapentake of Agbrigg were published by the Yorkshire Archaeological Society in 1884. Copies of Lancashire post-mortem inquisi- tions (in Dodsworth's collections) were made by Christopher Towneley, and these have been printed by the Chetham Society (2 vols. 1875-6). Besides the volumes in the Bod- leian, Thoresby possessed a quarto volume of Dodsworth's manuscript notes (Ducat. Leod. p. 533). A second volume is in Queen's College Library, Oxford; a third belonged to George Baker, the Northamptonshire his- torian, and several others were in the pos- session of the last Earl of Cardigan. Drake, the York historian, gave the Bodleian an additional volume in 1736. Thoroton used Dodsworth's manuscripts in his l History of Nottinghamshire,' and Dr. Nathaniel John- ston examined them with a view to writing a history of Yorkshire. Wood describes Dods- worth as l a person of wonderful industry, but less judgment.' Heariie speaks extravagantly of his judgment, sagacity, and diligence (LE- LAND, Collectanea, 1774, vi. 78). Gough and Whittaker are equally enthusiastic. [Rev. Joseph Hunter's Three Catalogues (in- cluding a catalogue of the Dodsworth MSS. and a Memoir), 1838 ; Gough's British Topography, ii. 395 ; Whittaker's Richmondshire, ii. 76 ; Dugdale's Correspondence and Diary ; Markham's Life of the Great Lord Fairfax (1870) ; Wood's Fasti, ed. Bliss, ii. 24 ; information from the Rev. T. Ward, Gussage St. Michael, Cranborne, Dor- setshire. See art. CHARLES FAIRFAX, 1597-1673, infra.] S. L. L. DODSWORTH, WILLIAM (1798-1861), catholic writer, born in 1798, received his education at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1820, M.A. in 1823 (Graduati Cantab, ed. 1873, p. 118). He took orders in the established church, and at first held ' evangelical ' doctrines, but in Dodwell 178 Dodwell course of time, having been drawn to tracta- rianism, he became minister of Margaret Street Chapel, Cavendish Square, London, where he was a popular preacher, his sermons being marked by much stress of thought and simplicity of manner. About 1837 he was appointed perpetual curate of Christ Church, St. Pancras, London. His faith in the church of England was so rudely shaken by the judg- ment in the Gorham case, that he resigned his preferment and joined the Roman catholic church in January 1851. Being married he could not take orders in the church of his adoption, and after his conversion he led a quiet and unobtrusive life as a layman of that community. He died in York Terrace, Regent's Park, on 10 Dec. 1861, leaving seve- ral children by his wife Elizabeth, youngest sister of Lord Churston. Among his numerous works are : 1. ' Ad- vent Lectures,' Lond. 1837, 8vo. 2. < A few Comments on Dr. Pusey 's Letter to the Bishop of London,' Lond. (three editions), 1851, 8vo. 3. ' Further Comments on Dr. Pusey's re- newed Explanation,' Lond. 1851, 8vo. 4. 'An- glicanism considered in its results,' Lond. 1851, 8vo. 5. ' Popular Delusions concerning the Faith and Practice of Catholics,' Lond. 1857, 8vo. 6. * Popular Objections to Catho- lic Faith and Practice considered,' Lond. 1858, 8vo. His portrait has been engraved by W. Walker from a painting by Mrs. Walker. [Tablet, 14 Dec. 1861, p. 801, and 21 Dec. p. 810 ; Browne's Annals of the Tractarian Move- ment, 3rd edit. pp. 175, 193; Oakeley's Hist. Notes on the Tractarian Movement, p. 60 ; Gon- don's Les Recentes Conversions de 1'Angleterre, p. 235 ; Cat. of Printed Books in Brit, Mus. ; Gent. Mag. ccxii. 109 ; Evans's Cat. of Engraved Portraits, No. 15153.] T. C. DODWELL, EDWARD (1767-1832), traveller and archaeologist, born in 1767, was the only son of Edward Dodwell of Moulsey (d. 1828), and belonged to the same family as Henry Dodwell the theologian. He was, educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and graduated B.A. in 1800. He had private means and adopted no profession. In 1801 and again in 1805 and 1806 he travelled in Greece, part of the time in company with Sir W. Gell. He left Trieste in April 1801 , and in his first tour visited Corcyra, Ithaca, Ce- phalonia, &c. Starting from Messina in February 1805 he visited Zakynthus, Patras, Delphi, Lebadeia, Chseronea, Orchomenus, Thebes, &c. At Athens he obtained access to the Acropolis by bribing the Turkish go- vernor and the soldiers, and acquired the name of ' the Frank of many " paras." ' He found vases and other antiquities in several graves opened by him in Attica. He also visited ^Egina, Thessaly, and the Pelopon- nese (including Olympia, Mycenae, Tiryns, and Epidaurus). He opened tombs near Corinth and procured the well-known ' Dod- well Vase ' (with a representation of a boar- hunt on its cover) from a Jew at Corinth. Near Megalopolis he had an encounter with brigands. He had been allowed leave of absence to travel by the government of Bona- parte, in whose hands he was a prisoner, but was compelled to surrender himself at Rome on 18 Sept. 1806. His l Classical Tour,' de- scribing his travels, was not published till 1819. In Greece, Dodwell made four hundred drawings, and Pomardi, the artist who ac- companied him, six hundred. He collected numerous coins in Greece, and formed during his lifetime a collection of classical antiqui- ties (see BRATJN, Notice sur le Musee Dod- well, Rome, 1837), including 115 bronzes and 143 vases. All or most of the vases (in- cluding the ' Dodwell Vase ') went by pur- chase to the Munich Glyptothek. He also sold to the Crown Prince of Bavaria the remarkable bronze reliefs from Perugia and an archaic head of a warrior. A marble head from the west pediment of the Parthenon was once in Dodwell's possession, but has now disappeared. From 1806 Dodwell lived chiefly in Italy, at Naples and Rome. He married Theresa, daughter of Count Giraud, a lady who was at least thirty years his junior, and who after- wards married in 1833 the Count de Spaur. Moore says that he saw in society at Rome (October 1819) ' that beautiful creature, Mrs. Dodwell . . . her husband used to be a great favourite with the pope, who always called him < Caro Doodle.' " Dodwell died at Rome on 13 May 1832 from the effects of an illness contracted in 1830 when exploring in the Sabine mountains. Dodwell visited Greece at a time when it had been but little explored, and his ' Tour,' though diffusely written, and not the work of a first-rate archaeologist, con- tains much interesting matter. His publica- tions are: 1. 'AlcuniBassirilievidellaGrecia descritti e pubblicati in viii tavole,' Rome, 1812, fol. 2. ' A Classical and Topographical Tour through Greece,' 2 vols. London, 1819, 4to (a German translation byF.K. L. Sickler, Meiningen, 1821-2). 3. < Views in Greece, from drawings by E. Dodwell,' coloured plates, with descriptions in English and French, 2 vols. London, 1821, fol. 4. < Views and Descriptions of Cyclopian orPelasgic Remains in Greece and Italy . . . from drawings by E. D.,' London, 1834, fol. (with French text and title, Paris, 1834, fol.) Dodwell 179 Dodwell [Gent. Mag. 1828, vol. xcviii. pt. ii. p. 573, .and 1832, vol. cii. pt. i. p. 649; Dodwell's Classical Tour; Michaelis's Ancient Marbles in Great Britain, 72, 87 ; Encyclop. Britannica, 9th ed. ; Larousse's Diet. Universel, art. ' Dod- well ; ' T. Moore's Memoirs, iii. 52, 64 ; South Kensington Mus. Univ. Cat. Works on Art. ; Brit. Mus. Cat.] W. W. DODWELL, HENRY, the elder (1641- 1711), scholar and theologian, was born in 1641 at Dublin, though both his parents were of English extraction. His father, William Dodwell, was in the army ; his mother was Elizabeth, the daughter of Sir Francis Slings- by. At the time of his birth the Irish rebel- lion, which resulted in the destruction of a large number of protestants, was going on ; and for the first six years of his life he was confined, with his mother, within the city of Dublin, while his father's estate in Connaught was possessed by the rebels. In 1648 the Dodwells came over to England in the hope of finding some help from their friends. They settled first in London and then at York, in the neighbourhood of which city Mrs. Dod- well's brother, Sir Henry Slingsby, resided. For five years Dodwell was educated in the free school at York. His father returned to Ireland to look after his estate, and died of the plague at Waterford in 1650; and his mother soon afterwards fell into a con- sumption, of which she died. The orphan boy was reduced to the greatest straits, from which he was at last relieved, in 1654, by his uncle, Henry Dodwell, the incumbent of Hemley and Newbourne in Suffolk. This kind relation paid his debts, took him into his own house, and helped him in his studies. In 1656 he was admitted into Trinity College, Dublin, and became a favourite pupil of Dr. John Steam, for whom he conceived a deep attachment. He was elected in due time first scholar, and then fellow of the college ; but in 1666 he was obliged to resign his fel- lowship because he declined to take holy orders, which the statutes of the college obliged all fellows to do when they were masters of arts of three years' standing. Bishop Jeremy Taylor offered to use his in- fluence to procure a dispensation to enable Dodwell to hold his fellowship in spite of the statute ; but Dodwell refused the offer because he thought it would be a bad prece- dent for the college. His reasons for declining