PROCEEDINGS OF THK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF PHILADELPHIA. VOL. VI. 1866—7. PHILADELPHIA : PRINTED BY THE SOCIETY 1866—7. LIST OF PAPERS Page. Behr, H., M. D. Description of a new species of Chrysophanus, 208 Brendel, Emil, M. D. Synopsis of the genera and species of the Family Psela- phidae, . . ... .31 Descriptions of some new species of Pselaphidae, . 189 Buckley, S. B. Descriptions of new species of North American Formi- cidse, ... ... 152, 335 Clemens, Brackenridge, M. D. Notes on Thyridopteryx Ephemerjeformis, . . .221 Cresson, E. T. Descriptions of two new species of Trigonalys, . . 351 Edwards, W. H. On certain North American species of Satyrus, . . 195 Description of certain species of Diurnal Lepidoptera found within the limits of the United States and British America, No. 5, ...... 200 Grote, Aug. R. Notes on the Zygaenidae of Cuba. Parts 1 — 2, . 173, 297 Description of two new species of North American Bra- chycerous Diptera, ....... 445 Grote & Robinson. Lepidopterological Notes and Descriptions, No. 2, . 1 Horn, Geo. H., M. D. Notes on the Habits of a few Californian Coleoptera, . 289 On Usechus lacerta, Motsch, ..... 293 On Rhagodera tuberculata, Mann., .... 294 Some observations on Phodaga alticeps, Le Conte, . . 296 IV Osten Sacken, Baron R. Page. Two new North American Cecidomyise, ..''■. 219 Packard, A. S., Jr., M. D. Revision of the Fossorial Hymenoptera of North America. I. Crabronidse and Nyssonidae, .... 39, 353 On certain Entomological Speculations. A Review, . 209 Reakirt, Tryon. Coloradian Butterflies, 122 Walsh, Benj. D., M. A. Prof. Dana and his Entomological Speculations, . . 116 On the Insects Coleopterous, Hymenopterous and Dipte- rous, inhabiting the Galls of certain species of Willow. Part second and last, ....... 223 |uj( LIBRARY PROCEEDINGS OF TnE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF PHILADELPHIA. VOLUME VI— 1866. LEPIDOPTEROLOGICAL NOTES AND DESCRIPTIONS— No. 2. BY AUG. R. GROTE AND COLEMAN T. ROBINSON. (Bead October 9th, 1865.) ARCTIA, Schrank. Arctia nevadensis, n. s. (Plate 1, fig. 1, % .) Anterior wings elongate, black or blackish, with broad pale yellow- ish bands. A longitudinal narrower stripe runs from the base of the wing to internal angle, becoming furcate immediately before the mar- gin. This stripe is connected with the costa, immediately beyond the base, by a short transverse band, and with the internal margin, a little beyond, by a similar band. A very broad and prominent median trans- verse band. Subterininally, a series of broad bands resembling the letter K, with the straight stroke turned towards the base of the wing and the upper limb, not attaining external margin, at within its center, reflexed to costa before the apex. Costal edge blackish, interrupted basally and at its center by the yellowish color of the transverse bands; the subterminal bands do not extend over the costa. Fringes pale. Posterior wings pale yellowish, with a reddish tinge which obtains principally along internal margin. An apical terminal black band, more or less continued along external margin ; inside of this a few un- equal spots, of which the largest is situate towards the anal angle. Xo discal spots. Fringes pale. Under surface pale, reflecting the markings of the upper surface; on posterior wings there is a series of irregular black costal spots and a few black scales forming a spot on the discal cross-vein. Head and appendages and upper thoracic region, covered with long black scales, immaculate. Beneath, the thoracic region and legs are blackish, immaculate, without any pale spots or bands. Antennae dark brownish, densely bipectinate ; the pectinations long and tapering to the tips of the antennal stalk. Abdomen similarly colored with poste- PROCEEDIKG9 EST. SOC. PHILAD. MAY, 1866. 2 Grote and Robinson's Lepidopterological terior wings, largely maculate with black. A broad dorsal series of black spots on the segments. A reduced lateral series of similar spots. Underneath, all the segments are neatly banded with black anteriorly. Exp. % , 1.20 inch. Length of body, 0.50 inch. Habitat. — Nevada. Mr. J. Akhurst. Allied to A. blakei, Grote, from Colorado; the anterior wings are less produced apically, the external margin less oblique. The broader transverse bands on the anterior wings, the black caputal and thoracic parts, and the absence of median spots on the secondaries sufficiently separate this species from its congener. The habitus of Arctia neva- densis, recalls that of certain European species of the genus. PARORGYIA, Packard. With respect to the synonymy given by Dr. Packard, in his " Synop- sis," of " Parorgyia achatina," there is an evident misconception. In the first place it is clear that Sir J. E. Smith's Pludsena achatina is not the species described in the " Synopsis." An examination of Ab- bot's figure and a comparison of the description with that given by Dr. Packard will at once show plenty of distinguishing characters. From the figure and the remark, that " the black curved line running longi- tudinally from the base towards the posterior angle of the wing is its very distinguishing character," it is plain that Phalxna achatina Smith, is a near ally of P. parallela nobis, while there are sufficient differences to allow us to consider our Eastern species as distinct from the one from Georgia. On the other hand Hubner figures " Orgyiu leuco- phsea," in illustration of " Phalsena leucophxa Smith," but the species is certainly not Abbot's as may be seen by a comparison of the two Plates. Again, Hiibuer figures a species which he calls " Dasychira vtdgaris Tephra" on the plate cited by Dr. Packard as represent- ing " Dasychira achatina Hubner." This species (Dasychira tephra, Walk.) better corresponds to Dr. Packard's description, without, how- ever, coinciding. Whether the species described by Dr. Packard be then Dasychira tephra Hubner sp. or not, we cannot decide, having no specimens; it is, however, clear to us that neither correspond with Abbot's figure. A % specimen in the collection of Mr. Walsh, which we have no longer at hand, agreed with Dr. Packard's description, and has been determined by Mr. Grote as " Parorgyia achatina Packard.'' We offer, then, the following as the correct synonymy of Phalsena achatina Smith, a species which, with Parorgyia leucophxa Packard (Dasychira leuco- phxa Walk.. Phalxna leucophxa Smith ). will probably be re-discovcrcd as soon as Southern specimens are received. 2fotes and Descriptions, JVb. 2. 3 Parorgyia achatina. Phalcena achatina. Smith, Lep. Ins. Ga. Vol. 2, p. 153, PI. 77. (1797.) :',n achatina, Hiibner, Verz. Schm. p. 161. (1816.) Dasychira achatina, Walker, C. B. M., Lep. Pt. 4, p. 865. (1S55.) " " Morris, Syn. X. A. Lep. p. 257. (1862.) Non alior. Habitat. — Georgia. (Abbot.) The species of the genus Parorgyia will perhaps be found to be nu- merous. Their* structure and the position of the genus have been 'well explained by Dr. Packard in his " Synopsis," and indicated by Smith, Ins. Ga. p. 155, Vol. 2. Parorgyia Clintonii, u. s. (Plate 1, fig. 2 % , 3 9 .) 9 . Greyish olivaceous, sparsely sprinkled with black, isolated scales. A dark basal line. Space between this line and the inner median transverse line (transverse anterior) pale brown,' dotted sparsely with black scales, cinereous-olivaceous along costa. Transverse anterior line slightly oblique, faint, lost in the brown scales of the sub-basal space which precede it, but distinctly indicated, margined outwardly with pale scales, angulated below costa, below m. nervure twice very dis- tinctly and deeply excavate. Median space cinereous-olivaceous, sparse- ly sprinkled with black scales, paler along costa and especially on the disc and beyond to the t. p. line where the scales are almost white. On these white scales a large reniform discal spot is indicated by a black rather indistinct encircling line and a central brownish streak. Transverse posterior line (outer median) black, broad, very distinct, nearly straight, very slightly undulate between the nervules, the most prominent projection occurring at the second m. nervule outwardly, and another, rounded inwardly, at above internal nervure. Outside the t. p. line is a wide dark brown shade band irregularly margined outwardly with whitish scales and narrowing greatly below the third m. nervule. On the interspaces, superiorly, are darker brown, longitudinal dashes; above the internal nervure is a dark brown maculate shade, broadly margined outwardly with white scales. Terminally the wing is cinere- ous-olivaceous as on median space. A terminal narrow black line, mar- gined inwardly narrowly with whitish scales. Fringes dark, interrupted with pale brown at the extremity of the nervules. Secondaries evenly pale cinereous-brown. A darker shaded discal spot and subtermiual band; fringes coneolorous with the wing. Under surface of both wings similar, but a little paler than seconda- ries above, very sparsely sprinkled with dark scales; a dark discal spot and subterminal line on both pair; ou the primaries the discal spot ex- 4 Grote and Robinson's Lepidopterological tends diffusedly upwards along the costa where the subterniinal band is most plainly marked. Head and thorax olivaceous-cinereous ; abdomen darker than secon- daries with metallic sub-tufts, as usual in the genus, on the second and third segments above. Beneath, cinereous; legs clothed with long grey scales; tarsi spotted outwardly with darker scales. % . Much smaller than the female but resembling it in ornamentation, as is usual in this genus; the brown color on the upper surface of the primaries is less conspicuous, the olivaceous shades are brighter and all the markings are less apparent. The secondaries are darker. Exp. % 1.40, 9 1.80 inch. Length of body, % 0.60, 9 0.90 inch. Habitat. — Rhode Island. (Seekonk.) Coll. Mrs. S. W. Bridgham. We name this fine species after Hon. George W. Clinton, President of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, whose unwearied labors in the cause of Natural Sciences and personal kindness, merit our highest respect and affectionate regard. Parorgia obliquata, n. s. (Plate 1, fig. 4, 9 •) 9 . Evenly olivaceous-cinereous, very sparsely irrorate with black scales. Transverse lines pale brown. Inner median line irregularly dentate, brown. A brown discoidal streak around which the scales are faintly and irregularly paler than elsewhere. Outer median line nearly straight and even, brown, shaped much as in P. Clintonii, but with still less prominent inflections and succeeded by a similarly colored rather paler brown shade band, which is equally wide but rather more diffuse superiorly, where it is faintly margined with paler scales. A terminal brown line further from the margin and more irregular than in P. Clintonii. Secondaries pale greyish-brown, darker than in P. Clintonii; a diffuse darker subtermiual shade band and very faint discoloration. Under surface slightly darker than upper surface of secondaries. On anterior wings a faint, discal, darker discoloration and a discontinued, oblique, even, subterminal, shade band. On the secondaries a discal un- defined spot and a distinct, even, oblique dark band, crossing the wing from within the apex to anal angle. This band runs within and at va- riance with its analogue on the upper surface, as can be seen by holding the specimen to the light; its obliquity and peculiarity has suggested the specific name. On the primaries, also, the subterminal band is not produced immediately beneath the outer median line. Notes and Descriptions, No. 2. 5 Head, thorax and appendages covered with mixed grey scales. Ab- domen paler than secondaries. Exp. 9 2.00 inches. Length of body, 0.85 inch. Habitat.— Rhode Island. (Seekonk.) Coll. Mrs. S. W. Bridgham. The more simple ornamentation of this species will quickly distin- guish it from Parorgyia Clintonii nob. The male is unknown to us. Parorgyia parallels, n. s. (Plate 1, fig. 5, 9 •) 9 . Anterior wings pale olivaceous-cinereous, much clouded with brown and sparsely sprinkled with black scales. hJasally the costal half of the wing is olivaceous cinereous; the median nervure is covered narrowly along its length with black scales which are pro- longed along the fourth m. nervule. Below, a broader black longi- tudinal stripe runs from the base of the wing to beyond the t. p. line along the sub-median fold, and is connected with the dark scales along the median nervure by an oblique black line (appearing as if covering a vein) at about its middle. This is part of the inner median line which is dentate and much as in P. Clintonii but less distinct. The inner median line is preceded by brown scales which stretch, beneath the median nervure, from the base of the wing across the median space centrally and on both sides of the outer median line, not extend- ing inferiority below the black longitudinal stripe. The discal space is covered with white scales but the outlines of the spot are indeter- minate. The outer median line is distinct, black, strongly marked and. while slightly excavate and irregular, is without prominent inflec- tions. Terminally and below the prominent longitudinal stripe the wing is covered with pale olivaceous-cinereous scales. Terminal line brown, much as in P. obliquata nobis. The fringes are much alike in all three species. Secondaries pale brownish, no discal spot apparent; a neatly defined, irregular, narrow blackish band, which is further removed from the external margin than in either of the preceding species and more concise. Under surface a little darker than upper surface of secon- daries, no perceptible discal spots; a common distinct dark baud; on the secondaries it is wider than that on the upper surface, but covering it and entirely analogous to it. Head and thorax cinereous; abdomen concolorous, or nearly so, with secondaries; beneath, darker, as are the legs, these latter with darker maculations on tibiae and tarsi outwardly. Under thoracic surface griseous. Exp. 9 2.00 inches. Length of body, 0.95 inch. 6 Grote and Robinson's Lcpidopterolugical Hal it at. —Rhode Island. (Seekonk.) Coll. Mrs. S. W. Bridgham. A very distinctly marked species ; the dark parallel longitudinal stripes on the upper surface of primaries suggested the specific name. This species is evidently allied to Parorgyia achdtina, but, judging from Abbot's figure, the Southern species seems sufficiently distinct. Parorgyia cinnamomea. n. s. (Plate 1, fig. 6, 9-) 9 . Brown. Basally the anterior wings are entirely dull brown. Median lines brown, shaded narrowly on either side, with pale scales. Median space superiorly covered with pale whitish scales, on which a brown reniform ringlet obscuredly indicates the discal spot. Inferiorly, above internal margin, a bluish black or cinereous scale patch. Below the discal pale patch the median space is brown, paler, but nearly concolorous with the rest of the wing. The outer median brown line is projected outwardly slightly at second m. mervule and roundedly so, inwardly, at above internal nervure. Beyond the outer median line the wing is entirely brown to external margin, but the terminal half is scattered over sparsely by cinereous scales, especially at apex and internal angle; fringes dark. Secondaries concolorous, umber brown, paler at base. Very faint traces of band and discoidal spot. Under surface more brownish than secondaries above. On anterior pair a discal spot and subterminal band are faintly indicated, the latter apparent at costa. Secondaries with hardly a trace of either, except that there appears a faint discoloration alom>' the discal cross-vein. Head and thorax dark umber brown ; under thoracic surface and leas clothed with cinereous scales. Exp. 9 1.40 to 1.80 inch. Length of body, 0.75 inch. % . Resembles the 9 in ornamentation. Wings full, rounded. Pri- maries above more cinereous ; the brown shades are duller than in the 9 . On the under surface of the secondaries the subterminal band is more distinctly marked. Many specimens examined. Exp. % 1.50 inch. Length of body 0.75 inch. Habitat. — Rhode Island. (Seekonk.) Coll. Mrs. S. W. Bridgham. A smaller species than its congeuers and easily know by its rich brown, nearly concolorous primaries. Dasychira clandestina AYalker, from Bevius Lake, B. Am., and Dasychira rossii Curtis, from Arctic America, seem quite distinct from any of the above species, though probably belonging to the genus Parorgyia. Notes and Descriptions, No. 2. 