to take orders were, his sense of the responsi- bility of the sacred ministry, the mean opinion he had of his own abilities, and, above all, a conviction that he could be of more service to the cause of religion and the church as a layman than he could be as a clergyman, who might be suspected of being biassed by self-interest. In 1674 he settled in London, ' as being a place where was variety of learned persons, and which afforded oppor- tunity of meeting with books, both of ancient and modern authors ' (BROZESBY). In 1675 he made the acquaintance of Dr. William Lloyd, afterwards bishop of St. Asaph, and subsequently of Worcester ; and when Dr. Lloyd was made chaplain to the Princess of Orange, he accompanied him into Holland. He was also wont to travel with his friend, when he became bishop, on his visitation tours, and on other episcopal business ; but when Lloyd took the oath of allegiance to William and Mary, and Dodwell declined to do so, there was a breach between the friends which was never healed. He also spent much of his time with the famous Bishop Pearson at Chester. In 1688 he was appointed, without any solicitation on his part, Camden professor or praelector of his- tory at Oxford, and delivered several valuable ' preelections ' in that capacity. But in 1691 he was deprived of his professorship because he refused to take the oath of allegiance to William and Mary. He was told ' by learned counsel that the act seemed not to reach his case, in that he was prelector, not professor ; ' but Dodwell was not the man to take advan- tage of such chances, and, as he had refused to retain his fellowship when he could not conscientiously comply with its conditions, so also he did in the case of the professorship or praelectorship. He still continued to live for some time at Oxford, and then retired to Cookham, near Maidenhead. Thence he re- moved to Shottesbrooke, a village on the other side of Maidenhead. He was persuaded to take up his abode there by Francis Cherry [q. v.], the squire of the place. Cherry and Dodwell used to meet at Maidenhead, whither they went daily, the one from Cookham and the other from Shottesbrooke, to hear the news and to learn what books were newly pub- lished. Being kindred spirits, and holding the same views on theological and political topics, they struck up a great friendship, and Mr. Cherry fitted up a house for his friend near his own. At Shottesbrooke Dodwell spent the remainder of his life. In 1694 he married Ann Elliot, a lady in whose father's house at Cookham he had lodged ; by her he had ten children, six of whom survived him. Cherry and Dodwell, being nonjurors, could not attend their parish church ; they there- fore maintained jointly a nonjuring chaplain, Francis Brokesby [q. v.], who afterwards be- came Dodwell's biographer. But in 1710, on the death of Bishop Lloyd of Norwich, the last but one of the surviving nonjuring prelates, and ' the surrendry of Bishop Ken, there being Dodweli 1 80 Dodvvell not now two claimants of the same altar of which the dispossessed had the better title/ Dodweli, with Cherry and Mr. Robert Nelson, returned to the communion of the established church. They were admitted to communion at St. Mildred's, Poultry, by the excellent Archbishop Sharp. In 1711 Dodweli caught cold in a walk from Shottesbrooke to London, and died from the effects of it. He was uni- versally esteemed as a most pious and learned man ; his views were those of a staunch An- glican churchman, equally removed from puritanism on the one side and Romanism on the other. Thomas Hearne, the antiquary, was brought up at Shottesbrooke partly under his instruction, and constantly refers in his ' Diary ' to ' the great Mr. Dodweli ' as an unimpeachable authority on all points of learning. He speaks of the ' reputation he [Dodweli] had deservedly obtained of being a most profound scholar, a most pious man, and one of y e greatest integrity ; ' and yet more strongly: 'I take him to be the greatest scholar in Europe when he died ; but, what exceeds that, his piety and sanctity were be- yond compare.' His extensive and accurate knowledge won the admiration of some "who had less sympathy than Hearne with his theological and political opinions. Gibbon, for instance, in his * Entraits raisonn^s de mes Lectures,' writes : ' Dodwell's learning was immense ; in this part of history especially (that of the upper empire) the most minute fact or passage could not escape him ; and his skill in employing them is equal to his learn- ing.' This was a subject on which the great historian could speak with authority. That Dodwell's character and attainments were very highly estimated by his contemporaries is shown by testimonies too numerous to be quoted. That he was mainly instrumental in bringing back Robert Nelson to the esta- blished church is one out of many proofs. But that, in spite of his vast learning, his nume- rous works have now fallen into comparative oblivion is not to be wondered at. Gibbon gives one reason : ' The worst of this author is his method and style the one perplexed beyond imagination, the other negligent to a degree of barbarism.' Other reasons may be that the special interest in many of the sub- jects on which Dodweli wrote has died away, and that he was fond of broaching eccentric theories which embarrassed his friends at least as much as his opponents. Bishop Ken, for instance, notices with dismay the strange ideas of 'the excellent Mr. Dodweli,' and even Hearne cannot altogether endorse them. Dodweli had a great veneration for the Eng- lish clergy, and might himself have been de- scribed, with more accuracy than Addison was, as 'a parson in a tye-wig.' All his tastes were clerical, and his theological at- tainments were such as few clergymen have reached. Hearne heard that he was in the habit of composing sermons for his friend Dr. Lloyd ; whether this was so or not, his writings show that he would have been quite in his element in so doing. Dodweli was a most voluminous writer on an immense variety of subjects, in all of which he showed vast learning, great inge- nuity, and, in spite of some eccentricities, great powers of reasoning. His first publica- tion was an edition of his tutor Dr. Steam's work * De Obstinatione,' that is, ' Concerning Firmness and not sinking under Adversities.' Dr. Steam finished the work just before his death, and expressed his dying wish that it should be published under the direction of his old pupil, Dodweli, who accordingly gave it to the world with prolegomena of his own. He next published ' Two Letters of Advice, (1) for the Susception of Holy Orders, (2) for Studies Theological.' These were written in the first instance for the benefit of a son of Bishop Leslie, and a brother of the famous Charles Leslie, who was a friend of Dodwell's at Shottesbrooke. His next publication (1673) was an edition of Francis de Sales's * Intro- duction to a Devout Life.' Dodweli wrote a preface, but did not put his name to the work. In 1675 he wrote ' Some Considera- tions of present Concernment,' in which, like all the high churchmen of the day, he com- bated vehemently the position of the Roman- ists ; and in the following year he published ' Two Discourses against the Papists.' His next publication was an elaborate work, en- titled in full, ' Separation of Churches from Episcopal Government, as practised by the present Nonconformists, proved schismati- cal,' but shortly termed his ' Book of Schism/ This work, of course, stirred up great oppo- sition. Among its opponents was the famous Richard Baxter, who called forth in 1681 Dodwell's ' Reply to Mr. Baxter,' and various other tracts. In 1683 he published ' A Dis- course of the One Altar and the One Priest- hood insisted on by the Ancients in their Disputes against Schism.' This was also oc- casioned by his dispute with Baxter. Two years earlier he added,, to his ' Two Letters of Advice' a tract concerning Sanchonia- thon's * Phoenician History.' In 1682 he pub- lished his ' Dissertations upon St. Cyprian,' undertaken at the desire of the well-known Dr. Fell, bishop of Oxford and dean of Christ Church, the editor of St. Cyprian's works. In 1685 he published a treatise 'De Sa- cerdotio Laicorum' (Of the Priesthood of Laics, against Grotius), again occasioned by Dodwell 181 Dodwell the writings of Baxter; and in 1686 some j dissertations added to those of his deceased I friend, Bishop Pearson, on the succession of the bishops of Rome ; and in 1689, again at the instigation of Dr. Fell, f Dissertations on Irenseus/ which, however, was only a frag- ment of what he intended. In the interval between the suspension and the deprivation of the nonjuring bishops, Dodwell put forth 1 A Cautionary Discourse of Schism, with a particular Regard to the Case of the Bishops who are Suspended for refusing to take the New Oath,' the title of which work tells its own tale. Of course Dodwell's ' caution ' in his ' Cautionary Discourse ' was not heeded ; the bishops were deprived, and Dodwell pre- sently put forth a ' Vindication of the De- prived Bishops.' Next followed a tract which was intended as a preface to the last work, but was afterwards published separately, and entitled ' The Doctrine of the Church of England concerning the Independence of the Clergy in Spirituals,' &c. In 1704 appeared his ' Parsenesis to Foreigners concerning the late English Schism ; ' in 1705, 'A Case in View considered/ ' to show that in case the then invalidly deprived fathers should all leave their sees vacant, either by death or resignation, we should not then be obliged to keep up our separation from those bishops who are in the guilt of that unhappy schism.' In 1710-11 the supposed event occurred, and Dodwell wrote ' The Case in View, now in Fact,' urging the nonjurors to return to the national church; and there is little doubt that these two treatises induced many non- jurors (among whom Dodwell was much looked up to and reverenced) to give up their separation. The last treatise was preceded by * A farther Prospect of the Case in View/ in which Dodwell answers some objections to his first work, especially those which re- lated to joining in what were termed ' im- moral prayers.' For convenience' sake the works of Dodwell which relate to the non- juring controversy have been placed in order ; but he wrote a vast quantity of books bearing upon historical, classical, and theological sub- jects, the principal of which are : ' An Invita- tion to Gentlemen to acquaint themselves with Ancient History ' (1694), being a pre- face to the ' Method of History' by his prede- cessor in the Camden professorship ; ' Annales Thucydideani/ to accompany Dr. Hudson's edition of Thucydides, and ' Annales Xeno- phontiani/ to accompany Dr. Edward Wells's edition of Xenophon (1696) ; ' Annales Vel- leiani, Quintiliani, with two appendices on Julius Celsus and Commodianus ' (1698) ; 1 An Account of the lesser Geographers ' (vol. i. 1698, vol. ii. 1703, vol. iii. 1712, after his death) ; * A Treatise on the Lawfulness of Instrumental Musick in Churches' (1698), occasioned by a dispute about the setting up of an organ in Tiverton church in 1696 ; 'An Apology for Tully's (Cicero's) Philo- sophical Writings ' (1702) ; * A Discourse against Marriages in different Communions ' (1702), in support of his friend Charles Leslie's views on the subject ; also in 1702 a work ' De Cyclis/ being an elaborate account of the Greek and Roman cycles ; ' A Discourse concerning the Time of Phalaris' (1704), a contribution towards the great controversy between Bentley and Boyle on the subject, and also ' A Discourse concerning the Time of Pythagoras ; ' a treatise ' Against Occa- sional Communion ' (1705), when the famous 1 occasional conformity '* dispute was raging ; 'Incense no Apostolical Tradition' (dated 1709, published 1711) ; 'An Epistolary Dis- course concerning the Soul's Immortality/ in which he maintains that the soul was made immortal in holy baptism ; ' Notes on an Inscription on Julius Vitalis and that on Menonius Calistus, and on Dr. Woodward's Shield.' This last was published after Dod- well's death, as were also the letters which passed between him and Bishop Burnet. He also left several other unfinished works. [Life of Mr. Henry Dodwell, with'an Account of his Works, &c., by Francis Brokesby, B.D., 1715; Thomas Hearne's Diaries passim, and Dod- well's Works passim ; information from the Rev. H. Dodwell Moore, vicar of Honington, and others connected with the Dodwell family.] J. H. 0. DODWELL, HENRY, the younger (d. 1784), deist, fourth child and eldest son of Henry Dodwell [q. v.], was born at Shottes- brooke, Berkshire, probably about the be- ginning of the eighteenth century. He was educated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, where he proceeded B.A. 9Feb. 1726. Subsequently he studied law. He is said to have been ' a polite, humane, and benevolent man/ and to have taken a very active part in the early proceedings of the Society for the Encourage- ment of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce. But the one circumstance which alone has rescued his name from oblivion was the pub- lication of a very remarkable pamphlet in 1742, entitled l Christianity not founded on Argument.' The work was published anony- mously, but Dodwell was well known to be the author. It was professedly written in defence of Christianity, and many thought at the time, and some think even still, that it was written in all seriousness. But its tendency obviously is to reduce Christianity to an absurdity, and, judging from the internal evidence of the work, the writer appears to have been far too keen- sighted a man not to perceive that this must Dodwell 182 Dodwell be the conclusion arrived at by those who ac- cept his arguments. To understand his work, it must be remembered that ' reasonableness ' was the keynote to all the discussions re- specting theology in the first half of the eighteenth century. The pamphlet appeared towards the close of the deistical controversy, after the deists had been trying to prove for half a century that a belief in revealed reli- gion was unreasonable, and the orthodox that it was reasonable. In opposition to both, Dodwell maintained that ' assent to revealed truth, founded upon the conviction of the understanding, is a false and unwarrantable notion;' that ' that person best enjoys faith who never asked himself a question about it, and never dwelt at all on the evidence of reason ; ' that ' the Holy Ghost irradiates the souls of believers at once with an irresistible light from heaven that flashes conviction in a moment, so that this faith is completed in an instant, and the most perfect and finished creed produced at once without any tedious progress in deductions of our own ; ' that ' the rational Christian must have begun as a scep- tic; must long have doubted whether the gospel was true or false. And can this,' he asks, ' be the faith that overcometh the world ? Can this be the faith that makes a martyr ? ' After much more to the same effect, he con- cludes, ' therefore, my son, give thyself to the Lord with thy whole heart, and lean not to thy own understanding.' At the time when Dodwell wrote the re- action had begun to set in against this ex- altation of * reason ' and a ( reasonable Chris- tianity.' William Law had written his ' Case of Reason,' &c., in which he strives to show that reason had no case at all, and Dodwell's 1 pamphlet seems like a travesty of that very able work. The methodists had begun to ! preach with startling effects the doctrines of the ' new birth ' and instantaneous conversion, and some of them hailed the new writer as a valuable ally, and recommended him as such to John Wesley. But Wesley was far too clear-sighted not to see the real drift of the work. ' On a careful perusal,' he writes, ' of that piece, notwithstanding my prejudice in its favour, I could not but perceive that the great design uniformly pursued throughout the work was to render the whole of the Christian institution both odious and con- temptible. His point throughout is to prove that Christianity is contrary to reason, or that no man acting according to the princi- ples of reason can possibly be a Christian. It is a wonderful proof of the power that smooth words may have even on serious minds that so many have mistook such a writer as this for a friend of Christianity' (Earnest Appeal to Men of Reason and Reliffion, p. 14). This- was the general view taken of the work, though Seagrave (a Cambridge methodist of repute), as well as other methodists, thought otherwise, and some mystics, John Byrom for instance, and even so powerful a reasoner as William Law, were doubtful about the writer's object. He was answered by Philip Dod- dridge, who calls the work ' a most artful attempt, in the person of a methodist, but made indeed by a very sagacious deist, to sub- vert Christianity,' and says ' it is in high re- putation among the nobility and gentry ; ' by John Leland, who not only devoted a chapter to it in his 'View of the Deistical Writers/ but also wrote a separate work on it, entitled 1 Remarks on a late Pamphlet entitled Chris- tianity not founded on Argument' (1744) ; by Dr. George Benson, in an elaborate work, en- titled ' The Reasonableness of the Christian. Religion as delivered in the Scriptures ' (1743) ; by Dr. Thomas Randolph, in ' The Christian Faith a Rational Assent ' (1744), and by the writer's own brother, William Dodwell [q. v.] r in two sermons preached before the university of Oxford (1745). The work is undoubtedly a very striking one, and hits a blot in th& theology both of the deists and their anta- gonists. He died in 1784. [Dodwell's Christianity not founded on Argu- ment ; Hunt's Religious Thought in England ; Abbey and Overton ; information privately re- ceived from the Rev. Henry Dodwell Moore, vicar of Honington, and others connected with the Dodwell family.] J. H. 0. DODWELL, WILLIAM (1709-1785), archdeacon of Berks and theological writer, born at Shottesbrooke, Berkshire, on 17 June 1709, was the second son and fifth child of Henry Dodwell the elder, the nonjuror [q. v.] He was educated at Trinity College, Oxford, where he took his degree of M.A. in 1732. On 27 Nov. 1740 he was married at Bray Church to Elizabeth Brown, by whom he had a large family, one of whom married Thomas Ridding, a relation of the present bishop of South- well. Dodwell became rector of his native place, Shottesbrooke, and vicar of White Waltham and Bucklesbury. Dr. Sherlock, when bishop of Salisbury, gave him a pre- bendal stall in Salisbury Cathedral, and he afterwards obtained a residentiary canonry in the same church. Another bishop of Salis- bury, Dr. Thomas, made him archdeacon of Berks ; and some years before this (23 Feb. 1749-50 Dr. Thomas did not become bishop- of Salisbury until 1761 ) the university of Ox- ford conferred upon him the degree of D.D by diploma, in recognition of his services to religion by his answer to Dr. Middletoiu Dodwell 183 Dogget Dodwell, like his father, was a keen contro- versialist, and measured swords with some of the most eminent men of his day, such as Conyers Middleton, William Romaine, "William Whiston, and others. He was also a voluminous writer on other subjects, all connected with religion, though his own writings have now all passed out of remem- brance. He died 23 Oct. 1785. His works, so far as can be ascertained, were as fol- lows : 1. l Two Sermons on the Eternity of Future Punishment,' in answer to William Whiston, Oxford, 1743. 