7 ADELOCEPHALA, Boisd. Adelocephala albolineata, n. s. (Plate 1, fig. 7, % .) I 'rimaries bright yellow finely mixed with dark scales and crossed by two distinct white lines. The first of these runs from costa, above the discal cell, inwardly obliquely to submedian nervure, whence it is rounded to extreme base of the wing, nowhere touching internal margin. A white spot at the lower extremity of the discal cell. The second white stripe runs inwardly very obliquely from the apex to internal margin, which latter it joins at within its middle, at a point beneath the inner extremity of the discal cell. External and internal margin bordered with white scales. Secondaries of a deep pink, of a more intense color on the disc and along the basal half of internal luargin, which parts are covered with longer scales than the rest of the wing. A black discal spot. A continued, white, subterminal stripe, which does not run parallel with the external margin of the wing, since it emanates at the apex and joins internal margin much within anal angle. Costal and external margins of a dull whitish shade. Under surface very pale, dull whitish, with a pink tinge, which is very faint and evenly spread over the secondaries, but is brighter over the primaries centrally, deepening especially on the disc where the scjuammation is concolorous with upper surface of secondaries. On the primaries, below the costa, centrally, are scattered bright orange-yellow scales; a distinct black discal spot; the outer oblique white stripe of the upper surface is here faintly reproduced. On the secondaries a dark brown discal spot ; the subterminal white band of the upper surface is here distinctly reproduced. Thorax, above, con- colorous with upper surface of primaries, bright yellow; a whitish stripe along the inner margin of the tegulae. Head, much sunk beneath the elevated prothoracic pieces, which render it invisible from above. Abdomen, yellow dorsally ; laterally and beneath, with under thoracic surface, of a dull whitish pink tinge somewhat darker than the under surface of the wings. Exp. % 2.50 inches. Length of body, 1.15 inch. Habitat. — Mexico. Coll. Ent. Soc. Phila. The individual of this species, that we have before us, is deprived of its antennae. The species is very distinct from our more Northern Adelocephala bicolor Grote, (JDryocampa bicolor Harris.) and may be readily distinguished by its white lines, which are unusual. Sphingi- campa distigma Walsh, and Dryocampa bicolor Walsh, are identical 8 Grote and Robinson's Lepidoptcrohgical and apparently simple synonyms of Adelocejohala bicolor, as already stated by Mr. Grote; tbeir description by Mr. Walsb as distinct species, is attributable to an error of observation. DATANA, Walker. Tbe species belonging to this genus have hitherto been insufficiently separated. They will be found here described and figured and descriptions of the mature larva, from alcoholic specimens, given of each species, with the exceptions of Datana major, sp. nov. and Datana jierspicua G. & R. We have had before us, from different localities, about one hundred specimens, all of which we have been able to refer to one or another of the four species : Datana angusii, sp. nov. Datana ministra Walker, (Drury sp.,) Datana integcrrima, sp. nov., and Datana, contractu Walk. The characters which are held in common by the species of Datana, are, in part, as follows : The scales which clothe the head and which form a thoracic patch extending over the prothorax above, on the cen- tral disc and over the base of the tegulaa, are dark and intense in coloration, deepening to the raised edges on the thoracic parts. Five transverse lines cross the anterior wings from costa to internal margin. Of these the fourth is least conspicuous and contiguous to the fifth. Uusually, in the males, the under surface of the wings is crossed by a dark shade band. The fore femora, tibia? and tarsi are darker colored than the rest. It is difficult to attach specific value to the course of the transverse lines, since it is exposed to considerable variation in the same species. Briefly, the distinctions between the species, all of which are of different shades of yellow or reddish brown, are these: In D. angusii, D. ministra, and D. major, the ex- ternal margin is excavate between the nervules. This character excludes D. integerrima, D. contracta and D. pcrspicua from present consideration. The general deep brown color, which has something of a blackish-purple tinge, will at once separate D. angusii from its associates. D. ministra and D. major are nearly related, the latter may be distinguished by its larger size, the more tawny general coloration, the less prominently excavate external margin of the anterior wings, while the secondaries are, in the specimen we have before us, uncrossed by any pale shade. Drury's and Harris' figures represent most decidedly the species we describe as Datana ministra, The moderate size, excavate primaries and intense reddish-brown coloration are distinguishing characters. The three species belonging to the second section of the genus are Notes and Descriptions, No. 2. 9 alike characterized by their entire non-excavate primaries. Of these, D. integerrima sp nov. is, perhaps, our commonest species, and while generally mistaken for D. ministra, may be distinguished by the character of its section. The transverse lines are accompanied by paler shades and the median pale shade on the secondaries is broader than in D. ministra. The general coloration is duller, more brownish, the irrorations fine and aggregated. Datana contracta is more yellow and twany than D. integerrima, the irrorations are more conspicuous than in any other species. From Walker's expressions we feel con- fident that we have interpreted his description correctly, though not having made any comparisons with his types, absolute certainty cannot be attained in the matter of such closely allied species. The frontal and thoracic patch is quite tawny while the insect is smaller than D. integerrima and the anterior wings are narrower. Datana perspicua is nearly allied to D. contracta in color, but is more luteous; the irrorations are obsolete; the secondaries sub-diaphanous, immacu- late, without any shade, the dark fringes contrasting forcibly with the general color on both wings. Through the kiudness of Mr. James Angus of West Farms, N. Y., who has bred D. ministra, D. angusii, D. integerrima and D. contracta in many coincident individuals we are indebted for alcoholic specimens of the larvaa of each of these species. The observations of this gentleman are confirmatory of our views that these species are distinct, since he has reared them all for several seasons and found them faithful to their several types, with unimportant imaginal variations. The sexes of all the species resem- ble each other, so far as observed. "f" Anterior wings excavate along external margin. Datana angusii, nov. sp. (Plate 2, fig. 1. $>•) Smoky brown. Anterior wings excavate between the nervules along the external margin, blackish brown, with a brighter shade along the costa centrally and above the apical streak. Sparsely and irregu- larly irrorate with scattered black scales. Five transverse blackish lines run from costa to internal margin. Of these, the first is slightly arcuate. A central discal dot. The second transvere line angulate below costa. running inversely obliquely to internal margin from the disc. This line either intersects or runs inside of the second discal spot, which is formed by an aggregation of darker scales on the discal cross-vein. Third and fourth transverse lines parallel, very slightly arcuate or oblique, faint, especially the fourth, which is quite con- tiguous to the fifth, and last, transverse line. This latter is very PROCEEDINGS F.NT. SOC. PHILAD. MAY, 1S66. >«> 8 10 Grote and Robinson's Lepidopterohgical distiuct, and slightly irregular and arcuate. There are no paler mar- ginal shades to any of the lines. Apical streak prominent. Fringes dark brown. Posterior wings entire, dark brown, of the same general shade with the anterior wings, gradually shading to paler to the base. A linear median paler central shade, denned inwardly with darker scales. Under surface dark brown. The anterior wings darkest, the colora- tion becoming more intense towards the internal margin on both pairs. The scales which clothe the head, and those which form the dark thoracic patch, which is characteristic of the genus, are of an intense dark purplish-brown color, narrowly deepening to blackish at the edges. Meta-thoracic and lateral scales concolorous with anterior winss at base. Abdomen above, pale brownish, with a slight testaceous tinge deepening in color to anal segments ; beneath, darker. Antennoe brownish, paler on their inner surface. Legs pale brownish ; anterior tarsi and femora clothed with darker scales on their upper surface. Exp. % and 9 1.80 to 2.20 inches. Length of body, 0.85 inch. Habitat. — West Farms, N. Y., (J. Angus.) Long Island, (F. & J. Tepper.) Seekonk, R. I., (Mrs. S. W. Bridgham.) West Virginia, (Edwards.) Mature larva. — Head black, shining. Body smooth, purplish- black, clothed with long whitish hair, arranged more densely on the segments latterly, sparse and irregular dorsally. Four pale yellow lines on each side, the lower obsolete centrally above the abdominal legs. The dorsal, swelled portion of the prothoracic ring is black behind, but yellowish immediately adjoining the head. A longitudinal, ventral, yellowish line. Beneath, the segments bearing thoracic legs are purplish-black, concolorous with their upper surface. Abdominal legs flesh-color ; thoracic legs blackish. Feeds on species of Walnut, (Juglandis.) Enters the ground towards end of August and begin- ning of September. (Auth. Angus). We have examined numerous male and female specimens of this species, which is readily distinguished from all others of the genus by its peculiar smoky brown coloration. We have named it after Mr. James Angus, whose valuable material has been of service to us in limiting the species of this genus. Coll. Ent. Soc, Philadelphia. Notes and Descriptions, A r o 2. 11 Datana ministra. Walker. (Plate 2, fig. 2, 9-) Phalama ministra, Drury, Exot. Lep., Vol. 2, p. 25, PI. 14, fig. 3. (1773.) Phalcena ministra, Smith, Insects Ga. p, 1(51, PI. 81. (1797.) Pygaraf ministra, Harris, Cat. Ins. Mass., p. 73. (1835.) Patasa ministra, Westw. Edit. Drury, II, p. 27, PI. 14. (1837.) Pygccra? ministra, Harris, Rep. Ins. Mass., p. 312. (1841.) Pygarat ministra, Harr. He]). Ins. Mass., 3d ed., p. 430, PI. 6, fig. 6. (1S63.) Datana ministra. Walker, Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus., Par. V., p. 1061. (1855.) I>'tf(ina ministra, Morris, Synopsis, p. 247. (1S62.) Datana ministra, Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., p. 354. (1864.) Bright reddish-brown. Anterior wings excavate between the ner- vnles along the external margin. Reddish-brown, with a brighter, tawuy shade extending along the costa centrally, and above the apical streak ; the rest of the wing shows a faint purplish reflection. Evenly and sparsely irrorate with dark-brown scales. Five transverse, dark- brown lines. The first prominently arcuate. A central discal dot. The second line angulated beyond the disc, thence running inversely obliquely to internal margin, usually outside the darker scales which clothe the discal cross-vein. The third runs parallel with the second. The fourth faiuter, contiguous to the fifth, which latter is very distinct and slightly irregular. The position of these lines is slightly variable, the second and third being, sometimes, hardly angulated below the costa; or the second running inside the outer discal spot. Apical streak varying in prominence. Fringes brownish. Posterior wings entire, pale reddish-brown, shading to paler towards the base and crossed by a faint median shade. Under surface pale reddish-brown, darker on the anterior wings and usually deepeuing towards external margin on both pairs. The scales which clothe the head and form the dark thoracic patch, are of a deep tawny-brown shading to darker along the edges on the thorax, where they acquire a purple tinge. Metathoracic and lateral scales concolorous with anterior wings at base. Abdomen above, pale reddish-brown with a testaceous tinge, deepening in color at anal seg- ment. Antennae tawny-brown, paler on their inner surface. Exp. % and 9 , 1.70 to 2.20 inches. Length of body, 0.85 inch. H< , b it, 1 1.—\\ est Farms, X. Y., (Mr. J. Angus.) Long Island, N. Y., (Harvey J. Rich.) Massachusetts, (Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr.) Mature larva. — Head, black, shining. Body smooth, blackish, clothed with sparse, testaceous whitish hair. Four dark-yellow lines, very prominent, on each side of the body, a fifth (absent io D. An- ijusii) is interrupted centrally on the segments by the legs and pedal warts. A ventral longitudinal line beneath. The segments which 12 Grote and Robinson's Lepuhpterohgical bear the thoracic legs are testaceous beneath. Supra-anal plate black. The swelled portion of the prothoracic ring, dorsally, is entirely orange-yellow. Food plants : Apple, cherry, etc. (Rosaceas.) (Auth. Angus.) Coll. Ent. Soc, Philadelphia. Datana major, sp. nov. (PI. 2, fig. 3, 2 •) Size large; form, stout. Of a uniform tawny reddish -brown. Anterior wings broad, slightly excavate between the nervules along external margin; pale reddish-brown, with a brighter, more tawny shade along costa centrally and above apical streak; partially and distinctly irro- rate with brown scales which do not extend over the superior bright shade. Five transverse brown lines. The first conspicuously arcuate. A dark median discal dot. Discal cross-vein largely covered with dark scales. The second line obsolete on costa, angulated beyond the disc, thence running inversely oblique to internal margin. The third line prominent, running parallel to the second. The fourth faint, con- tiguous to fifth, which latter is distinct and slightly arcuate. Apical streak, obsolete superiorly; fringes dark. Posterior wings pale reddish-brown, nearly concolorous with anterior wings, becoming paler at base, with no traces of a median shade. Under surface paler than upper, immaculate; fringes darker. The scales which clothe the head and form the dark thoracic patch, are tawny-brown, deepening in color towards the edges on the thorax; metathoracic and lateral hairs, concolorous with anterior wings at base. Abdomen, pale reddish-brown, with a testaceous tinge. Exp. 2 , 2.10 inches. Length of body, 2.20 inches. Habitat. — Maryland, (R. Stratton.) Coll. Ent. Soc. Philadelphia. By a parity of reasoning this stouter species with broader wings and modified ornamentation, may be regarded as distinct from its con- geners, though we have but a single specimen before us. ff Anterior icings entire. Datana integerrima. sp. n. (Plate 2, fig. 4, 2 •) Dark reddish-brown. Anterior wings entire along external margin, thickly and evenly covered with fine scattered irrorations, with a bright shade extending along costa centrally and above apical streak. Five transverse dark-brown lines. The first moderately arcuate, margined within by a paler shade. A central discal dot. The space between the first and second transverse lines darker. The second line covers the outer discal dot and is margined outwardly by paler scales, as are the third, fourth and fifth lines. The position of all these lines is Notes and Descriptions, JVb. 2. 