2. ' A Visitation Ser- mon on the desirableness of the Christian Faith,' published at the request of Bishop Sherlock, Oxford, 1744. 3. 'Two Sermons on 1 Pet. iii. 15 on the Nature, Procedure, and Effects of a Rational Faith, preached be- fore the University of Oxford, 11 March and 24 June 1744,' published at Oxford 1745; these were written specially in answer to his brother's ' Christianity not founded on Argu- ment.' 4. ' Sermon on the Practical Influence of the Doctrine of the Holy Trinity,' Oxford, 1745. 5. ' Dissertation on Jephthah's Vow, occasioned by Rev. William Romaine's Ser- mon on the subject,' London, 1745. 6. ' Prac- tical Discourses (14) on Moral Subjects,' vol. i. London, 1748, dedicated to his patron, Arthur Vansittart, esq., of Shottesbrooke ; vol. ii. 1749, dedicated to Bishop Sherlock, ' whose unsolicited testimony of favour to him laid him under personal obligations. ' 7 . ' Free Answer to Dr. Middleton's Free Inquiry into the Miraculous Powers of the Primitive Church,' London, 1749. 8. ' Assize Sermon on Human Laws,' Oxford, 1750. 9. ' Reply to Mr. Toll's Defence of Dr. Middleton's Free Inquiry,' London, 1751. 10. ' Sermon on St. Paul's wish,' Oxford, 1752. 11. ' Two Sermons on Superstition,' Oxford, 1754. 12. ' Letter to the Author of Considerations on the Act to prevent Clandestine Marriages,' with a postscript occasioned by Stebbing's ' En- quiry into the Annulling Clauses in Lon- don,' 1755, by a country clergyman. 13. ' Two Sermons on the Doctrine of Divine Visita- tion by Earthquakes,' Oxford, 1756. 14. ' As- size Sermon on the equal and impartial dis- charge of Justice,' Oxford, 1756. 15. * Assize Sermon on the False Witness,' Oxford, 1758. 16. ' Sermon at the Meeting of the Charity Schools,' London, 1758. 17. ' Two Sermons on a Particular Providence,' Oxford, 1760. 18. ' Sermon before the Sons of the Clergy,' London, 1760. 19. < Charge to the Clergy of the Archdeaconry of Berks,' London, 1764. 20. * Sermon at the Consecration of Bishop Moss (St. David's) in 1766,' London, 1767. 21. 'The Sick Man's Companion; or the Clergyman's Assistant in Visiting the Sick, with a Dissertation on Prayer,' London, 1767. 22. ' Prayer on Laying the Foundation Stone of Salisbury Infirmary,' subjoined to Dean Graves's Infirmary Sermon,' Salisbury, 1767. 23. ' Infirmary Sermon,' Salisbury, 1768. 24. ' Three Charges on the Athanasian Creed/ Oxford University Press, 1802, published by Dodwell's eldest son, the Rev. Henry Dod- well, rector of Harlaxton and Colsterworth in Lincolnshire, at the request of some Oxford friends. [ William Dodwell's Works passim ; G ent. Mag. 1803, pt. ii. 1138-9 (where the fullest list of works is given by Dr. Loveday) ; information privately given by the Rev. H. Dodwell Moore, vicar of Honington, and others connected with the Dodwell family.] J. H. 0. DOGGET, JOHN (d. 1501), provost of King's College, Cambridge, a native of Sher- borne, Dorsetshire, was a nephew of Cardinal Bourchier. From Eton he passed to King's College in 1451, and on 22 Sept. 1459, being then M.A. and fellow of his college, he was ordained acolyte and subdeacon by William Grey, the then bishop of Ely. Having been admitted to full orders in 1460, he became prebendary of Roscombe in the church of Sarum, and on 22 Jan. 1473-4 prebendary of Clifton in the church of Lincoln (LE NEVE, Fasti, ed. Hardy, ii. 132) ; was collated pre- bendary of Rampton in the church of South- well on 18 Feb., and admitted on 16 March 1474-5, a preferment he resigned in February 1488-9 (ib. iii. 453), and was advanced to the stall of Chardstock in the church of Sarum in 1475. Elected treasurer of the church of Chichester in 1479 (ib. i. 268), he was ap- pointed on 17 April in that year one of four ambassadors to the pope, Sixtus IV, and the princes of Sicily and Hungary, and on 5 July 1480 was employed in an embassy to the king of Denmark, being the first person named in the commission (HARDY, Syllables ofRymer's Fcedera, ii. 7 1 1 ) . On 8 Feb. 1485-6 he became chancellor of the church of Sarum (LE NEVE, ii. 651), on which occasion he re- signed the prebend of Bitton in that church. In 1483 he was chaplain to Richard III, and vicar-general of the diocese of Sarum, and became chancellor of the church of Lich- field on 13 Feb. 1488-9 (ib. i. 585). He was created doctor of canon law at Bo- logna, and obtained in 1489 a grace for his incorporation at Cambridge ' whensoever he should return thereto.' In 1 491, when rector of Eastbourne, Sussex, his rectory-house and buildings were burnt to the ground and he lost 600/. About 1494 he was master of the Holy Trinity at Arundel (TiERNEr, Hist, of Arundel, pp. 639-40). On 10 April Doggett 184 Doggett 1499 he was elected provost of King's College (LE NEVE, iii. 683), and during the same year was, it is said, archdeacon of Chester. Dogget died in April 1501, and was buried in Salisbury Cathedral. His will, bearing date 4 March 1500-1, was proved on the following 22 May (reg. in P. C. C. 16, Moone). I Therein he mentions his nephew John Huet. He founded a chapel at Sherborne, on the south side of St. Mary's churchyard (LELAND, Itinerary, ed. Hearne, 2nd edit. ii. 49, iii. 110), and was a benefactor to King's College. He is author of ' Examinatorium in Phae- donem Platonis,' a vellum manuscript of, ninety-seven leaves, inscribed to Cardinal Bourchier. It is Addit. MS. 10344. [Cooper's Athense Cantab., i. 5, 520, and au- thorities cited ; Harwood's Alumni Eton., pp. 35, 108.] GK G. DOGGETT, THOMAS (d. 1721), actor, was born in Castle Street, Dublin. After an unsuccessful appearance at Dublin he joined a travelling company, and found his way to London, playing among other places at Bar- tholomew Fair, at Parker and Doggett's booth near Hosier End, in a droll entitled * Fryar Bacon, or the Country Justice.' His first recorded appearance took place in 1691 at Drury Lane, then the Theatre Royal, as Nin- compoop in D'Urfey's ' Love for Money, or the Boarding School.' The following year he was the original Solon in the ' Marriage Hater Match'd ' of the same author. In these two parts he established himself in public favour. In 1693 he appeared as Fondle- wife in the ' Old Bachelor ' of Congreve. Other parts in forgotten plays of Bancroft, Southerne, Crowne, &c., followed. When in 1695 the theatre in Little Lincoln's Inn Fields was opened by Betterton [q.v.], Doggett 'cre- ated' in the opening performance Ben in * Love for Love,' which Congreve is reported to have shaped with a view to Doggett. Downes says of him : ' On the stage he's very aspectabund, wearing a farce on his face, his thoughts deliberately framing his utterance congruous to his look. He is the only comic original now extant. Witness Ben, Solon, Nikin, the Jew of Venice, &c.' (Roscius An- glicanus, 1708, p. 52). In 1696 he played, among other parts, Young Hob in his own solitary dramatic production, ' The Country Wake,' Vaunter in the 'She Gallants' of George Gran ville, lord Lansdowne, Sapless in Dilke's ' Lover's Luck,' and in 1697, at Drury Lane, Mass Johnny, a schoolboy, in Gibber's 1 Woman's Wit,' Bull Senior in ' A Plot and No Plot,' by Dennis, and Learchus in Vanbrugh's ' ^Esop.' For the three following years he disappears from London. It seems probable that this time was spent in revisiting Dublin. Hitchcock (7mA Stage, i. 23) states that many performers of eminence, including Doggett, visited Ireland during the management of Ashbury subsequent to 1692. In 1701 at Lin- coln's Inn Fields he played Shylock to the Bassanio of Betterton in the ' Jew of Venice,' an adaptation by Lord Lansdowne of the ' Merchant of Venice,' in which Shylock is exhibited as a comic character. Between this period and 1706 he was the original of several characters. Duringthe seasons 1706-7, 1707- 1708 he was not engaged, and was possibly on tour. Tony Aston met him in Norwich. On 1 March 1708, for Cibber's benefit, he played at Drury Lane Ben in ' Love for Love,' and was announced on the bills as to act but six times. On 13 April 1709 he took part in the famous benefit of Betterton, playing once more Ben, acting on one occasion only. In 1709-10 Doggett with Cibber and Wilks joined Swiney in the management of the Hay- market. To Doggett's objection it was due that Mrs. Oldfield was not also in the manage- ment. Doggett, who looked after the finances of the partnership, now recommenced to act, the parts he played at the Haymarket in this season comprising Marplot, Tom Thimble in the f Rehearsal,' Dapper in the ' Alchemist,' First Gravedigger in ' Hamlet,' &c. At Drury Lane, in the management of which he was associated with Collier, and afterwards with Steele, and at the Haymarket he con- tinued to play until 1713, whenhe retiredfrom the stage, the last part he ' created ' being Major Cadwallader in Charles Shadwell's ' The Hu- mours of the Army,' 29 Jan. 1713. When, at the beginning of the season 1713- 1714, a new license was issued in which the name of Barton Booth was by order added to those of Wilks, Cibber, and Doggett, a diffi- culty arose with regard to the disposal of the property belonging to the original partners. On this question Doggett dissociated himself from his fellows, and ceased to act. He in- sisted, however, on his full share of the profits. Refusing the half share offered him by Wilks and Cibber, he commenced proceedings in chancery, and after two years' delay got a verdict, by which, according to Cibber, he ob- tained much less than had been offered him. On 11 Nov. 1713 he played at Drury Lane Sir Tresham Cash in the ' Wife's Relief of Charles Johnson. In 1717 he appeared three times at Drury Lane. He played Ben, by command of George I, in ' Love for Love,' 25 March, and, again by royal command, Hob in his own comedy, 'The Country Wake,' 1 April. In the latter part of October 1721, ac- cording to Genest, 21 Sept. according to Reed's 'MS. Notitia Dramatica,' 22 Sept. according to Doggett 185 Dogmael Bellchambers's * Notes to Gibber's Apology,' lie died, and was buried at Eltham. Doggett was a strong Hanoverian. On 1 Aug. 1716 appeared a notice : * This being the day of his majesty's happy accession to the throne, there will be given by Mr. Doggett an orange colour livery with a badge representing liberty, to be rowed for by six watermen that are out of their time within the year past. They are to row from London Bridge to Chelsea. It will be continued annually on the same day for ever,' The custom is still maintained, the management of the funds left by Doggett being in the disposition of the Fishmongers' Company. Colley Cibber bears a handsome tribute toDoggett's merits as an actor, stating that i he was the most an original and the strictest observer of nature of all his contem- poraries. He borrowed from none of them, his manner was his own ; he was a pattern to others whose greatest merit was that they had sometimes tolerably imitated him. In dressing a character to the greatest exactness he was remarkably skilful. . . . He could be extremely ridiculous without stepping into the least impropriety to make him so ' {Apo- logy, ed. Bellchambers, 422-3) . Cibber speaks of the great admiration of Congreve for Dog- gett. In private affairs Doggett is said to have been ' a prudent, honest man' (p. 323), and obstinate in standing upon his rights. A story is told of his resisting successfully an attempted act of oppression on the part of the lord chamberlain. Tony Aston, in his ' Supplement to Colley Cibber,' pp. 14, 15, tells of an attempt of Doggett to play Phorbas in 'CEdipus,' which was interrupted by laugh- ter, and closed his progress in tragedy. He calls him l a lively, spract man, of very good sense, but illiterate.' Steele in a letter tells him, ' I have always looked upon you as the best of comedians/ Numerous references to Doggett are found in the 'Tatler'and the * Spectator.' Doggett's one comedy, ' The Country Wake,' 4to, 1690, is a clever piece, the authorship of which, on no good autho- rity, has been assigned to Cibber. It was re- duced by Cibber into a ballad farce, entitled ' Flora, or Hob in the Well,' which was played so late as 1823. According to George Daniel (Merrie Eng- land, ii. 18), the only portrait known is a small print representing him dancing the Cheshire Round, with the motto * Ne sutor ultra crepidam.' This print Daniel repro- duces. A memoir appears in Webb's ' Com- pendium of Irish Biography,' Dublin, 1878, p. 153. A portrait of Doggett is in the read- ing-room of the Garrick Club. It shows him with a fat face and small twinkling eye, but is of dubious authority. [Books cited ; Genest's Account of the English Stage ; Biographia Dramatica ; Doran's Their Majesties' Servants ; Notes and Queries, 2ndser. v. 237, vii. 409, 471, 6th ser. ii. 269, x. 349,437, xi. 319.] J. K. DOGHERTY. [See also DOCHARTY and DOUGH ARTY.] DOGHERTY, THOMAS (d. 1805), legal writer, was an Irishman of humble origin, educated at a country school, who removed to England, and became clerk to Mr. Foster Bower, an eminent pleader. After passing upwards of sixteen years in this capacity, studying law industriously, and making from his master's manuscripts, and those of Sir Joseph Yates and Sir Thomas Davenport, vast collections of precedents and notes, he, on Bower's advice, became a member of Gray's Inn and special pleader about 1785. For some years he held the office of clerk of indictments on the Chester circuit. He wore himself out with hard work, and died at his chambers in Clifford's Inn 29 Sept. 1805, leaving a large family ill provided for. He wrote, in 1787, the ' Crown Circuit Assistant,' in 1790 and 1799 edited the sixth and seventh editions of the ( Crown Circuit Companion,' and in 1800 brought out an edition of Hale's * Pleas of the Crown.' [Law List ; Gent. Mag. 1805.] J. A. H. DOGMAEL, also called DOGVAEL, SAINT (6th cent.), was an early Welsh saint. Of his life and date no authentic particulars are recorded, though the numerous churches de- dicated to and reputed to be founded by him are ample evidence of the fact of his exist- ence. He is said in the ' Achau y Saint ' to have been the son of Ithael, the son of Cere- dig, the son of Cunedda, the famous legen- dary Gwledig. He was the founder, as was said, of St. Dogmael's in Cemmes, opposite Cardigan, on the left bank of the lower Teivi ; but the Benedictine priory at that place was the foundation of Martin of Tours, the Nor- man conqueror of Cemmes, in the earlier half of the twelfth century. This does not pre- vent an early Celtic foundation from having been on the same spot. The other churches con- nected with Dogmael's name are St. Dogwel's in Pebidiog, Monachlogddu, and Melinau, all, like the more famous foundation, in the mo- dern Pembrokeshire, which may therefore be regarded as the region of the saint's life and chief cultus. He is said to have been also the patron saint of Llanddogwel in Anglesey. His festival is on 14 June. [K. Rees's Welsh Saints, p. 211; Achau y Saint in W. J. Rees's Lives of Cambro-British Saints, p. 265 ; Acta Sanctorum (June), iii. 436 (Paris, 1867); Dugdale's Monasticon, iv. 128- 132, ed. Caley, Ellis, and Bandinel.] T. F. T. Doharty 186 Doig DOHARTY, JOHN (1677-1755), ma- ! Cat. of Dublin Graduates ; Smyth's Law Officers thematician. [See DOTJGHARTY.] ! of Ireland.] B. H. B. DOHERTY, JOHN (1783-1850), chief justice of Ireland, born in 1783, son of John Doherty of Dublin, was educated in Trinity College, where he graduated B.A. 1806, and LL.D. 1814. He was called to the Irish bar in 1808, joining the Leinster circuit, and re- ceived his silk gown in 1823. His progress in the legal profession was not rapid, though he was generally allowed to be a man of very clear intellect, with great powers of wit and oratory. From 1824 to 1826 he was repre- sentative in parliament for the borough of New Ross, county Wexford; and at the general election in the latter year he was returned, by the influence of the Ormonde family, for the city of Kilkenny, in opposi- tion to Pierce Somerset Butler. He became solicitor-general on 18 June 1827, during the administration of Canning, to whom he was related on his mother's side, and was re- elected for Kilkenny against the same op- ponent as before ; in 1828 he was elected a bencher of the King's Inns, Dublin ; and on 23 Dec. 1830 he was appointed lord chief justice of the court of common pleas, with a seat in the privy council, on the promotion of Lord Plunket to the lord chancellorship of Ireland. As a judge he was calm and pains- taking, but his knowledge of the law as a science was not thought to be very profound. He was much more in his element in the House of Commons, and there he had soon become a successful debater, taking a leading part on all Irish questions, and gaining the commendation of such men as Brougham, Wilberforce, and Manners Sutton. He had a commanding figure, a fine voice, elegant dic- tion, and great fluency. His encounters in the house with O'Connell were frequent. He especially distinguished himself against O'Connell in the debate on ' the Doneraile conspiracy,' 15 May 1830. An overwhelm- ing majority pronounced in his favour, and Lord Althorp and other good judges of the question expressed their firm conviction of the injustice of the charges advanced against him. Sir Robert Peel in 1834 wished him to retire from the judicial bench, with the view of resuming his position in the house, and subsequently a rumour very widely prevailed of his own anxiety to try his debating powers in the House of Lords. Unsuccessful specu- lations in railways suddenly deprived him of a large fortune, and he never fairly rallied from the consequent depression. He died at Beaumaris, North Wales, 8 Sept, 1850. [Gent. Mag. 1850, xxxiv. new ser. pt. ii. 658; Annual Register, 1850, xcii. chron. 