13 subject to variation. The fourth is, as usual, fainter than the rest and very contiguous to the fifth. Posterior wings very pale, crossed by a rather broad, pale, median shade. Under surface p;iler than upper, deepening in color towards external margin j fringes dark. The scales which clothe the head and form the thoracic patch, are dark tawny-brown, deepening in color towards the edges of the thorax. The metathoracic and lateral hairs are very pale. Abdomen pale, testaceous; anal segment concolorous with the rest. Exp. % and 9 , 1.80 to 2.30 inches. Length of body, 0.78 to 1.10 inch. Habitat. — West Farms, N. Y., (Mr. J. Angus.) Long Island, N. Y., (Messrs. II. J. Rich and E. L. Graef.) ? Seekonk, R. L, (Mrs. S. W. Bridgham.) Mature Larva. — Entirely purplish-black, immaculate, thickly clothed with long whitish hair, which arises in spreading fascicles laterally on the segments above the legs and more sparsely dorsally. The larva before the last moult is striped like that of D. ministra, with the immature stages of which it has not been compared. The entirely dif- ferent coloration and shaggy appearance after its last moult, are very characteristic and anomalous. It has been found on apple-trees etc., like D. ministra. Enters the ground in September; the imago appears from the middle to the end of July. (Auth. Angus.) Datana integerrima is our commonest species and generally resem- bles Datana ministra, from which it may be distinguished by the non- excavate external margin of the anterior wings, its general paler and duller color and in that the transverse lines are accompanied usually by paler marginal shades. Datana ministra, Fitch, 1st Rep. Plate 4, fig. 3, is not Drury's species, from which it may be distinguished by its descriptive non- excavate external margin of the primaries. The larva does not correspond with either that of D. integerrima or of D. contracta, and it is not impossible that it is a hitherto unrecognized and separate species. An imago sent us from Albany strengthens this opinion since it agrees with Dr. Fitch's figure and differs from D. integerrima in its brighter color, the transverse lines not followed by paler shades. A second species with entire primaries, of a paler color than D. integer- rima, and with a different larva may have to be separated as distinct. To provide for this we have described as D. integerrima the specimens received from Mr. Angus and associated with the larva. 14 Grote and Robinson's Lcpidopterologhal Datana contracta, Walker. (PL 2, fig. 5 % ,6 $? , var.) Datana contracta, Walker, Cat. B. M. Part. 5, p. 10G2. (1S55.) Datana contracta, Morris, Syn. Lep. N. A., p. 247. (1862.) Datana contracta, Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., Vol. 4, p. 355. (1864.) Luteous tawny. Anterior wings entire with a brighter shade ex- tending along the costa centrally, and above the apical streak. Pro- fusely and distinctly irrorate with dark-brown scales. Five transverse brown lines. The first oblique, very slightly arcuate, and margined inwardly with lighter scales. A central discal dot. The second line curved outwardly at costa, thence running inversely obliquely to internal margin. This line, which is margined outwardly with paler scales, joins the first at internal margin in a single specimen before us. A second discal spot. Tbe third line slightly arcuate at costa, thence running parallel with fourth and fifth lines to internal margin. The third and fifth distinctly margined outwardly with paler scales. The fourth, which is quite contiguous to the fifth, is indistinct, and, in some instances, almost obsolete. Apical streak obsolete superiorly, indistinct. Fringes bright reddish-brown, the same with the thoracic patch. Posterior wings very pale, with a paler median shade. Under surface paler than upper, shading to reddish-brown towards external margin on anterior wings. The scales which clothe the head and form the thoracic patch, are bright tawny-brown becoming darker towards the edges on the thorax. Metathoracic and lateral hairs concolorous with posterior wings. Abdomen pale tawny ; anal segment darker. Exp. % and 9 1.85 inch. Length of body, 0.70 inch. Habitat. — West Farms, N. Y., (Mr. James Angus). New Jersey; Rhode Island; Long Island, (Mr. Harvey J. Rich.) Mature larva. — Head black, shining. Body, black, with four lateral broad yellowish-white stripes, a fifth is interrupted centrally by the legs as in D. ministra, but in this latter species the stripes are darker and slightly narrow while the larva is larger than that of D. contracta. The body is clothed with longer hair and is of a deeper black than in D. ministra. The dorsal swelled portion of the prothoracic ring is similarly colored but less prominent and exserted than in its congener. Food Plauts: Species of oak (Quercus) on which alone this cater- pillar has been hitherto collected. (Auth. Mr. James Angus.) Datana perspicua, Grote & Robinson. Datana perspicua, G. & R., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., IV., p. 489, PI. 3, fig. 1. (1865.) Rotes and Descriptions, No. 2. 15 This species is characterised by its clear yellow color; the transverse lines on the narrow anterior wings are not bordered with paler shades, and are more crowded together, leaving- t\\e terminal space wider than usual. The irrorations are obsolete. The posterior wings are very pale stramineous testaceous, immaculate, without any median line or shades. The dark fringes contrast forcibly with the pale squammation of the wings. Habitat. — Chicago, 111., (Mr. A. Bolter.) Larva, unknown. In connection with the specimens and larva here described, Mr. James Angus writes : (i As near as I can remember, the larvge of all the four species are so much alike previous to the last moulting, that it would be difficult to distinguish the one from the other. They are then all lined and the lines, if I remember right, are all about the same color, which is light purple. I intend however, if I live, to watch them more minutely another season and I will give you the result of my ob- servations. The specimens of the imago sent you are all of the ordi- nary size and the peculiar characters of each are so constantly uniform that I could scarcely detect any differences between the specimens I have of each species except in size." In conclusion we state, that a number of the perfect individuals we have here used and the alcoholic specimens of the mature larvae, are deposited in the Collection of the Entomological Society of Philadel- phia, the attention of American lepidopterists is called to the further investigation of the species of this interesting genus. CCELODASYS, Packard. Coelodasys apicalis, n. sp. (Plate 2, fig. 7, % .) Anterior wings rather blunt and short; apices more produced than usual in the genus. Light brown shaded with whitish cinereous. Basal space light brown, almost concolorous. A narrow linear black streak runs, below the m. nervure and parallel to it, from base of the wing to the first transverse median line ; this latter obsoletely geminate, with a precediug or internal whitish cinereous shade, dark brown, dentate on costa, thence irregularly undulate to internal margin. A whitish cinereous costal shade extends over the disc to the black luniform discal mark, which is very distinctly defined. Median space below the disc, pale brownish, of a rather lighter shade than elsewhere. Outer transverse line obsoletely geminate, with an internal whitish shade, projected beyond the disc, irregularly dentate and undulate. The nervules are narrowly and more or less continuously covered with black scales. Terminally the wing is pale brown, with darker, short, 16 Grote and Robinson's LepiJopterohgical interspaceal clashes and with a whitish cinereous shade which obtains principally over the apex. Fringes somewhat testaceous, dark at the extremity of the nervules. Posterior wings whitish, with an arcuate, median, paler band defined by its margins. Anal angle stained with blackish; this color extending on the fringes at this place which else- where are whitish. The wings are powdered with brownish scales especially along the costa. Beneath : the primaries are generally dark without definite markings, largely whitish along internal margin ; costa powdered with pale cinereous scales; a subterminal, transverse, pale, shade band. Secondaries, whitish, with scattered brownish scales along costa; anal angle stained with blackish as on upper surface. Head and thoracic appendages clothed with pale mixed brown and cinereous scales. Patagia, narrowly edged behind with dark scales; metathoracic hairs, dark. Abdomen, whitish cinereous; on basal seg- ment above, a few dark scales; terminal segment clothed with darker scales and furnished with a bifid anal tuft. Legs and under thoracic surface clothed with obscure purplish-brown scale. Exp. % 1.20 inch. Length of body 0.60 inch. Habitat. — Eastern States. Size of C unicornis, Pack. ; the apices of anterior wings are more produced, costal nervules more curved, while the general coloration and ornamentation will quickly distinguish this species from its asso- ciates. ACRONYCTA, Ochsenheimer. Acronycta occiden talis, n. sp. This species is the American analogue of the European Acronycta psi. It constantly differs from its ally by the paler color of the primaries, which are more sparsely covered with scales, and their somewhat squarer shape. The reniform spot on the disc shows a bright testaceous tinge, and the ordinary spots are less approximate than in A. psi. The secon- daries are dark grey, nearly unicolorous, a little paler in the male, and darker in either sex than in its European analogue. Exp. % and 9 , 1.40 inch. Length of body, % 0.60, 9 0.70 inch. Habitat. — Eastern and Middle States. Of common occurrence from May to July. Toll. Ent. Soc. Phil. . This species is doubtfully regarded as identical with the European A. psihy Messrs. Gruenee & Walker in their respective works on our Noctuidae. The larval stages of our species have not been described to our knowledge. This species has occurred quite plentifully to Mr. Grote on the trunks of the elm trees in Boston Common. Notes and Descriptions, TVb. 2. 17 Acronycta funeralis, n. sp. (Plate i, fig. 10, % .) Form of A . occidentalis ; the primaries are narrower, their apices more produced. Pale bright prey; along internal margin a broad black- ish shade, which spreads from base to t. p. line and diffusedly from the sagittate marks which are characteristic of the genus, but which in this species are evidently broader than usual, being about thrice broader than in A. occidentalis. The ordinary spots are somewhat larger and wider apart, the median space narrower, the geminate transverse lines more approximate, the terminal spaces wider than in A. occidentalis. The upper black streak beyond the disc, is entirely obsolete. Fringes, whitish, neatly and narrowly interrupted with black between the ner- vules. Secondaries whitish, semi-diaphanous, with a diffuse dark mar- ginal shade, which is broadest at and below apical angle; uervules covered with dark scales. Fringes white, narrowly and neatly inter- rupted with black between the nervules. Under surface of primaries mostly pale blackish with a sub-testaceous tinge, largely whitish along internal margin to the transverse subterminal line. Secondaries whitish; a distinct blackish discal spot, a nervular interrupted baud and diffuse terminal shade. A costal, diffuse, dark spot within the discal one. Head, above, whitish; palpi whitish, with the second joints black on the outside. A lateral black shade extending along; the outer margins of the tegulae. Prothorax, thorax and patagia, pale grey. Abdomen darker than thorax; beneath, white; anus fringed beneath with black hairs. Legs, whitish; tarsi annulate with black; anterior tibia) blackish on their inner surface. Exp. 9 1.50 inch, Length of body, 0.70 inch. Habitat. — Ohio. (Mr. Pettingill.) MAMESTSA. Ochs. Mamestra Bridghamii, n. s. (Plate 3, fig. 1, £ .) Anterior wings pale grey with a bluish tinge; median space reddish- brown, shaded with dark yellowish-olivaceous. Basal half-line whitish with an internal marginal line; sub-basal space dark, sparsely shaded with bluish grey scales. Transverse anterior line undulate, of a darker shade than the median space, preceded by a coincident line of whitish scales. Median space dark reddish-brown, below the disc mostly co- vered with olivaceous scales. All the veins marked with greyish scales interrupted by darker ones. A neatly defined reddish-brown median shade line runs from costa to internal margin, angulated at the median nervure. Orbicular and reniform spots yellowish-grey, of the normal shape. Transverse posterior Hue similar to the transverse anterior PROCEEDINGS ENT. SOC. PHILAD. MAT, 1S66. ^«*-, ~' r 18 Grote and Robinson's Lepidopterological line, arcuated superiorly to third median nervule. Subterminal space clear bluish-grey, Costa blackish with four white pre-apical dots, the first of which surmounts the reniform spot. Subterminal line yellow- ish-grey, preceded by olivaceous scales. Terminal space pale bluish- grey, discolored by brownish scales above the internal angle, and again at about first median nervule below the apex. Fringes grey irregularly sprinkled with darker scales at the extremity of the interspaces. Posterior wings very pale whitish-grey, with two terminal parallel darker shade bands, of which the inner is sub-obsolete. A narrow ter- minal black line discontinued before anal angle. Fringes whitish. Under surface very pale greyish, shaded with vinous or violaceous scales. Anterior wings with grey scales along the costa. Two subter- minal vinous shade bands, which are continued on the secondaries to before the anal angle. The posterior wings are whitish, sprinkled with vinous scales along the costa. Head and thorax clothed with grey scales; on the tegular these are whitish with a faint internal line. Disc of the thorax with a few oliva- ceous brown scales, which form the central thoracic tuft. Meta-thoracic tuft formed of whitish scales. Abdomen whitish-grey, darker beneath, with two dorsal brown tufts on the third and fourth segments above. Legs and under-thoracic parts grey ; tarsi anuulated ; posterior and middle tibiae with whitish scales on their inner surface. Exp. % 1.30 inch. Length of body 0.70 inch. Habitat. — Rhode Island. (Mrs. S. W. Bridgham.) Several coincident specimens examiued. Allied to Mamestra arctica, Boisd. (Hadena amputatrix, Fitch), but a much smaller and paler species. The whitish body and posterior wings, the olivaceous scales on the median space of the anterior wings, are features which will rea- dily distinguish the present species from its congener. Respectfully dedicated to Mrs. S. W. Bridgham, whose collection of North American Lepidoptera contains many rarities, owing to the praiseworthy zeal displayed in augmenting it. XYLOPHASIA, Stephens. Xylophasia vulgaris, sp. nov. (Plate ?>, fig. 2, % .) Dull brown. Transverse lines broken; nervules clothed with unin- terrupted darker scales. A narrow basal sub-median dark streak. Transverse anterior line geminate, acutely dentate; below the internal nervure the inner line is broadly marked, running back nearly to the base of the wing. Costally the wing is brighter colored. Reniform and orbicular spots underneath, encircled by brown anuuli more or less Notes and Descriptions, No. 2. 19 broken and indistinct. Transverse posterior line much broken and incomplete, plainly marked on costa (as are all the transverse lines) forming a geminate series of dark dots on the veins. Below third m. nervule a pale lunulate mark, behind which a prominent dark dash. Interspaces with central brown shade streaks and dashes. Subtermi- nal line, faint, broken, incomplete. Terminally, opposite the disc, a blackish shade, and another, extending inwardly to t. p. line, above internal nervure. Posterior wings silky brown, immaculate, with pale, testaceous fringes, which show an irregular, prominent, dark median line discontinued before anal angle. Under surface of anterior wings dark testaceous, irrorate with dark scales ; a dark discoloration along discal cross-vein ; a subterminal, waved dark transverse line, geminate on costa; three costal pale dots ; fringes dark. Posterior wings paler than primaries, a distinct discal dark dot and two subterminal dark lines of which the inner is most distinct. Head and thoracic region above concolorous with upper surface of primaries; clypeus, pale; below the frontal tuft a dark line extending across the front; tegula? lined with distinct dark scales, broadly marked inwardly. Abdomen above darker, but nearly concolorous with seconda- ries above; the male anal tufts, testaceous and sub-fulvous. A dark lateral interrupted sub-anal line. Beneath, with thoracic region, paler. Female, brighter colored. Exp. S 1.65 inch: Length of body 0.S0 inch. Habitat. — Middle States. Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil. A duller and smaller species than X. apamiformis, Guen. Mr. Walker, to whom a specimen was sent, regarded it as allied to the Eu- ropean X. polyodon, with which we are presently unacquainted. ANTHCECIA, Boisd. Anthoecia hirtella, n. s. (Plate 3, fig. 3, % .) Anterior wings olivaceous-brown; median space densely covered with pale grey scales; median lines well defined. Basal and subterminal Spaces olivaceous-brown; basal half-line whitish. Median lines distinct, faintly geminate, the transverse anterior dentate below costa, slightly angulate at the median nervure, thence inwardly obliquely rounded to internal margin. Transverse posterior line sinuate, slightly trembled superiorly, approaching the transverse anterior line below the disc. Median space thickly covered with whitish-grey scales inferiorly. tinged with ochreous-brown on the disc before the reniform spot, which latter is shaded centrally with greyish scales. Subterminal space olivaceous, 20 Grote and Robinson's Lrpidopterological brownish, concolorous with the basal spaces. Subterminal line greyish- sligbtly irregular, continued. Teiuninal space narrow, rather darker than subterminal space. Fringes dark, concolorous. Posterior wings very pale yellow, covered with blackish scales at ex- treme base and along internal margin. A free, broad, black, subluni- forni discal spot. A broad, black terminal band, sinuate along its inner margin. Fringes pale, long and whitish along internal margin, partially obscuring the black scales. Under surface pale testaceous-whitish. A blackish longitudinal basal streak; two distinct, black discal spots; a subterminal sinuate blackish band furcate on costa; apex tinged with reddish scales. This description applies equally to both anterior and posterior wings. Head, thorax and their appendages, clothed with mixed brownish scales; abdomen, paler, closely scaled ; under-thoracic and abdominal surfaces, pale testaceous. Exp. % 0.80 inch. Length of body 0.40 inch. Habitat. — llhode Island. This species resembles A. marginata Grote, A. arcigera Guenee, and A. Spraguei Grote, in the distinctness of the median lines on anterior wings; their conformation, the grey median space and the very pale yellow of the secondaries, distinguish this more hirsute species from its conveners. AEDIA, Hubner. Aedia nigrescens, n. s. (Plate 3, fig. 4, £ •) Anterior win2;s dark cinereous shaded with blackish. Basal and sub-basal spaces evenly dark cinereous; basal half-liue black, succeeded by a faint coincident linear mark. Transverse anterior line oblique, slightly irregular, preceded by a faint coincident line. Beyond the t. a. line, is a broad, oblique, dull, brown band, margined outwardly by an oblique, dark, median, shaded linear baud, widening to internal margin where it is limited outwardly by the t. p. line. This latter is shaped as usual in the genus, surrounding outwardly the extra discal spot, which is large, pale, with a prominent tooth outwardly directed. The t. p. line is broken superiorly where it is strongest marked, being more faintly indicated before internal margin. Subterminal space dark blackish, deepening in hue towards the subterminal line, which latter is even, a little waved, with a single inward prominent inflection oppo- site the discal cell, from whence a darker shade line runs to internal margin at the angle. Terminal space clear pale cinereous; a black apical mark; a terminal, dark, neatly dentate line, continued from apex to internal angle. Notes and Descriptions, Ko. 2. 21 Posterior wings almost wholly blackish; a median testaceous-whitish shade; base covered with dull, pale blackish scales. Fringes, white, interrupted centrally with black, where a pale shade intrudes on the black terminal scales. Beneath, very pale, with broad black terminal bands; on the primaries an oblique black band crosses the disc and joins the terminal band on internal margin before the angle. On the secondaries a neat black discal dot. Head, and thoracic region above, very dark cinereous. Palpi pro- minent ; apical joints long; basal joints pale, whitish. Abdomen, dull brownish, paler than the thorax. Beneath, the thoracic and abdomi- nal regions are pale and whitish. Legs, pale, darker on their outer surfaces. Exp. 9 1.90 inch. Length of body 0.90 inch. Habitat.— Texas, (E. T. Cresson.) Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil. Size of Aedia fascicular is Hiibner, but a broader winged species and with different coloration of primaries above. There is no fascicle of hair on the middle legs, the specimen being evidently a female; while this character is given by M. Guenee as specific when describing Hiib- ner's species, it may, however, be of generic value. The antenna} are defective in the specimen but appear to be filiform. "We retain for this genus the term used by Hiibner in the " Zutraege." Aedia pallescens, n. s. (Plate 3, fig. 5, 9 •) Anterior wings cinereous. Basal spaces pale ochreous with a red- dish tinge; a dark basal half-line. Transverse anterior line black, in- distinctly geminate, since it is preceded by a paler coincident shade line which is plainly separated on costa, below which it spreads and becomes fused with the dark line. This latter is even, with a promi- nent obtuse angulation below the median nervure. Median space dis- tinctly yellowish-ochraceous, crossed by two waved, darker, median shade lines, cinereous on costa except before the t. a. line where it is colored as interiorly. The transverse anterior line is in fact followed by a discolorous oblique band, which is here yellowish-ochraceous, as in Aedia nigrescens, where it is brown. The extra discal spot is very pale. Transverse posterior line black, shaped as usual in the genus, with two outward angulations corresponding to the shape of the extra discal spot. Subterminal space cinereous, shading outwardly to paler. Sub terminal line, faint, preceded superiorly by interspaceal black marks and indicated by pale succeeding scales; terminal line, obsolete. Secondaries, much as in Aedia nigrescens, but the pale, semi-trans- parent shade extends over the base of the wing, leaving some pale '22 Grote and Robinson's Lcpidopterological blackish scales along internal margin. Under surface of both pair resembling that of the preceding species; on the secondaries the discal dot is obsolete. Head, thorax and appendages above, colored like the basal space of primaries, being of a dull pale reddish bue. Palpi, impromineut. tbird joint small, thus differing from tbe preceding species in which tbe palpi are prominent, held free from the head with an elongated apical joint. Abdomen dull brownish-testaceous ; beneath, with thoracic region, whitish-testaceous. Antenna?, filiform. Exp. 9 1.50 inch. Length of body 0.70 inch. Habitat.— Texas, (E. T. Cresson.) Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil. CATOCALA, Ochs. Catocala badia. n. =. (Plate 4. fig. 1. % .) Bright brown, mixed with ashen scales. Anterior wings brown. Basal half line, brown. Basal space and basal half of sub-basal space, pale brown mixed with ashen scales. A broad, brown, transverse shade precedes the transverse anterior line, which latter is brown, slightly undulate and oblique, most prominently produced on the interspace between the median and internal nervures. 3iediau space narrow, pale brown, sprinkled with ashen scales. Reniform spot brown, ill defined, sub-obsolete, obscured and nearly lost in the ground color of the wing; sub-reniform. wanting. Transverse posterior line faint, brown, obscured bv a verv broad, straight, brown, transverse shade, which covers the wing at this place and is sharply defined externally. The t. p. line may be detected at within the middle of this shade which encroaches on the median space superiorly ; it will then be seen to be without promi- nent teeth, somewhat squarely and angularly produced superiorly, provided with a faint minute tooth on the interspace above the first median nervule. From the point of anastomosis of the second and third median nervules to the internal margin, the t. p. line is straight, faint and but slightly undulate on the interspaces. The scales border- ing the broad brown posterior shade are very pale and sharply con- trasted, deepening in color towards external margin. Faint traces of a brown subterminal line ; the nervules clothed with ashen scales. A terminal series of small interspaceal brown spots ; fringes dark. Posterior win_ r s bright orausre-vellow; base and internal margin, clothed with long dust-colored hair. A median black band, somewhat irregular, nowhere prominently constricted, hardly attaining the inter- nal margin. A broader terminal black band, quite irregularly mar- gined iuwardly. nowhere prominently constricted and expiring just Note* and Descriptions, No. 2. 23 before the anal angle. A narrow terminal orange-yellow space, broa - below costal angle, beyond, encroached upon by the black terminal band ; fringes dark. Under surface, dark yellow. Terminally, both wings are covered with pale brown scales. On anterior win^s. median and basal black shade bands. On posterior wines the terminal brown band becomes narrow and blackish toward anal ano///t/aiua. (juenee and C. nuptula, Walk., on fences in and around the Central Park, New York city. No species of Catocala, known to us Notes and Descriptions, No. 2. 27 possesses the peculiarly even brilliancy of tlie scales on the upper sur- face of anterior wings, which characterizes this pretty little species. Catocala formula, n. s. (Plate 4, fig. 5, % ). Anterior wings dark cinereous. Basal half-line black, distinct, an- gulated. Beyond, and obliquely placed with regard to this line, is a small black spot in the sub-basal space, surrounded by paler, slightly greenish scales. Transverse anterior line black, oblique, even, with one prominent inward reflection at internal nervure, preceded by brown scales. Median space dark cinereous ; an angulated median shade line extends from costa to reniform spot, above. Reniform spot large, ill de- fiued superiorly where it is projected, with a black encircling line, filled in with pale greenish or bluish scales, with an internal brown an- nulus. Sub-reniform spot, complete, rounded, somewhat parallel, ovate, unconnected with t. p. line, very contiguous to the reniform, the an- nuli touching between the spots, centrally concolorous with the rest of the median space. Transverse posterior line black, even, with out prominent teeth, its total shape resembling a bracket ([), angulated below costa, whence it runs outwards in a parallel direction then ex- cavate in a transverse direction to above first m. nervule, where a slight projection shows a rudimentary "tooth," thence straightly, some- what undulated, to above internal nervure where it makes an inward reflection corresponding to that below the costa, joining internal mar- gin with a slighter outward excavate reflection. The t. p. line is fol- lowed by a prominent brown band. Sub-terminal line serrate, whitish, followed by a dark cinereous coincident shade. A terminal series of black interspaceaJ dots ; fringes concolorous with the wing. Posterior wings bright yellow. The median black band much as in C. fratercula, nobis, being angularly projected above the interruption of the terminal black band in the male and roundedly, in the female. The isolated portion of the terminal black band is rather elongated. A blackish longitudinal shade streak, indicated by longer, hair-like scales. Under surface bright yellow, marked as usual, with a sub-terminal and terminal black band on either wing. Head and thorax cinereous; prothoracic pieces with a prominent superior black line. Abdomen dull testaceous, anal segment darker. Beneath whitish ; legs clothed with grey scales ; tarsi sub-annulate. Exp. % and 9 , 1.60 to 1.80, inch. Length of body, 0.80. A number of specimens of both sexes examined. Habitat. — New York State. Rhode Island. Coll. Ent. Soc. Pliila. ; our own Collection and that of Mrs. S. \Y. Bridgham, X. Y. 28 Grote and Robinson's Lepidopterohyicdl Eesembles Abbot's figure of 9 Oatocala amaxi'a Smith sp. in the conformation of the t. p. line, but differs in detail. The sexes are simi- lar in C. formula nobis. We have difficulty in believing that the very different male C. canasia, is properly associated with the female figured by Abbot. In this case the male would retain the specific name proposed by Sir. J. E. Smith. Catacola scintillans, n. s. (Plate ?>, fig. 6, % .) Anterior wings of an even dark brown color, which extends from their base to the subterminal line, obscuring the ordinary lines which are obsolete and faintly indicated by darker costal marks. This dark portion of the wing is overlaid with greenish bronzed metallic scales arranged into transverse narrow stripe, which give the wing, in certain lights, a brilliant reflection. At base, below the internal nervure, the squammation is paler. From the s. t. line to exterDal margin the squammation is grey shaded with pale brown scales following the course of the s. t. line which is regularly dentate, sloping inwardly before costa ; the pallor of this portion of the wing contrasts forcibly with the dark hue of the rest. The nervules, terminally, are covered with mixed pale and dark scales. A continued series of dark brown interspaceal dots; a narrow dark terminal line, than which the fringes are a little paler. Secondaries, orange yellow; internal margin clothed with long, very pale brown hairs. Median and terminal bands, brownish-black; the former, slightly irregular and becoming very narrow just before inter- nal margin, the latter, even, with but a single slight distention at a little within its middle. Terminally there are a few narrowly arranged orange yellow scales which, however, do not distend into the usual api- cal mark ; fringes pale. Under surface much as in C. innubens Guenee; the secondaries are largely covered with orange colored scales; median band distinct and tapering to internal margin. Head and thoracic region above, covered with mixed pale and dark brown scales. Abdomen pale testaceous brown, nearly concolorous with the long hairs which clothe the internal margin of the secondaries. Under surface of body very pale; anterior tarsi brown on their upper surface, sub-annulate. Exp. % 2.00 iuches. Length of body 1.25 inch. Habitat. — Pennylvania. Coll. Ent. Sec. Phil. The peculiar ornamentation of the upper surface of the primaries is very distinctive and curiously reminds us of certain species belonging to the Sphingid genus Erinnyis. Notes and Descriptions, No. 2. 29 LARENTIA, Treitschke. Larentia geminata. n. s. (Plate 3, fig. G, %.) White. Anterior wings white or whitish, crossed by five broken black bands followed or preceded by continued yellowish testaceous or olivaceous shades. Extreme base, white, with a testaceous shade. First band (basal) entire, continued, irregularly and angulatedly sinuate, followed by a nearly coincident testaceous shade. Second black band usually more distinct and furcate before costa, below which it forms a series of black dots to internal margin. The third is also usually furcate at costa, thence maculate to internal margin, composed of a double series of black spots, more or less connected with the fourth band by black scales clothing the nervures below the disc, and pre- ceded by a testaceous shade band. The fourth band is more continu- ous than the third, similar in appearance, being likewise furcate on costa, below which it is chiefly composed of black scale patches on the nervures of which there is a double series. Here, the wing is tra- versed by one or two testaceous shade bands, more or less coalesced and undefined. Fifth band more continuous than the rest, usually broken on the interspaces between the second and fourth median nervules, an- gulated on the interspaces, followed by a sub-obsolete series of inter- spaceal dots and by a testaceous shade ou the terminal space. A terminal, black, macular line, interrupted at the middle of the inter- spaces. Fringes whitish. Posterior wings whitish ; a faint geminate subterminal band com- posed principally of dark scales on the nervures. Fringes whitish. Under surface pale, reflecting the ornamentation of the upper sur- face on both pair. Head, white; palpi black beneath; a frontal black line between the antemm) ; prothorax with a testaceous tinge. Thorax and tegulaj whitish, spotted with black. Abdomen whitish, with scattered black scales; terminal segment prominently marked with black above; anal hairs whitish. Legs whitish, with black streaks on the outer surfaces. Antenna? simple. Exp. % and 9 , 1.10 inch. Length of body 0.50 inch. Habitat. — New York State. This species will be readily distinguished by its pale coloration, its conspicuous irregular black bands associated with faint yellowish coin- cident shades. HELIOMATA, n. gen. A genus allied to Baptria ami Knit, inn. It differs from the former in the larger secondaries and slightly stouter and longer auteuna: which, 30 Lepidopterological Xotes and Descriptions, No. 2. in the male, are slightly ciliate beneath. The caputal parts are much reduced and proportionally even smaller than in Baptria, From Era- teina it differs by the absence of the abdominal marginal fold of the secondaries. The wings are large; primaries slightly excavated or sinuous on external margin before the angle. The species are blackish, powdered with yellowish atoms beneath and provided with metallic bands on the upper and lower surface of the wings, which acquire a bluish lustre in //. infulata. H. erota from Surinam belongs to this genus and probably other species hitherto re- ferred to Erateina, the types of which latter genus are quite distinct from the present. Our species are from Virginia and Xew York. Their flight is apparently diurnal. Heliomata infulata. Baptria infulata., Grote, Proc. E. S. Phil. Vol. 2, p. 67. PI 3, fig. 4. (1S63.) Erateina infulata, Grote, Proc. E. S. Phil. Vol. 3, p. 54-2. (1864.) Habitat. — Virginia. Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil. Heliomata cycladata. n. s. (Plate 4, fig. 0. 9 •) Allied to H. infulata. Anterior wings blackish, largely covered with deep yellowish scales, especially margining the pale oblique bands which are placed as in II infulata, but broader and greatly paler. Two exterior tremulous lines of metallic scales as in H infulata, but more approximate and less bluish. Secondaries with a very broad pale me- dian band, much wider and paler than that on the secondaries of //. infulata ; two exterior metallic hues as in the primaries but wider apart. Under surface resembling upper in ornamentation, but the bands are paler and the deep yellow central scales on the primaries are wanting. Some pale yellow costal marks at base. Head, with powdery yellowish atoms on the clypeus, behind, with a narrow ring of yellowish scales. Prothorax and tegula3 dark, mixed with glistening scales. Abdomen dark; the segments above narrowly ringed with yellow scales. Beneath, the legs and thoracic parts yellowish, the former with scattered black atoms. Abdomen pale yellowish; anal segment, brownish. The male of this beautiful species resembles the female, but the bands on the wings are wider. Exp.S and 9 1.00 inch. Length of body 0.30 inch. Habitat.— ^e\v York State. Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil. Also Coll. Mr. James Angus, '\Yest Farms, X. Y., and of Messrs. F. eepha)a albvhneaia, G k R. % . Proc. Ent Soc. Philad. Vol. VI. Plate III. if>* ■ f Wto :7. 1. Mamegtra bridghamii, Q. Jk R. %, 2. Xylophasia vulgaris, G. & R. %. 3. Anthtecia hirtella, G. A R. %. 4. Aedia nigreecens, G. & R. 9 . 5. Aedia pallescena, G. & R. 9 • 6. Larentia geminata, G. A, R. %. 7. Heliomata cycladata, *'. & R. 9- 8. Acrccycta funeralis, #. & JR. % . m Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad. Vol. VI. Plate IV. 1. Catocala badia, G. & R. %. 2. Catocala ponderosa, G. k R. 9 • 3. Catocala fratercula, G. & R. %. 4. Catocala preeclara, G. & R. %. 5. Catocala formula, G. & R. %. 6. Catocala scintillans, G. & R. % . Synopsis of the genera and species of the Family PSELAPHIDiE. 1! Y EMU. 1IRKSDEI, II . P . [Mead Jan. \bth, 1866.] Tn order to induce Entomologists and Collectors to take more interest in the study of this highly interesting family, I shall draw the outlines of the characters proper to every species in the shortest manner, with- out further description, with the view to enter into correspondence with many on that particular subject- I shall adopt the fundamental clas- sification of Dr. John L. LeCoute,as it is not yet disturbed by any new form discovered since. Any member belonging to this family is easily recognized by the stiff, immovable abdomen, with but five or six segments, which excludes the Staphylinidae, and by the abbreviated elytra and the form of the tarsi and coxae, which exclude the Scydmaenidae. The whole family is divided into two sub-families: the Pselaphidae proper and the Clavige- ridaae, which are distinguished by having only 1 — 6 antenual joints, while the Pselaphidse have 10 — 11 in number. The Pselaphidaa are divided thus : — A. — Posterior coxae transverse, not contiguous. Abdomen five-jointed. PSELAPHINI. B. — Posterior coxre conical, contiguous. Abdomen six-jointed. Euplectini. The first section is divided by the form of the head and the insertion of the antennae, thus : — I. — Front produced into two approximate tubercles for the insertion of the antenna?. Abdomen marginate. Pselaphi. 11. — Front not produced, Hat or excavated, and the antennae inserted on the eide and below the frontal margin. Bryaxes. The Pselaphi are again divided into those with two equal claws, in- cluding the genera Ceophillus, Cedius, Tmesiphorus, Ctenistes, Tyrus, and Oercocerm; with two unequal claws, which are till now not repre- sented in the United States; with one claw, represented by the genera Psehtphus and Tychus. The above mentioned genera, with their species, differ as follows : — a. Turn! with two claws. .Intennce moniliform. CEaPHILLUS. Lee. Antennae with equal joints in 9 , unequal in S ; the maxillary palpi with the last two joints lanielliform. C. monilis, 3.3 m. m. long. — Ha'*. Northern States. 32 Dr. E. B rendel' s Synopsis of the genera Antennae clavate. CEDIUS, Lee. Maxillary palpi with the third joint transverse, the fourth lunate, convex. C. Ziegleri, Lee, 2.7 m. m. long, with three grooves near the base of the thorax, and two small impressions near the middle. Hab. — Mountains, Southern States. Iowa. C. spinosus. Lee., 1.9 m. m. long, with a single transverse sulcus near the base of the thorax. Hab. — Mountains, Southern States. The sexual differences in both species are : % , the eighth joint of the antennae with a tooth-shaped prolongation, and the trispinous an- terior thigh. TMESIPHORUS. Lee. Maxillary palpi, second and third joints with setiforrn appendages, the fourth joint triangular, emarginate, appencliculate. T. costalis, Lee., 3.3 m. m. long, has the first and second abdominal dorsal seg- ments laterally carinate. Sab. — Atlantic States. T. carinatus, Lee., 2. -4 m. m. long, has the abdomen in the middle carinate throughout, and the first and second segment an abbreviated lateral carina. Hab. — Atlantic States. Sexual differences : % , an emargination on the base of the last anten- nal joint, which is wanting in 9 • CTENISTES, Reichenback. The joints of the maxillary palpi with long appendages, the two last joints transverse, ovate. Three species much alike in form, differing chiefly in size. C. pulverens, Lee, 2.8 m. m. long. The two last joints of the palpi ovate. Hab. — California. C. piceus, Lee, 1.9 m. m. long. The two last joints of the palpi oblong. Hab. — ■ Northern States. C. Zimermanni, Lee, 1.6 m. m. long. The two last joints of the palpi globular. Hab. — Gulf States. The sexual differences consist in the more convex form of the thorax in the 9 an d the very long ultimate antenual joint in the % . TYRUS, Aube. Maxillary palpi with the last joint ending in a seta. T. humeralis, Aube, is the only species found in the United States, and has a form resembling a Bryaxis. 1.75 m. m. long. Hab. — Northern States. CERCOCERTTS, Lee Maxillary palpi with the third joint very small, the fourth very long. C. batrisioides, Lee The only species; the an tennal joints are moniliform ex- cept the last, which is very large, oval, inflated. Long 1.9 m. m. Hab. — Mississippi Valley. and species of the Family Pselaphidse 33 b. Tarsi' with one claw. PSELAPHUS. Herbst. Maxillary palpi with the last joint club-shaped, very long. P. Eriohsonii, Lee, differs from the southern form P. longiclavus by the last joint (?). uneven and horned in % . Thighs plain. Long 2.0 m. in. Hub. — Mississippi Valley. EUPSENIUS. LeConte. Maxillary palpi, last joint acute-ovate. Antennas short, joint trans- verse, the last very large. Pubescence wanting. E. glaber, Lee. Thorax three-grooved, with a basal sulcus. Long 1.1 m. m. Hab. — Southern States. E. rufus. Lee. Thorax three-grooved, sulcus wanting. Long 1.4 m. m. Hub. — Southern States. II. — Abdomen not margined, tarsi with two unequal claws. ARTHMIUS. LeConte. Thorax not sculptured. Body convex. A. globicollis, Lee. Head with two grooves, thorax globular smooth, elytra with- out dorsal striae. % .fifth antennal joint large, globose; the an- terior tibiae armed with a spine near the middle. Long 1.6 m. m. BATRISUS, Aube. Thorax sculptured, l>ody elongate. I. — Posterior tibise unarmed. a. Front concave. Vertex rounded, not carinate. B. Ionae, Lee. Head behind produced in a very high rounded tumor. %, in- termediate trochanters armed with an acute sj)ine. Long 2.66. 36 Dr. E. Brendel's Synopsis of the genera B. Juvencus, Brendel. Head behind very little convex and very obsoletely carinate. Elytra punctured. % unknown. Long 1.4 m. ni. . b. Front concave. Occiput one-carinate. B. confinis, Lee. Head behind "carinate in the middle. Thorax obsoletely three-lineate, two-carinate, at the base each side of the basal groove are two acute tubercles. % unknown. Long 2.2 in. ni. c. Front concave. Occiput three-carinate. B. armiger, Lee. Head behind with a high carinate tumor. Thorax three- lineate, with three discal recurved spines. % .anterior tibiae and intermediate thighs armed near the middle with very strong prominent thorns. Long 2.4 m. m. B. monstrosus, Lee. Head behind not much tumorous, three-carinate. Thorax convex, sculpture of the lines and earinse obsolete. % , ante- rior tibise and intermediate thighs strongly emarginate near the knee joints. Long 2.4 m. m. B. ferox, Lee. (?) Head as in monstrosus. Thorax more definitely sculp- tured. % as in monstrosus. The last joint of the antennee shorter than in monstrosus. Long 2.4 m. m. II. — Posterior tibiee armed on the end with a long, slender spine, a. Front refuse. Vertex convex, surrounded by a sulcus. B. frontalis, Lee. Head smooth behind, not carinate. Thorax tri-lineate. Elytra impunctate. Stature resembling/emr. Long 2.4 m. m. * Elytra punctured. B. scabriceps, Lee. Head scabrous, not carinate. Thorax three-lineate. Ely- tra sparsely punctulate. Last antennal joint armed with a tooth at the base. Long 2.0 m. m. B- punctatus, Lee. Head smooth, not carinate; thorax three-lineate: elytra very strongly punctured. % , last antennal joint armed with a tooth at the base. Long 2.1 m. m. B. riparius, Say. Head slightly carinate on the vertex. Elytra very percepti- bly punctured. Thorax laterally emarginate behind the mid- dle. Last antennal joint very long. % , last antennal joint at the base with a rather prominent long tooth. Stature slender. Long 1.5 m. m. B globosus, Lee. Head strongly carinate on the vertex. Elytra slightly punc- tulate. Thorax laterally entire. Last antennal joint short. % , penultimate antennal joint globose, larger than the last, ■which has no tooth. Long 1.7 m. m. s-s- Elytra decidedly impunctured. B. nigricans, Lee. Head tubereulate, not carinate on the vertex. Thorax three-lineate. % , penultimate antennal joint as large as the last. Long 1.9 m. in. Hah. — Northwestern States. B. albionicus, Aube. Head not carinate on the vertex. Thorax two-lineate. %, ultimate antennal joint armed with a tooth. 5* j hast alxlo- minal segment conical, acute. Long 2.2 m. m. Hab. — Califor- nia. B. spretus, Lee. Vertex not carinate. Thorax bilineate. % , last antennal joint not dentate; the penultimate as large as the last. % , last abdominal segment not acute. Long 1.6 m. m. Hab. — Penn. and species of the Family Pselaphidse. 37 b. Front, the elevated margin wanting, not sulcate, plain and punctured. B. bistriatus, Lee. Head plain, densely punctured, bifoveate behind. Thorax bilineate. Elytra punctate. Long 2.1 m. m. JHa6.— Penn. B. lineaticollis, Aube. Head plain, densely punctured, bifoveate, Thorax tri-lineate. Elytra not punctured. Long 2.5 m. rn. Hah. — Eastern States. REMARKS OX SEXUAL CHARACTERS. The sexual characters of the species Batrisus under I, are expressed by the armature of the legs, and the tooth at the base of the last anten- nal joint, which joint is longer than in 9 • For those species under II, there is one character truly sexual, and that is the frontal margin, pro- duced and overhanging the face in the % , while the 9 has a single straight bar between the insertion of the antennae. The last abdominal segment in most of them is more or less pointed in tho 9 • The tooth on the last antenual joint is masculine in those species that are pro- vided with it. But the penultimate large joint in B. globosus, nigricans and spretus may be considered masculine, though the want of it is not always feminine. EUPLECTIXI. This section is divided as follows : — A. — Tarsi with but one claw. * Antennae straight Trimium. Euplectus. ** Antennae geniculate Rhexius. B. — Tarsi with two equal elaws Faronus. A. — Tarsi irith one claw. TRIMIUM. Aube". The second ventral segment longest. T. globifer, Lee. Lateral thoracical grooves connected by an arcuate sulcus. Occiput not impressed. Long 1.5 m. m. Hah.— Southern States. T. dubium, Lee. Thoracical sulcus nearly straight. Occiput entire. Head with a semi-circular sulcus connecting four small foveolse and a small groove in the middle of the vertex. Long O.S m. m. Hah. — Southern States. T. parvulum, Lee. Thoracical sulcus nearly straight. Head without a central impression. Hah. — Southern states. T. impunctatum. Brendel. Thoracical sulcus angulate. Occiput entire. Head with two oblong Longitudinal grooves, connected by an angu- lated sulcus. Long 1.3 m. m. Hah. — Xorthern States. EUPLECTUS. The ventral segments equal. * Body eonr X. E. canaliculatas. Loe. Thorax, two Lateral grooves connected by a semi-circu- lar sulcus, and an entire longitudinal sulcus. Long 1.0 m. ni. Hob. — Northern States. 