266 ; Todd's DOIG, DAVID (1719-1800), philologist, | was born at Monifieth, Forfarshire, in 1719. 1 His father, who was a small farmer, died while he was an infant, and his mother married again. The stepfather, however, 1 treated him kindly. From a defect of eye- , sight he did not learn to read till his twelfth ! year, but such was his quickness that in three [ years he was successful in a Latin competi- tion for a bursary at the university of St. Andrews. Having finished the classical and philosophical course with distinction and 1 proceeded B.A., he commenced the study of divinity, but scruples regarding the West- minster Confession of Faith prevented him from entering the ministry. He had taught, ! from 1749, the parochial schools of Monifieth, his birthplace, and of Kennoway and Falk- land in Fifeshire, when his growing reputa- tion gained for him the rectorship of the grammar school of Stirling, which office he continued to fill with rare ability for upwards of forty years. In addition to Greek and Latin Doig had mastered Hebrew and Arabic, and was generally well read in the history and literature of the East. The university of Glasgow conferred on him the honorary i degree of LL.D., and on the same day he ! received from St. Andrews his diploma as | M.A. He was also elected a fellow of the 1 Royal Society of Edinburgh, and a fellow of ! the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. Doig's first known appearance in print was some twenty pages of annotation on the 1 ' Gaberlunzie-man,' inserted in an edition of 1 that and another old Scottish poem, 'Christ's 1 Kirk on the Green,' which was published in ! 1782 by his friend and neighbour John Cal- | lander of Craigforth. After an interval of I ten years he published ' Two Letters on the Savage State, addressed to the late Lord 1 Kaims,'4to, London, 1792, in which he seeks I to refute the judge's not very original views as to the primitive condition of the human race, propounded in the l Sketches of the ; History of Man,' 1774. The first of these ! letters, written in 1775, was sent to Lord ! Kaimes, who was passing the Christmas vaca- i tion at Blair Drummond, a few miles from i Stirling, and who was much struck with the i learning, ability, and fairness of his anony- 1 mous correspondent. Having soon discovered the writer, he invited him to dinner next i day, ; when,' writes Ty tier (Lord Woodhouse- J lee), a mutual friend, ' the subject of their controversy was freely and amply discussed ; and though neither of them could boast of making a convert of his antagonist, a cordial Doket 187 Doket friendship took place from that day, and a literary correspondence began, which suffered no interruption during their joint lives' (TYTLER, Memoirs of Lord Kaimes, 2nd edit., ii. 185-93). Lord Kaimes survived until 1782. Doig's next publication was entitled * Extracts from a Poem on the Prospect from Stirling Castle. I. The Vision. II. Carmore and Orma, a love tale. III. The Garden. IV. The King's Knot. V. Three Hymns, Morning, Noon, and Evening,' 4to, Stirling, 1796. Besides his separate works Doig con- tributed to vol. iii. of the ' Transactions ' of the Royal Society of Edinburgh a dissertation ' On the Ancient Hellenes/ A continuation which he forwarded to the society was lost and never appeared. He also wrote in the third edition of the 'Encyclopaedia Bri- tannica' the articles on ' Mythology,' ' Myste- ries,' and ' Philology.' They attracted great attention, and brought their author into cor- respondence with some of the most eminent scholars of that day, among whom were Dr. William Vincent, afterwards dean of West- minster, and Jacob Bryant. Doig, who was married and left issue, died at Stirling on 16 March 1800, aged 81. A mural tablet, with an inscription in com- memoration of his virtues and learning, was raised by his friend John Ramsay of Ochter- tyre. The town of Stirling also erected a , marble monument to his memory, which | contains a Latin epitaph written by himself. | Besides Latin and English poems Doig left many treatises in manuscript. A list of the j more important is given in t Encyclopaedia Britannica,' 8th edit. viii. 92. [Dr. David Irving in Encyclopaedia Britannica, 8th edit., viii. 90-2, reprinted in the same author's Lives of Scottish Writers, ii. 313-24 ; The New Statistical Account of Scotland, vol. viii. (Stir- ling) 422, ix. (Fife) 933, xi. (Forfar) 556 ; Tytler's Memoirs of Lord Kaimes, 2nd edit. ii. 185-93; Nimmo's Hist, of Stirlingshire, 3rd edit. ii. 63- 65 ; Chambers's Biog. Diet, of Eminent Scots- men (ed. Thomson), i. 449-50 ; Anderson's Scot- tish Nation, ii. 39-40 ; Conolly's Biog. Diet, of Eminent Men of Fife.] G. G. DOKET or DUCKET, ANDREW (d. 1484), first president of Queens' College, Cam- bridge, was, according to Dr. Caius and Arch- bishop Parker, principal of St. Bernard's Hostel, of which he may probably have been the founder, and certainly was the owner. Before 1439 he was presented by Corpus Christi College to the vicarage of St. Botolph, Cambridge, of which, on the restoration of the great tithes, he became rector 21 Oct. 1444. He resigned the rectory in 1470. Subse- quently he was made one of the canons or pre- bendaries of the royal chapel of St. Stephen's, Westminster,which preferment he exchanged in 1479 with Dr. Walter Oudeby for the pro- vostship of the collegiate church of Cotter- stock, near Oundle. In July 1467 Doket was collated to the prebend of Ryton in Lichfield Cathedral, which he exchanged for the chan- cellorship of the same church in 1470, an office which he resigned 6 July 1476 (LE NEVE, ed. Hardy, i. 584, 622). Fuller calls him ' a friar,' but for this there appears to be no foundation beyond the admission of himself and his society into the confraternity of the Franciscans or Grey Friars in 1479. The great work of Doket's life was the foun- dation of the college, which, by his prudent administration and his adroit policy in se- curing the patronage of the sovereigns of the two rival lines, developed from very small beginnings into the well-endowed society of Queens' College, Cambridge. The founda- tion of King's College by Henry VI in 1440 appears to have given the first impulse to Doket's enterprise. In December 1446 he obtained a royal charter for a college, to consist of a president and four fellows. Eight months later, Doket having in the mean- while obtained a better site for his proposed buildings, this charter was cancelled at his own request, and a second issued by the king 21 Aug. 1447, authorising the refoundation of the college on the new site, under the name of ' the College of St. Bernard of Cam- bridge.' With a keen sense of the advan- tages of royal patronage, Doket secured the protection of the young queen Margaret of Anjou for his infant college, which was a second time refounded by her, and, with an emulation of her royal consort's noble bounty, received from her the designation of 'the Queen's College of St. Margaret and St. Ber- nard.' There is no direct evidence of Mar- giret having given any pecuniary aid to oket's design, but Henry VI granted 200/. to it as being the foundation of his 'most dear and best beloved wife,' and the names of some of her court appear on the roll of benefactors. The foundation-stone was laid for the queen by Sir John Wenlock, her chamber- lain, 15 April 1448, and the quadrangle was approaching completion when the outbreak of the wars of the Roses put a temporary stop to the undertaking. Upon the resto- ration of tranquillity, Doket, opportunely transferring his allegiance to the house of York, succeeded in persuading the new queen, Elizabeth Woodville [q. v.], to replace the support he had lost by accepting the patro- nage of the foundation of her unfortunate predecessor and former mistress. Doket was no stranger to the new queen, who must Doket 188 Dolben have felt a woman's pride in carrying to a conclusion a scheme in which Margaret had exhibited so much interest, and which had naturally spread to the ladies of her household. Elizabeth described herself as ' vera funda- trix jure successionis,' and though there is no documentary evidence of her having helped it with money, the prosperity of the college was due to her influence with her husband, and she gave it the first code of statutes in 1475. As owing its existence to two queens- consort, the college was henceforth known as ' Queens' College,' in the plural. Doket's policy in steering his young foundation so successfully through the waves of contend- ing factions fully warrants Fuller's character of him as ' a good and discreet man, who, with no sordid but prudential compliance, so poised himself in those dangerous times be- twixt the successive kings of Lancaster and York that he procured the favour of both, and so prevailed with Queen Elizabeth, wife to King Edward IV, that she perfected what her professed enemy had begun' (Hist, of Univ. of Cambr. ed. 1840, p. 162). Doket also succeeded in ingratiating himself with the king's brother, Richard, and obtained his patronage and liberal aid. As Duke of Gloucester, he founded four fellowships, and during his short tenure of the throne largely increased the emoluments of the college by grants