38 Synojjsis of the Family Pselaphidx. E. cavifrons, Lee. Thorax with three basal grooves connected by an angulated sulcus and a small discal groove. Front concave. Long 1.0 m. m. Hab. — Southern States. E. arcuatus, Lee. Thorax with three grooves connected by an angulated sulcus, the disk concave. Long 1.0 ni. m. Hab. — Northern States. -:■:-:•:- Body depressed. E. linearis, Lee. Thorax with two grooves connected by a transverse sulcus and a longitudinal discal sulcus. Occiput impressed. Long 1.7 m. m. Hab. — Southern States. E- interruptus, Lee. Thorax with three grooves connected by an angulated sulcus, from the lateral grooves running out forwards in the margin, and an oblong discal groove. Occiput entire. Long 1.6 m. m. Hab. — Southern States. E. confluens. Lee. Thorax punctulate, with three grooves connected by an an- gulated sulcus and an anteriorly abbreviated longitudinal sul- cus on the disk. Occiput impressed. Long 1.6 m. m. Hab. — Eastern States. E. difficilis, Lee. Thorax with two lateral grooves connected by an arcuate sulcus and a central discal groove. Occiput impressed. Long 1.3 m. m. Hab. — Atlantic States. E. pumilus, Lee. Thorax with two lateral grooves by a nearly straight sulcus and an oblong discal groove. Elytra, each with a round groove behind the middle. Occiput entire. Long 0.5 m. m. Hab. — Southern States. E. crinitus, Brendel. Thorax with three grooves connected by an arcuate sul- cus, disk smooth convex. Occiput entire. Long 1.4 m. m. Hab. — Illinois. E. ruflceps, Lee. Thorax with two lateral grooves connected by an arcuate sul- cus, disk smooth convex. Occijmt entire. Long 0.5 m. m. Hab. — Southern States. RHEXITJS, Lee. Head and thorax transverse. Antennaa geniculate. It. insculptus, Lee. Thorax with two lateral, isolated grooves and a longitudi- nal sulcus. Long 1.6 m. m. Hab. — Atlantic States. B. — Tarsi with two equal claws. FARONUS, Aube. Abdomen flexible, six-jointed, last joint retractile. Antennae moni- liform. F. Tolulae, Lee. Thorax with three isolated grooves. Head with three grooves. Long 2.0 m. m. Hab. — Southern States. F. Isabellse, Lee. Thorax with two lateral grooves and a basal transverse im- pression in the middle. Head with three grooves. Hab. — Southern States. F. parviceps, Lee. Thorax with two lateral grooves and a basal transverse im- pression in the middle. Head with two grooves near the fron- tal margin, and a triangular impression on the frontal margin. Long 2.0 m. m. Hab. — Russian America. Revision of the FOSSORIAL HYMENOPTERA of North America. I. Crabronid.e and Nyssonidje. BY A. S. PACKARD, Jr., M. D. [Bead November IZth, 1865.] When two years since, with scanty material consisting of the more common forms, we began to study this most interesting group of Hy- menoptera, it seemed a comparatively easy matter to decide upon what seemed truly generic and specific forms. Characters which we must now consider of scarcely subgeneric value, were unhesitatingly pro- nounced to be of full generic importance, and in some cases simple varieties were thought to be good species. The large sub-divisions of Crabro, of which C. singular is, 0. arcuatus, and C. inferruptus are types, were considered of generic value, and some of St. Fargeau's genera, which we now reject, were adopted. But the great influx of species made known to us by the writiugs of Mr. Frederick Smith of the British Museum, published in the Catalogue of Hymenoptera, and the more recent articles of Mr. E. T. Cresson in the Proceedings of this Society on the hymenoptera of Colorado Territory, collected by Mr. Biding^, and of Cuba, which formed the collection of Prof. F. Poey, together with much new material most liberally loaned me by Mr. Ed- ward Norton, E. T. Cresson and the Boston Society of Natural History, which last is especially valuable as giving us several of Say's and Dr. Harris' types;* has materially changed our views on the classification of the group. Thus our notions as to the value of different natural groups daily fluctuate with each new influx of species, so that it seems as if the natural system which every student strives after, were at the mercy of the opinion of each inquirer, changing and differing from other systems according to the stand point from which he regards nature. Our own impression received from the study of so difficult a group as the one under present consideration, is that our arbitrary and stiff systems can never express in words or in diagrams the unceasing variation and change of characters, now constant, and now slight and shifting, which take place in natural groups. Our notions of genera and species are in a great measure ideal and typical rather than real and fixed. Our descriptions, when good and reliable, are not descriptions of a single More special acknowledgment of aid in preparing this paper, will be made in ike descriptions below. 40 Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr's Revision of the individual, but of a large mass, whose separate peeularities agreeing in the main, are combined into a "composition" or diagnosis. Nature thus constantly eludes our grasp, and after all nothing but a picture of the flitting form remains impressed upon the mind which we embody in an idealized form in words. Also, in being compelled, in print, to treat of genera as if they were arranged in a continuous line from the highest to the lowest, one fails in expressing clearly to others his views as to the true relations of the groups. Thus we have to stop in our ascending series to interpolate aberrant forms, which must be described at this point, if anywhere, as the systematist is constantly drawn aside to deal with groups which stand out of the apparently normal succession of organized beings, consisting of degradational forms, and connecting links between mem- bers of a somewhat linear series, and outstanding genera difficult to locate. The ascending series is at times disturbed by constellations of forms which are so complexly grouped as to so divert the attention that it is difficult to take up the thread conducting to the close of the series. To our mind there must be a compromise between those natu- ralists who believe that all groups are "artificial," or in a state of un- stable equilibrium, thus constantly changing their value ; and those naturalists, on the other hand, who believe genera, families, orders and classes to be very easily limited, defined, and thus always recognizable from such definitions. Where an order is defined as depending on "complication of structure,"* and families on "form," genera on de- tails of structure, and species as depending on proportion and orna- mentation, we find that such definitions apply just as truly to one divi- sion as another. Species differ in size and coloration, and also in form, as well as in details of structure, as beautifully exemplified in the groups under consideration. In fact, the difference between species and genera, and genera and orders, are but differences in degree, and re- lative terms; there is nothing absolute in nature. Thus the present tendency to sub-divide old genera and admit many new ones, the necessity of establishing new families and sub-families, new orders and sub-orders, must convince the thoughtful observer that the terms classes, orders, etc., now in use are far to few to indicate the manifold sub-divisions, and groups of varying rank and importance ac- tually existing in nature. The attempt to define such unequal divi- sions seems useless, seeing how little equivalent among themselves are, for example, the genera of another. Indeed, the sub-divisions already *Agassiz, Essay on Classification, Contributions, Vol. 1, p. 170. Fossorial Hymen&ptera of North America. 41 admitted in the animal kingdom are far to numerous to admit of dis- tinct names for them. The only practical method of avoiding the present practice of burdening science with multitudinous and often unmeaning and superfluous names for the numerous groups constantly revealing themselves to the naturalist, is to fix upon the better pro- nounced groups, in different orders or sub-orders, for example, and balance them among themselves, indicating equivalent divisions so far as possible. It is only in this way that naturalists can harmonize their views. Thus retaining Latreille's term "family" for the groups of hymenoptera to which he applied it, why net adhere to it as a standard, and indicate the sub-families by name, while the sections and sub-sec- tions need not be indicated by names, thus burdening nomenclature, but simply by figures or letters, or other convenient symbols. In our view the Family Crabronidae seems equivalent in value to the BombycidcO among lepidoptera, and its sub-families Philanthinse, Crabroninae and Pemphredoninse rank with either of the twelve sub-families Bomby- cinae, Arctiadae or Attaci, etc. Thus the genera Crabro, Blepliaripus or Thj/ri opus, or Stigmus, will become equivalent to Attacus, Samia, Callosamia, or Eucronia, and the groups of species of Crabro, of which C. singularis, C. arcuatus, G. stirpicola are types, will be equivalent to the three sub-divisions of A.rctia, represented by A. Virgo, A. Dionc and A. Nats. By comparisons of this sort our ideas concerning these natu- ral groups become better grounded. We have below indicated and described, without feeling the necessity of naming, groups, which with our present material for study, we con- sider as sub-genera. We would treat sub-species in the same way, as they are what are often called "geographical varieties" or representa- tive species. If sub-genera are named, the nomenclature is immediately changed from a binominal to a trinominal one. If we name the sub- species also it becomes quadrinominal, and thus science is still further burdened with a long array of useless names. We must strongly pro- test against the present bad fashion of naming so called "families" or minor collections of genera, connected by characters of very slight importance. Admitting that these inconsiderable sub-divisions are natural and founded in nature, let us for convenience forbear cumbering science with names for them. Thus fiuenee sub-divides the family Noctitldx. already very well circumscribed by Latreille. into some twenty '■families;" to such an extent have specialists in some departments carried the process of sub-division. PROCEEDINGS ENT. SOC. PHILAD. MAY, 1866. 42 Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr's Revision of the. Zoological Cliaracters. The most useful characters for separating genera and species, are those drawn from the appendages of the body, and those parts to which they are inserted. In the hymenoptera as a general rule, the base or insertion of the abdomen, where there is the greatest movement of the parts on themselves, and the end, wherein is placed the ovipo- sitor or sting, or male organs of reproduction, vary much more than the middle of that region ; so in the thorax, the prothorax is more useful than the meso- and meta-thorax, in being more variable, though not always so. In the "propodeum" (Newman) of hymenoptera, we have greater changes wrought than in any other parts of the trunk, and to this part especially the observer must always recur. In the head, we find greater variability as we go forward from the base. The cly- peal region is of constant use, while the epicranium, and occiput espe- cially, afford slight characters. In the wings, always in requisition among the hymenoptera, lie characters of the first importance in genera and species, but not so useful in the larger groups. Of the appen- dages, those of the head and abdomen are often more useful as a gene- ral rule than the thoracic — though not so available from their inacces- sibility. There is thus a greater tendency to variation as we proceed from the centre of the body, taken as a whole, outwards to the peri- phery; the appendages vary more than the trunk, and the terminal, most differentiated portions of the appendages, vary more than their bases; so in considering the head, thorax and abdomen separately, the variation proceeds from the middle of each region, anteriorly and pos- teriorly. It is those parts most differentiated and therefore put to the most constant use by the insect that vary most. The peculiar habits and wants of the insect predetermine, or we would prefer to say, are correlated with its peculiar structure. Thus in the social bees which have to accumulate stores of honey, the brushes of hair on the legs are greatly developed over those solitary species, such as Halictus, which lay up slight stores in their single isolated cells; while in Jornada which cuckoo-like, is parasitic on other genera such as Andrena, the legs are almost naked; and in many genera of fossorial hymenoptera which are carnivous, the legs are slender and entirely naked. The Crabronidse afford, so far as we are acquainted with their habits, must interesting examples of the interdependence of structure on the habits of the insect. As a group, they are essentially wood-wasps, making their cells in cylindrical holes in rotten wood, or enlarging nail- Fossorial Hymenoptera of North America. 43 holes in posts as Crabro swgularis does, according to the observations of Mr. Shurtleff, and as I have seen done by Philanthus, thus adapting them to the requirements of their young; or like the Rhopalvm pedi- ccllatum, Stigmus fraternut and Crabro stripico7a, avail themselves of those plants wbose stem lias a pith which they can readily excavate and refit for their habitations. Thus the great variability of the fore legs in fossorial hymenoptera is especially marked; in the digging and tunnelling Thyreopus with its broad dilations and abnormal enlarge- ment of the fore legs we are reminded strikingly of the moles among vertebrata. In the Apidae, the hind legs are especially used for gathering pollen, while the fore legs assist the mouth parts in build- ing and elaborating the cells and ucst. In this family is a greater differentiation in the structure of the legs, correlated with the more diverse uses of the limbs. As we descend in the hymenoptera we find a great equality in form in the legs of the Ichueuuionida: and Tenthre- dinidse; in some Chalcids, however, which in most respects are higher than the IchneumonidcB, the hind legs are greatly enlarged for leaping like the coleopterous Halticus. Other cases will readily suggest them- selves to entomologists. In classifying the genera, within a sub-family, as well as the larger groups, the principle of Cephalization as advanced by Prof. Dana* has always been our chief guide in arranging the hymenoptera, and before meeting with the views advanced by that author who has thrown so much light on the study of the articulates, we were accustomed to place highest those members of a group whose bodies were most concentrated, and had the elements of organization thrown farthest towards the head. O In illustration, we regard Halictus as lower than And rata or Apis ; Zethus and Eumenes as holding a subordinate position to Polistes and Vespa ; in the Crabronidae, Stigmus as inferior to Blepharrpus, Psen to C< rceris ; in the Nyssonidte, Trypoxylon as much lower than Oxi/behis, and so down the scale. In all these lower forms, we see the body lengthened out, the rings of the body more equally developed, showing a decided tendency to " vegetative repetition" so marked in the worms, — the "weight of organization" is withheld from the thorax and head, and retained in the abdomen. In short, the insect is degraded, decephalized. On the contrary, in what we believe to be the highest hymenopterous insect, the Honey bee, the parts of the body are all more referred to the head, thrown forwards and subordinated to that portion of the nervous system residing in the head, which is more analogous to the brain of the "*'See several articles in the Amer. Journ. Sc. and Arts, 1S63 — 1866. 44 Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr's Revision of the vertebrates than in any other articulates, for it is brain force which more immediately decides the rank of animals than any other single character. The most intelligent of all insects, with a greater dif- ferentiation of the individual into sexes, and dimorphic sexes, with the division of labor carried out more minutely than in any other articulates, and in their intimate relation to the wants of man, the hymenoptera, and especially the Hive bee, to our miud, are true syn- thetic beings, as that term was used by the Botanist Fries, standing in the same relation to all the articulate series below, as the apple tree to all other plants, and in a strictly zoological point of view, as man does to all other vertebrates. The bee concentrates in its form all the normal characters of insects, and lacks the degradational features showed in greater or less abundance by those standing below it. Some of the most useful characters in the Crabronidae exist in the form of the clypeus, the comparative breadth of the epicranium, or breadth of the front between the eyes; and its sculpturing and amount of pubescence or hirsuties; in the antennae, the relative length and proportion of the joints composing the scape and flagellum • as well as the size and proportion of the entire head, and especially the degree of convergence of the sides behind the eyes. In separating perplexing species we always first look at the sculpturing of the pro- podeum of Newman,* or u thoraco-abdominal ring" of Newport, which, though closely united with the thorax, is in reality the basal ring of the abdomen, which, during the semipupa state, is in the hymenoptera transferred to the thorax, the rings of which it so closely simulates in form, sculpturing and colors, as to have led some of our best observers to confound it with the meta-thorax. It is this single character which separates most trenchantly the hymenoptera, as a group, from all other insects. In the Tenthredinidae the propodeum is much as it exists in the lepidoptera, where it forms a membranous ring, less hard in con- sistence than either the thoracic or abdominal rings lying next to it. In the Crabronidas the end of the abdomen presents excellent generic and also specific characters, depending on the grooved or flat- tened tips. This part varies less in the Philanthinae, and is of slight use in most of the Nyssonidaj. * The metascutumand metathorax of most authors — See our remarks, on this segment and its developmental history, in Proceedings Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Feb. 7, 1866. Fvssorial Ifymenoptera of North America. 