of lands belonging (in right of her mother) to his Queen Anne, who had accepted the position of foundress and patroness of this college. These estates were lost to the college on the accession of Henry VII. The endowments were also augmented by Doket's offer to place the names of deceased persons on the bede-roll of the college in return for a gift of money. Doket governed his college prudently and successfully for thirty-eight years, having lived long enough to see his small foundation of four fellows grow into a flourish- ing society of seventeen, and his college richly endowed and prosperous under the patronage of three successive sovereigns. Hedied4Nov. 1484. His age is not stated, but he was pro- bably about seventy-four. His will, dated 2 Nov. of the same year, is printed by Mr. Searle in his history of the college (p. 56). He was buried by his desire in the choir of his college chapel, ' where the lessons are read.' His gravestone with the matrix of his incised effigy existed in Cole's time (c. 1777), but it has now disappeared (Cole MSS. ii. 17, viii. 124). As he is styled ' magister ' to the last, he was probably not doctor either in divinity or in any other faculty. Mr. Mullin- ger writes of him : ' We have evidence which would lead us to conclude that he was a hard student of the canon law, but nothing to indicate that he was in any way a pro- moter of the new learning, which already before his death was beginning to be heard of at Cambridge ' ( Univ. of Cambr. i. 317). In spite of the great names which add dignity and ornament to the foundation of the college, there can be no doubt that Doket must be re- garded as the true founder of Queens' College, and that the words of Caius express the simple truth, that ' his labour in building the college and procuring money was so great that there are those who esteem the magnificent work to have been his alone' (Hist.Acad. Cant. 70), so that he is justly styled in the history of benefactors 'primus presidens ac dignissimus fundator hujus collegii.' He made a catalogue of the library of his college, consisting of 299 volumes, in 1472, and also an inventory of the chapel furniture in the same year. [Searle's Hist, of the Queens' College of St. Margaret and St. Bernard, pp. 2-104, issued by the Cambridge Antiquarian Society, 1867 ; Mul- linger's Univ. of Cambr. vol. i. ; Fuller's Hist, of Univ. of Cambr. pp. 161-3 ; Willis and Clark's Architectural Hist, of Univ. of Cambr. i. Ixii-v, ii. 1-11, iii. 438.] E. V. DOLBEN, DAVID (1581-1633), bishop of Bangor, born in 1581 at Segrwyd, near Denbigh, was of a respectable family of some position, whose names constantly occur in the municipal and commercial records of that town. His father's name was Robert Wynn Dolben. In 1602 he was admitted into St. John's College, Cambridge, where he still re- mained in 1606, when he wrote some verses on the death of a former fellow, Sir Edward Lewknor. In 1609 he proceeded master of arts. On 18 Jan. 1618 he was appointed vicar of Hackney in Middlesex, which benefice he held until May 1633. In 1621 he was made vicar of Llangerniew in his native county. In 1625 he became prebendary of Vaynol, or the golden prebend, in the cathedral of St. Asaph, a post he held until 1633, just before his death. In 1626 he was sworn capital burgess of Denbigh . In 1 627 he became doctor of divinity. Towards the end of 1631 he was appointed bishop of Bangor. He was elected on 18 Nov., and the temporalities restored on the same day. He was consecrated on 4 March 1631-2 by Archbishop Abbot at Lambeth, on which occasion he distributed four pounds to the archbishop's servants. A Mr. Austin preached the sermon. Dolben was, however, in failing health. In June 1633 hunters after bishoprics declared that he was ' crazy and very sickly,' and intrigued for the succession to his post. In the autumn of the same year he was seized with a mortal sickness at the town house of his see in Shoe Lane, Holborn, where he died on 27 Nov. He was buried Dolben 189 Dolben in Hackney parish church, where his monu- ment, containing a half-length statue and a eulogistic description of him, still remains. On 11 Nov., just before his death, he left 30/. to repair the ' causeway or path that runs from Hackney Church to Shoreditch, for the benefit of the poorest sort of people, that maintain their livelihood by the carriage of burdens to the city of London.' The sur- plus was to be devoted to the poor of the parish in which most of his active life was spent. He also left 201. to buy Hebrew books for St. John's College Library. His successor as bishop, Edward Griffith, dean of Bangor, was recommended by Dolben himself for the post. Dr. Dolben, archbishop of York, be- longed to the same family, to which Arch- bishop Williams was also related. [Baker's Hist, of St. John's Coll. Cambridge, ed. Mayor, pp. 264, 339, 677; D. E. Thomas's Hist, of St. Asaph ; Cal. of State Papers, Dom. 1631-3 pp. 84, 283, 1633-4 pp. 110, 318; Wood's Athehse Oxon., ed. Bliss, ii. 88 1 ; Browne Willis's Survey of Bangor, pp. 111-12; Le Neve's Fasti Eccles*. Angl. ed. Hardy, i. 85, 106 ; Kobinson's Hist, of Hackney, ii. 22, 108, 157, 364 ; J. Wil- liams's Records of Denbigh and its Lordship, v. 130.] T. F. T. DOLBEN, SIR GILBERT (1658-1722), judge, eldest son of John Dolben [q. v.], archbishop of York, born in 1658, was edu- cated at Westminster School and at Oxford, taking, however, no degree, and was called to the bar of the Inner Temple in 1681. He sat for Ripon in the parliament of 1685, and for Peterborough in the Convention parlia- ment of 1688-9. In the debate on the state of the nation (January 1689) he argued with great learning, force, and reasonableness that the conduct of the king in quitting the realm amounted to an abdication. He represented Peterborough in almost every parliament be- tween 1689 and 1707. He opposed Sir J. Fenwick's attainder in 1696, on the ground that his conduct, though treasonable, was not heinous enough to justify parliamentary proceedings, but ought to be tried by a court of law. He was appointed to a puisne judge- ship in the court of common pleas in Ireland in 1701. In the debate on the Aylesbury election case (Ashby v. White) in 1704, he supported the claim of the House of Com- mons to exclusive jurisdiction in all questions arising out of elections. He was created a baronet in 1704, and elected a bencher of his inn in 1706, and reader in 1708. In 1710 and 1714 he was returned to parliament for Yarmouth, Isle of Wight. Concerning his life in Ireland little is known except that he was on bad terms with the Earl of Wharton during that nobleman's viceroyalty. He re- tired from the bench in 1720, and died in 1722. He seems to have had scholarly tastes, as Dryden mentions in the postscript to his translation of the ' ^Eneid ' that Dolben had made him a ' noble present of all the several editions of Virgil, and all the commentaries of these editions in Latin.' Dolben married Anne, eldest daughter of Tanfield Mulso of Finedon, Northamptonshire, by whom he had one son, John [q. v.], who succeeded to the title. [Welch's Alumni Westmonast.; Inner Temple Books ; Wotton's Baronetage ; Smyth's Law Offi- cers of Ireland ; Luttrell's Relation of State Affairs, iii. 543, v. 49; Parl. Hist. iv. 1347, v. 30, 37, 545, 962, 1123-6, 1230, 1327, vi. 43, 290-4,448, 593, 923, 1252 ; Swift's Works, ed. Scott, iv. 165.] J. M. R. DOLBEN, JOHN (1625-1686), arch- bishop of York (1683-6), was the eldest son of Dr. William Dolben [q. v.], prebendary of Lincoln and rector of Stanwick, Northamp- tonshire, where he was born 20 March 1625. His mother was niece to Lord-keeper Wil- liams, on whose nomination when twelve years of age he was admitted king's scholar at Westminster, and educated there under Dr. Busby [q. v.] In 1640, at the early age of fifteen, he was elected student of Christ Church, Oxford, and was ' the second in order of six succeeding generations of one family who passed through the same course of edu- cation, and did good service in their day to church and state.' Two years after his elec- tion he composed a set of Latin iambics to celebrate the return of Charles I from Scot- land in 1641, which were published in a work entitled ' Oxonia Eucharistica.' When two years later Oxford became the central posi- tion of the royal military operations, twenty of the hundred students of Christ Church be- came officers in the king's army ( WOOD, An- nals, ed. Gutch, ii. 478). Of these Dolben was one of the most ardent. He joined the royal forces as a volunteer, accompanied the army on their northward march, and rose to the rank of ensign. At Marston Moor, 2 July 1644, while carrying the colours, he was wounded in the shoulder by a musket ball. This, however, did not prevent his taking an active part in the defence of the city of York, then beleaguered by Fairfax. During the siege he received a severe shot-wound in the thigh, the bone of which was broken, and he was confined to his bed for twelve months. As a reward for his bravery he was promoted to the rank of captain and major. But in 1646, the royal cause becoming hopeless, the army was disbanded, and Dolben returned to Christ Church to pursue the studies which had been thus rudely interrupted. Being now of M. A. Dolben 190 Dolben standing he took that