45 Gengrajili ical Distribution . The Crabronidae are very exclusively confined to the north temperate zone, and though more have been described from Europe thus far, it is probable that North America will ultimately furnish as large a uumber. No fossorial hymenoptera, with the exception of the Ants, have been found in the truly Arctic regions. Our collections made in Labrador do not afford a single species. The Canadian fauna, which in the interior of the continent, extends towards the mouth of the Copper- mine and Mackenzie rivers, embraces a few species ; and there area few species, members of the same fauna, which are found at the base of the White Mountains. Southwards, the species have a wide range. The same species occur in New England and the Middle and "Western states alike. Colorado Territory affords another assemblage of species, as do the Gulf states and Cuba, so far as explored. Cerceris is a more tropical genus than Crabro or Phihinthus. The Peniphredoninae occur far north in abundance; while the Nyssonidae are most largely developed in subtropical regions, though Oxybehis abounds in the Canadian fauna. In the Arctic and temperate zones where are fewer species than, southwards, these isolated forms are among the most typical, and simple; all bizarre, unusual forms resulting from different modes of coloration and disproportion of parts, being excluded. This tends to make the genera of the Temperate zone more symme- trical and easily limited. As we go into the tropics, Nature becomes more lavish of high, intense colors, and introduces many new modifica- tions of generic form in the different species, so that the tropical genera offer a more heterogeneous mass of species. In the tropics is a greater differentiation of all characters depending on form, size and coloration, as well as habits. Formica is more specialized in its sexual development in the tropics, than in the temperate zone, and the Papilionidse, a truly tropical family, as Wallace* has well shown, have a greater range of variation both in sexual and specific characters than any other family of Lepidoptera. Classification, In the Crabronites, Latreillef united both the present groups Crabro- nidseand Nyssonidte with the Larridro of Leach. The arrangement is the reverse of modern authors. He places Pemphredon and allies be- * Trans. Linnroan Society, Vol. xxv. Pt. 1. 1805. t Genera Crust, et Insectorum, 1809. 46 Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr's Revision of the tween Crabro and Cerceris. Afterwards in 1825 * he makes his Nyssonii equivalent to the Crabronites. Shuckard in 1837, in his " Essay on Indigenous Fossorial Hymen- optera" has given us the best studied work on these groups. His arrangement is free from many of those defects that marked the less conservative views of St. Fargeau and Dahlborn. He presents us the Crabronidse as a whole, not separating minor groups of genera under distinct names. Philanthus heads the family; nest follows Cerceris, Mimesa and Psen, then Arpactus, Gorytes, All/son, MeUinus, and then the genera composing Dahlbom's Peuiphredonidas, which are fol- lowed by Crabro, which is not subdivided, and Trypoxylon ends the family. The Nyssonidse begin with Oxybelus, followed by JY/ysson, and the third and last genus Astata. Thus long before the Family Peni- phredonidae was proposed by Dahlbom, the genera comprising it were placed together, though no separate divisions were made for them, and subordinated to the Philanthidae. St. Fargeau in the Histoire Naturelle des Insects, 1845, distributed the genera of his Crabronides into four tribes. The Cercerites heads the family, and besides the genera Cerceris and Philanthus, includes Psen and JYysson. The second tribe, Gorytites, includes Gorytes and Harjmctus. Next, the Mellinites include Alyson, MeUinus, Cemouit* and Pemphredon. The fourth tribe, Crabronites, includes Stigmus, Crabro and the numerous genera established by himself and Brulle, in 1831, in the Annales de Soc. Ent. France, iii, closing with JSfitela and Oxybelus. His fifth tribe, Trypoxylites, is composed of Try- poxylon and Psen. His sixth tribe, Astatites, corresponds to the Larridae of Leach; while the Nyssonidse are not recognized at all, Stizus being assembled with Bembex and Honedula in his thirteenth family Bembecides. Dahlbom's arrangement, published in the same year, is less clear and natural than that of St. Fargeau. He divides his family Crabronida? into four groups, of which the Crabronidse proprise consist of Crabro as dismembered by St. Fargeau and Brulle, with the addition of Ectem- nius Dahlb., which is not represented so far as we are aware in North America. Led by Lindenius, his second group Nyssoniformes by Ento- mognathus, equally unfortunate with Ectcmnius in not being recog- nized, except in synouymical lists, by later observers, passos by AV toglossa to Oxybelus. For the reception of Xitela, strangely separated * Families naturelles du Regne animal, 1825. Fusson'al Hymenoptera of North America. 47 from Oxyhelm, the sole representative of the third group, Pompili- fonnes. he passes to the Crabronidse Speci/ormes, headed by Dasy- proctnx. passing by Rhopalum and terminating in Trypoxylon, which leads to the next Family Pemphredonidx. This last group we accept as well circumscribed and natural. Next follows the MelUnidx repre- sented by Mellinus alone. Equivalent to this are the Philanthidse, headed by Diamma Dahlb., and Dide&mus King and Erich., which with Anthophilus King MSS., and SimblephHus Jurine, share the fate of .St. Fargeau's genera and Dahlboin's Ectcmnius and Entomog- nathus. The Nyssonida3 are distributed in the Larridse, where, in his ar- rangement, are to be found Xi/sson and Gort/tes heading the group, but separated widely from the Crabronidas (emend.) by the Beinbe- cidae. Dahlbom's arrangements is interesting as exhibiting the analogous forms of these lower members of a group to other entire groups of a still more degraded position, such as the Spheciform Crabronida3 repre- sented by Trypoxyltm which correspond to the lower family Sphegidoe Dahlb. The Pompilidai are represented by N'rtcln. He also considers as parallel groups Pemphredou and Crossoccrus, Bhpharipus and Mel- linus, Thyreopus and Bcmbex while Crabro is offset by jSysson and Cerceris. The best point in Dahlbom's classification is his admitting and limit- ing the Pemphredonidae. Mr. F. Smith's arrangement, published in 1856,* seems to be based upon Shuckard's arraugement, with judicious modifications. His ar- rangement of the Crabronidse is the same except in placing Psen next to Cerceris, and inserting Ccmouus. Ceratophorus and Diodontus, in descending order, between Psen and Mimesa, which seems unwarranta- ble, as these two genera are most closely connected by some species de- scribed by us below. He closes the groups with Oxyhelus, Nitela and Trypoxylon, which we have referred to the Nyssonida?. The Nysso- nidie is a group quite different from Shuckard's limitation of it. It is composed of twelve instead of three genera — Mellinus, Didineis, Aly- son, Harpactus, Gorytes, Heltoryctes, Palarus, Sericophorus, jSysson, Exeirus, Larra and Stizus, in descending order are its members. In this arrangement we have the Nyssonidas more clearly circumscribed, and rendered a less chaotic group than by any previous author. The -Catalogue of Hymenopterous Insects in the British Museum, Pt. iv, 1S56. 48 Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr's Revision of the unrivalled collections in the charge of this eminent hymenopterist, have been used with great skill and good judgment. In agreeing with Dahlboni in separating the Crabronidoe into three sub-families, we do not agree with authors in placing the Pemphredo- ninae between the Philanthinae and Crabroninae. We would rather consider them as nearly parallel groups, of which the Pemphredoninas occupy the lowest position. Psen. a degraded Cerceris t is closely allied to Cerceris, but Stigmus, a degraded Crabro, is also closely connected with Crabro through RhopoJum ; the mass of their characters, how- ever, and the degradational forms existing among them, show plainly their inferiority to the other two sub-families, and their relationship to the Larridoa and Sphegidoa. They seem, as it were, to jump over the Nyssonidre, and ally themselves more closely with the Larridas. Of the three sub-families, the Pemphredoninaj, as seen above, afford the most mimetic forms or " comprehensive types," and by their elongated bodies and general forms, they are more closely related to the lower fam- ilies of fossorial hymenoptera, while in their less essential characters they borrow the characters of the groups above them. The Pempredonidae, like many other low groups, have a less number of species, and show greater generic differences than in the higher groups, whose compact cephalized forms afford less room for marked structural variation. Are these low forms made to mimic the higher types simply that they may be preserved in the life struggle, as Mr. Wallace in- fers the tailness Papilionidae imitate the members of the family next below, that the} T may be mistaken for them ? We would grant this in some cases, but such groups we must look upon as isolated forms, the connecting links of which have perished in mesozoic times ; and also as comprehensive types,* out of which are elaborated higher genera, differentiated into a larger number of specific forms. But it strikes us that many of Mr. Wallace's so-called mimetic forms are those related by characters of affinity and not of analogy, with the members of the succeeding and lower family. His "mimetic" forms are not, there- fore, what we have called comprehensive forms. Like all closely rela- ted species of true contiguous natural groups, their forms and general * This term is synonymous in meaning with the term " synthetic" as pro- posed by Professor Agassiz; only one is derived from the Latin, the other from the Greek. But long before, the Botanist Fries in his most philosophical Essay, used th«- term " synthetic" for such organisms as the apple, which tops the ve- ^.■luble series, combining and concentrating in its single form all the most im- portant characters of the Vegetable Kingdom. We therefore use Prof. Dana's term proposed in his Crustacea of the U. S. Expl. Exped. 1854. Fossorial ITymenoptera of North America. 4D 1 abits bear a close resemblance to each otber; and it need not be said that one necessarily mimics the other. Before dogmatizing: on this subject we must wait for further information concerning the habits of these, next to the Apida?, most interesting of all hymenoptera, and see how intimately structure is correlated with differences of habits. PlllLANTHINiE, Dahlbom. ITrnd short and broad, beinc a little more than a third as broad as long; somewhat oblong transversely, with the angles rounded much more than in Pemphredinx and Crabronwse. Eyes narrow, oval, often indented in Phflanthus : on the vertex reaching the middle (transversely) of the vertex, and sometimes passing a little beyond the middle; upon the vertex the distance apart of the eyes varies somewhat, as in Cerceris they closely approach each other. The vertex is always convex, and a little elevated, with the ocelli placed uniformly in an equilateral trian- gle a little below the summit of the vertex which rises a little up be- hind them. The front is flat and square, widening a little towards the insertion of the jaws, since the eyes approach each other a little above. The insertion of the antenna; varies both in the distance apart of their bases, though it is always considerable, and their distance from the front edge of the clypeus. This is generally above the middle line of the front. The antennae themselves are rather long; the second joint not appressed to the front, short, and very thick, while the succeeding joints are rather long, often thickening towards the tip. The clypeus is as long as broad, subtrapezoidal. This group, which is so clearly limited from its three neighboring groups by its broad square front, is further still more circumscribed by the two " lateral lobes" of the clypeus, which are here somewhat square and much larger than in the other groups; and by the piece on each side of the antenna?. Moreover, the group is rendered still more tren- chant by the raised piece, often carinated between, and which widens below the insertion of the antenna?, which is seen so clearly in Cerceris deserta. Moreover the front and clypeal region are naked, which sepa- rates them from the two other groups of the family. Thorax may be said to be oblong sub-cylindrical, being a little pro- duced behind, since the meta-scutellum is less inclined than in the Crabro, and thus less globular than in that group. The prothorax is more continuous with the forward and lateral slope of the meso-thorax than in Crabronimo. Meso-seutellum very like that of Crabronina? but shorter in the main than broad, and it is besides broader behind, next to the scutellum which is' longer than in Crabro, as is the enclosure of the PROi EEDINGS ent. sue. piiilad. may, ISCfi, 50 Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr's Revision of the propodeuui. The length of the scutellum of meso-thorax is a little more than twice included in the breadth, i. e. that part from which the sides slope to the insertion of the wings. The propodeum is either of moderate size and distinctly triangular or it occupies the whole notal portion and is rounded behind in Philanthus, presenting a raised area conspicuously marked and the apex is bent down abruptly. The enclosure of propodeum is a little produced, sub-triangular, with a median impression from which the sides bulge out; its hinder edge is inclined downward at a considerable angle. Coxas rather small, those of hind legs long and rather slender being twice as long as broad; trochanters are likewise slender being a third longer than thick. Legs rather long ; femora swelled considerably ; tibias trigouate and well tuberculated ; tarsi in $ very long, and lobes produced acutely, ending in long setae in fore legs, first joint on the outside with a few lateral, long, slender spines. Wings : primaries much as in Crabro, but the apex still more pro- duced aud acute, and the outer margin is not convex but straight. The outer costal is oval lanceolate being somewhat produced towards the outer end. There are four sub-costal spaces ; the two middle ones sub-equal, or the second is incomplete ; that is, does not reach the outer costal space, being pedunculated in Cercen's, and generally assuming a triangular form. There are three median spaces, the inner or first being much pro- duced rhomboidal, and so much so, aud at the same time so rounded at the outer eud, that it loses the distinct lozenge form somewhat. The second internal varies in length, width and form of the outer side and is of no use for sub-family characters. Secondaries are broad, often nearly twice as mucb so as iu Crabrones; as in the Nyssonidae but less so in Pemphredoniuaj. The median or discal space is very much produced, being closed by a short recurrent beyond the outer fourth of the wing, from which the m. and s. c. terminates in the outer mar- gin just below the apex; the first internal space is rather broad. Abdomen uniformly longer than the head and thorax, the wings very couvex, which is one of the best characters; the first ring almost two- thirds as broad, and nearly as broad as the succeeding, and more regu- larly triangular as in Philanthus. Iu Philanthus more than in Cerce- ris, the abdomen is flattened beneath, but this is subject to variation. The female has the last ring of abdomen thickened, with the lateral ridges above bounding an oval or triangular area. The position of the ocelli iu relation to the highest part of the Fossorial ITymenoptera of North America. 