degree 9 Dec. 1647, by accumulation, without the usual preliminary of the B.A. degree (WooD, Fasti, ii. 103). On the parliamentary visitation of the uni- versity the following year, he replied to the demand whether he would submit to the au- thority of parliament, 3 May 1648, that ' as to his apprehension there was some ambiguity in the words of the question ; until it was further explained he could not make any direct categorical answer to it ' (Register of the Visi- tors of the Univ. of Oxford, ed. Burrows, Cam- den Soc., p. 32). He was deprived of his stu- dentship, and his name was removed from the books of the house. Of the next eight years of Dolben's life we have no record. In 1656 he was ordained by Bishop King of Chichester, and the next year he married Catherine, daughter of Ralph Sheldon, esq., of Stanton, Derbyshire, the niece of Dr. Sheldon, after- wards archbishop of Canterbury. Mr. Sheldon had a house in St. Aldates, Oxford, where Dolben found a home until after the Restora- tion. During this period Dolben shares with Fell [q. v.] and Allestree [q. v.] the honour of having privately maintained the service and administered the sacraments of the proscribed church of England in defiance of the penal laws. The place of meeting was the house of Dr. Thomas Willis [q. v.], the celebrated physician (whose sister Fell had married), opposite to Merton College, to which, writes Wood, 'most of the loyalists in Oxford, es- pecially scholars ejected in 1648, did daily resort' (Athence Oxon. iii. 1050). This courageous act of loyalty to their church was commemorated by the pencil of Sir Peter Lely in two pictures, one hanging in the deanery at Christ Church, and a copy of the other, which belongs to Dolben's descendants at Finedon Hall, in the hall of the same col- lege. The three divines are painted seated at a table, in their gowns and bands, with open prayer-books before them, Dolben oc- cupying the centre, with Allestree on the right hand and Fell on the left. These pri- vate services were continued until the Re- storation. Dolben's services insured honour- able recognition. But preferment was hardly rapid enough to satisfy his expectations. As early as April 1660 Dolben and Allestree peti- tioned the crown for canonries at Christ Church (State Papers, Dom. p. 86), to which they were appointed within ten days of one another, Allestree on the 17th, Dolben on 27 July ; in the words of South's consecration sermon, ' returning poor and bare to a col- lege as bare, after a long persecution.' The bareness of his college he did his best to re- trieve as soon as he had the means, contri- buting largely to the erection of the north side of the great quadrangle undertaken by Dr. Fell. In commemoration of this muni- ficence his arms as archbishop of York are carved on the roof of the great gateway erected by Sir Christopher Wren. On 3 Oct. of the same year he took his D.D. degree, in company with their loyal colleagues Allestree and Fell. Dolben was also appointed about the same time to the living of Newington-cum- Britwell, Oxfordshire, on the king's presenta- tion. On 7 Feb. 1661 he writes to Williams, as secretary to Sir Edward Nicholson, secretary of state, thanking him for the care of his busi- ness, which he begs he will expedite, adding that he ' will send any money that may be wanted.' Such powerful advocacy was not in vain. On the 29th of the following April he was installed prebendary of Caddington Major in the cathedral of St. Paul's, his wife's uncle, Sheldon, being bishop of London, and the following year, 11 April 1662, became on his nomination archdeacon of London, and shortly afterwards vicar of St. Giles's, Cripplegate. The next year he rose to the higher dignity of the deanery of Westmin- ster, being installed 5 Dec. 1662. It is re- corded to his credit that on his appointment as dean he at once gave up his parochial bene- fices, and in 1664 resigned his archdeaconry. His stall he held till he was advanced to the episcopate in 1666. Canon Overton remarks : 1 Perhaps the fact of Dolben having married Sheldon's niece was no hindrance to his pro- motion; but he deserved it by his merits. He was a man of great benevolence, gene- rosity, and candour, noted as an excellent preacher, described by Hickes (Memoirs of Comber, p. 189) as very conversable and popular, and such every way as gave him a mighty advantage of doing much good,' &c. (Life in the English Church, p. 33). Com- ber himself speaks of him as ' a prelate of great presence, ready parts, graceful conversa- tion, and wondrous generosity ' (Memoirs, u. s. p. 212). In October 1660, when the regicides were lying under sentence of death, Dolben was commissioned, in conjunction with Dr. Barwick [q. v.], dean of St. Paul's, to visit them in the hope of persuading them to con- demn their act. They began with the mili- tary divine, Hugh Peters, in the hope that he might use his influence with his com- panions, by whom ' his prophecies were re- garded as oracles.' Their exhortations, how- ever, entirely failed (Barwictts Life, p. 295). Dolben was elected prolocutor of the lower house of convocation, in succession to Dr. Bar- wick in 1664, and appointed clerk of the closet in the same year, a position of great diffi- culty in so licentious a court, which he filled with courage and dignity (State Papers, Dom. Dolben 191 Dolben p. 617). Dolben's tenure of the deanery of Westminster was marked by the frank energy, sound good sense, transparent candour, geni- ality, and generosity which rendered him one of the most popular of the ecclesiastics of his day. On the very day of his installation he prevailed with a somewhat reluctant chapter to make the abbey an equal sharer with them- selves in all dividends, a plan which secured the proper repair of the building, till the change of system in the present century. As dean he also resolutely maintained the independence of the abbey of all diocesan control. As a preacher he rivalled in popularity the most celebrated pulpit orators of his day. People crowded the abbey when it was known he was to preach, and Dryden has immortalised him in his 'Absalom and Achitophel' (vv. 868-9) as Him of the western dome, whose weighty sense Flows in fit words and heavenly eloquence. The few sermons which exist in print prove that this popularity was by no means un- deserved. They are * clear and plain, written in a pure and terse style, with something of the downright abruptness of the soldier in the subject, argued out admirably in a very racy and practical fashion ' (OVERTON, Life in the English Church, pp. 243-4). He at first preached from a manuscript, but a hint from Charles II induced him to become an extempore preacher, and ' therefore his preach- ing was well liked of (Woor, Life, cxii). During his residence at Westminster as dean the great fire of London broke out (1666), and the dean, ' who in the civil wars had often stood sentinel/ gathered the Westminster scholars in a company, and marched at their head to the scene of the conflagration, and kept them hard at work for many hours fetching water from the back of St. Dun- stan's Church, which by their exertions they succeeded in saving {Autobiography of J. Taswell, Camd. Soc. p. 12). On the death of Bishop Warner, Dolben was chosen to succeed him in the see of Ro- chester, to which he was consecrated at Lam- beth Chapel by his uncle, Archbishop Shel- don, 25 Nov. 1666, the sermon being preached by his old friend and fellow-student, Dr. Ro- bert South, from Tit. ii. 15 (SOUTH, Sermons, i. 122 ff). The income of the see being very small, he was allowed to hold the deanery of Westminster in commendam (State Papers, Dom. p. 257), thus inaugurating a system which continued till the time of Horsley, by which the income of a poor suburban bishopric was augmented, and a town residence provided for its occupant. He occupied the deanery for twenty years till his translation to York, being ' held in great esteem by the inhabitants of Westminster,' and spoken of as ' a very good dean ' (STANLEY, Memoirs of Westminster Ab- bey, p. 451). Dolben at once began at his own cost to repair the episcopal palace at Brom- ley, which had suffered severely during the Commonwealth, a work recorded by Evelyn, who more than once speaks in his ' Diary ' with much esteem of his ' worthy neigh- bour ' (Diary, 23 Aug. 1669, ii. 43 ; 19 Aug. 1683, ib. p. 183; 15 April 1686, ib. p. 252). Dolben had been scarcely bishop a year when the fall of Clarendon involved him in tem- porary disgrace at court. Pepys mentions in his 'Diary,' 23 Dec. 1667, the suspension of the Bishop of Rochester, who, together with Morley of Winchester, ' and other great prelates,' was forbidden the court, and de- prived of his place as clerk of the closet. He also records a visit paid to Dolben at this time at the deanery, 24 Feb. 1668, in com- pany with Dr. Christopher Gibbons, for the purpose of trying an organ which he was thinking of purchasing, when he found him, though ' under disgrace at court,' living in considerable state ' like a great prelate.' ' I saw his lady,' he continues, ' of whom the Terrse Filius at Oxford was once so merry, and two children, one a very pretty little boy like him (afterwards Sir Gilbert Dolben .1), so fat and black' (PEPYS, Diary, ii. :;: oon QOQ oaa OQK\ T