51 head or vertex, varies as that region is elevated and very convex, or flattened and broad longitudinally. They are all placed nearer together in a nearly equilateral triangle, not differing so much as in the ('rethrows. In C. deserta when the vertex is convex, they are situated upon the top, but in other species of Cerceris where the vertex is more flattened the hind edge rises above them a little. In Philanthus when the vertex is rounded above, they are very near the top. In Pemphredoninse, they are above the vertex. The eyes in Cerceris are oval, whole; very slightly indented by the epicranium in Philanthus, when they approach one another on the vertex in Pemphredon, &c, they are rather smaller and within very straight and diverge towards the vertex. The front is flat and square in Cerceris, &c. Square with the cor- ners rounded in Philanthus, and also full slightly convex. In Pem- phredon, &c., hollowed, and the sides converging in front, and in Mettinus* full again, much like Philanthus; in Gorites imperceptibly depressed, triangular. The insertion of the antennae varies much in situation. In Cerceris, they are placed above the middle of the front, (especially in C. deserta') in Philanthus near the middle and far apart, in the remaining genera below the middle (especially in Pemphredon very near the margin, as in the Crabrones, where they are placed very near together. In Cer- ceris and Philanthus the second joint is globular and very short. In Pemphredon, long and slender. The remaining joints thicken con- siderably beyond the middle, especially in Philanthus. In Pem- phredon they are smaller, shorter and of more uniform thickness throughout. The history of the clypeus is very interesting, and its changes of form in the different genera are very great, as in the Vespidae. In the Cercerida; it varies greatly, while more constant in Crabronidae. In (C. deserta) the clypeus is trapezoidal, broadest and nearly straight in front and flattened. In other species of Cerceris it is shorter, much raised and nearly square, (I speak of the " middle lobe" of authors, for I much doubt whether the " lateral lobes" belong properly to the clypeus, but are not rather the sub-mandibular pieces of the man- dible and belong to the epicranial pieces, though indeed we see no distinct suture between the two lobes in many genera, yet in C. de- srrta there is a distinct suture, and as the presence of these lobes is one of the best characters of the family, giving the breadth to the * These genera of Xyssonidse are introduced for the sake of comparison. 52 Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr's Revision of the front, I suspect that they are either obsolete or concealed by the clyi peus and adjacent epicranial region in the other families. We see these lobes which I take to be homologous in the Bombyces, almost re- placing the mandibles in Samia (or exceeding them in size as in Actias, or hidden under the clypeus in many lepidoptera, where they are at least entirely separate from the clypeus and joined or adjacent to the piece that carries the mandibles.) In Phi/unthus it is large, longer than broad and full convex sub-hexagonal. In Pemphredon , it is best, described as being like that of Crabro, but short, often hirsute, raised in the middle, and lateral lobes triangular, narrowing towards the sider. In Mellinus it is much shorter than broad and its base nearly alinge ! with the foramina. In Gorytes, the clypeus is larger and more that half as long as broad, and the lateral lobes do not appear, they ar concealed beneath, and the foramina are obsolute, as in the Vespida?. (This foramina hardly seems to me to be a " cephalic stigma" as Dr. Clemens suggests, as it is only present when the sub-man dibular process is distinct from the side of the clypeus and the pieces that hold the eyes, as in Ccrceris, &c, and the Lepidoptera, where the slight de- velopment of the mandibles gives greater scope for that of the process that seems to support them.) The " epicrauium" then, is actually divided into two pieces, one car- rying the eyes, the other the antennae, the tergal pieces of which is like and equivalent to the clypeus (which may be the tergite 0/ maxillar-ring,) and the labrum (which may be the notal pieces of the man- dibulai-ring.) Approaching these central pieces and coming out from the sides of the eyes, are two broad, short lobe-like pieces, generally yellow colored, which are separated from the antennal pieces, on the one side, and the sub-mandibular piece below. Thorax. There is great uniformity in the prothorax and the notal pieces of the meso-thorax. The propodeum varies greatly in the appearance of the enclosure, throwing aside the two sides of the scutellum, as it breaks through it. On the scutum of the meso-thorax of Cerceris, there are two parallel impressions, noto-lateral, which appear so plainly in Vespidae. In Cerceris this enclosure is triangular, and rugose longitudinally. In Philanthus this still pre- serves its form, but the suture is very indistinct. In Pemphredon, &c, this region is broad, flattened and horizontal, and the hinder halt' is suddenly bent down, and the sides are bent down from the broad sides of the propodeum ; while in Gorytes and Mellinus where the hinder halt' is produced more than usual, and narrowed somewhat, the sides of the Fossorial Ilymenoptera of North America. 53 scutellum are as in Cerceris, gradually rounded, the upper edges next to. the scutum being horizontal. In the fore wings there are generally four sub-costal spaces, except in Pemphredon and allies when there are but three. The wiug neura- tion follows in its variation the groups of genera before mentioned, and in each group the variation is very remarkably slight. In Ccrccris and allies the second costal space is oval lanceolate, both ends being much alike in form. The second s. c. is small, triangular and does not reach to the second costal, being pedunculated. The two lower sides of the discal space are subequal. In Philanthus, outer half shorter; in Mellinus, shorter still, and in Gorytes longer again. The first median is long and narrow, shorter in Philanthus, rhouiboi- dal (regularly) in Pemphredon and Mellinus, and long again in Gorytes. In the secondaries, the median is continuous beyond its second ner- vules with its base, but in the remaining genera the nervure is much curved upwards after leaving its second or longest nervule. In Phi- lanthus and Pemphredon, the second costal space is triangular, becom- ing oval lanceolate again in Gorytes. In Philanthus, the second sub- costal cell is sub-quadrate. In Pemphredon, the outer recurrent is want- ing. In the second median space the outer side is nearly half shorter than the lower, and the greatest length is to the internal in Cerceris, Philanthus, while in Pemphredon the two sides are equal and parallel to the costa. In Mellinus and Gorytes, they oppose Cerceris and Philanthus more. The legs are the most spined, and the tibiae most trigonate in Cer- ceris, slender in Philanthus, and short and slender in Ptmplmcdon, and stout, approaching Crabro in Gorytes. There are three genera in the sub-family. The species of Cerceris have transversely oblong heads, the first being straight above, smooth, flat fronts, a sub-globular thorax, and long sub-cylindrical abdomen longer than head and thorax, the rings contracted, and the first ring nearly half narrower than the suc- ceeding ones. They approach nearest to the Vespidse by their toothed jaws, fronts and clypeus, globose thorax, like them they are highly colored, but they do not sting. The genus Eucerceris combines the characters of the two other genera. Philanthus has a short head, but sub-oval transversely, since the front seen from above is convex, the thorax is much as in Cerceris t with the sessile abdomen shorter thau in C.j the first joint nearly 54 Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr's Revision of the as broad as the succeeding ones. Colors bright, the scutum of meta- thorax is not distinct. Pemphredon and allies have the head nearly cuboidal, the thorax somewhat flattened above, the front of the head hirsute and a little hollowed at the insertion of the abdomen. The scutum of meta-thorax is distinct and ridged. The abdomen is very shortly pedicelled, the pedicel arcuated, and the abdomen, short, oval, acute. The species are black. In the head, antennae and short clypeus they approach Crabro more than Gorytes apparently, and are very dissimilar to the others of the family, but this balaace of characters puts them between Phllan- thinse and Mellinus and Gorytes. MeUinus and Gorytes, have the head short again, being less than half as long as broad. Gorytes has a sub-triangular front, thus ap- proaching Crabro. The abdomen is sub-globose, narrowing somewhat behind the middle, the meta-scutum is very distinct and large in both genera. The legs are stouter than previously, abdomen has the first ring long sub-pedicellate, widening towards the end like JEumenes, while the rest of the abdomen is oval. The transition in this form of the abdomen to Crabro is easy, since the first ring in Gorytes if it should be shortened and so coalesced with the rest of the abdomen as Crabro, would assume the triangular form of that genus. In coloration also, and the flattened abdomen, these two genera approach Crabro. PHILANTHUS, Fabr. Vespa, in part, Fabr., Syst. Ent. 362. (1775.) Crabro, in part. Rossi., Mant. 1.138. (1792.) Philanthus, in part. Fabr., Ent. Syst., ii, 288. (1793.) Simblepjiilus, Jurine, Hym. 185. (1807.) Anthophilus, Dahlb., Hym. Eur. i., 497. (1S45.) Synopsis of the Species. A. % . Eyes converge very closely on the vertex, making the front triangular. a. Front not striped. 9 . Front yellow, not striped with black ; abdominal rings yellow; legs reddish P. gloriosus, Cresson. b. Front striped vertically with black. 'k . On second abdominal ring two broad ovate yellow fasciae P. Sanbornii, Cresson, *£, . On second abdominal ring two narrow acute yellow fascise P. frigidus, Smith. B. Front densely hirsute. 9 . Front black above ; scutellum and postscutellum yel- low, abdomen with five continuous stripes P. laticinctus, Cresson. Fossori'al Hymen opt era of North America. 55 %. Front entirely yellow, densely white pilose, as is thorax P. albopilosus, Cresson. C. % . Eyes indented; front very broad and short, abdominal rings constricted. a. Abdomen smooth, highly polished, icith lunate bands. %. Front entirely yellow ; on second abdominal ring a single broad band; two dots on the basal ring P. lepidus, Cresson. % . Front black above, with a yellow spot just above the antennie; two heavy lunate bands on second and third abdominal rings P. pulchellus, Cresson. % . Arms of three linear bands, one dorsal, on second and third abdominal rings P. politus. Say. 9- Body unusually white pilose, two lateral dots on se- cond abdominal ring P. Bimillimus, Cresson. 9- Two broad bauds on the second abdominal, on third, a single band P. dubius, Cresson. J. Small, second abdominal ring unspotted, third ring with two regular broad lunate separate fascia?. ...P. bilunatus, Cresson. b. Cerceriform species ; abdominal rings being constricted, body coarsely punctured, with very broad single abdominal bands. % 9- Large and stout, basal yellow band dislocated, mandibles yellow p. ventilabris, Fabr. %. Slenderer than the preceeding, a basal band, mandi- bles black p. frontalis, Cresson. ^ 9- Smaller, no basal band, on second and third ring a single broad band, posteriorly to them very nar- row linear P. punctatus, Say. 9. Abdomen with unusually broad fasciae, two basal pairs separate, those posterior united and cover- ing nearly the entire ring ; beneath almost entirely yellow, with a large yellow spot on each side of the propodeum P. flavifrons, Cresson. 9 ■ Like the preceeding, but the propodeum is black, and the abdominal bands behind third ring nar- rower P. albifrons, Cresson. In the first group (A) the head is scarcely as broad as the thorax, antenna more filiform, not abruptly clavate; propodeum and the abdo- men much broader than in the succeeding two sections; the abdomen is smooth and polished and the wings are scarcely constricted. Philanthus gloriosus, Cresson. P. glorioaus, Cresson, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., Vol. 5, p. 86. (1865). Colorado Territory, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). Philanthus frigidus, .Smith. P. frigidus, Smith, Cat. Hym. B. M. iv., p. 475, %. (1856). P. Jrigidt's, Cresson, Proc. v. p. 87. Nova Scotia, (Smith). " Canada West," (Billings, Coll. Ent. Soc). "Dublin, N. H., Leonard," Harr., (Coll. Harr.) Conn., (Norton). 56 Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr's Revision of the Philanthus Sanbornii, Cresson. P. Sanbornii, Cresson, Proo. v. p. 89. Mass. (Coll. Ent. Soc, Sanborn). Brookline, Mass. July 10, Shurt- leT, (Coll. B. S. N. H.) Conn. (Norton). In the following group (B), the front is thickly hirsute, long and broad, the species are long and slender, basal joints of the abdomen with broad yellow bands. Philanthus laticinctus, Cresson. P. laticinctus, Cresson, Proc. v. p. 91. Rocky Mountains, Colorado Territory, (Ridings, Coll. Ent. Soc). Philanthus albopilosus, Cresson. P. albopilosus, Cresson, Proc. v. p. 91. Illinois, (Coll. Ent. Soc). Philanthus lepidus, Cresson. P. lepidus, Cresson, Proc. V. p. 92. Rocky Mountains, Colorado Territory. (Ridings, Coll. Ent. Soc). Philanthus pulchellus, Cresson. P. pulchdl us, Cresson. Rocky Mountains, Colorado Territory. (Ridings, Coll. Ent. Soc). Philanthus politus, Say. P. politus. Say, Long's 2d Exp. ii. 343. (1823.) Amer. Ent. pi. 49. (1824). Anthophilus politus, Dahlb., Hymn. Eur. i. 190. (1845.) P. politus. Cress., Proc. v. p. 94. P. dubius, Cresson. Proc. v. p. 96. N>York, (Ashton). Illinois, (Lewis and Walsh, Coll. Ent. Soc Phil.) "S. Carolina" (Dahlb.). « Penn." (Say, Smith); Mass. (Ridings). Illinois, (Lewis and Walsh). Rocky Mountains, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.) Brunswick. Maine. New Jersey, Connecticut, (Norton). We would prefer, after a careful study of the numerous male speci- mens, to refer them to Say's politus. They agree in sexual characters too closely to admit of separation. Philanthus simillimus. Cresson. P. simillimus, Cresson, Proc. v. p. 95. Illinois, (Lewis, Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). Philanthus bilunatus, Cresson, P. bilunatus, Cresson, Proc. v. p. 97. Mass., (Stratton). Illinois, (Walsh, Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.) Illinois, New York, Conn., Mass., (Norton). Mass. (Sanborn). Brunswick, Me., very abundant in August on flowers. Some specimens much larger than others have unbroken continuous bands on the abdomen. The supra antennal yellow spot often disap- Fossorial ITymcnoptcra of North America. bl pears. The % is more slender bodied, the two lunate bands do not contract so much as in 9 • Philanthus solivagus. Say. 9 . Head large, much as in large specimens of P. bilunatus, finely punc- to-striated. striated on the front, below, a broad lunate yellow spot, and between the antennae a triangular yellow small spot just above the base of the clypeus. beyond and on the orbits, entirely yellow; two black dots on each side of the middle of the clypeus. Mandibles yellow, black at tip. Antennas with the middle joint of the scape yellow, base of the flagel- lum reddish beneath, not black. Body usually dull colored, being densely but finely punctured; prothorax yellow, thorax entirely black; postscutellum black, propodeum densely punctured, a thin fine pale grey hirsuties. Wings with pale ferruginous nervules, as usual. Two fore femora black, tipped with yellow, extending inwards on the inside, tibiae and tarsi yellow, hind tibia? shaded with black towards the tip ; tarsi brownish, fuscous at tip, very spinulose. Abdomen smooth, not po- lished much, minutely punctured, basal ring with a large broad contin- uous yellow band, sides sinuate ; on succeeding segments a narrow linear band, nearly meeting on the middle of the body, followed by three broad continuous bands; tip with two yellow spots on each side, fuscous on edges. Length, .52 inch. Conn., (Norton). " Maine," common in July and August, (Ray), Brookline, Mass., (Shurtleff, Coll. B. S. X. H.). Milton, Harr., (Har- ris Coll.). Allied more closely to P. bilunatus than any other species. It is quite peculiar, with its dull colored minutely punctured body, its black thorax and the dark hind tarsi. Philanthus ventilabris, Fabr. P. ventilabris, Fabr., Ent. Syst. Suppl. p. 208. (179S). "Coqueb. 111. Icon. p. 96, pi. 22, fig. 2." (1804). Say, Amer. Ent. pi. 49. (1S24.) Anthophilvs vcrtilahris, Dahlb.. Hym. Eur. i. p. 497. (1845). P. ventilabris, Smith, Cat. Hym. B. M. iv. p. 474. (18. 6). Cresson, Proc. v. p. 98. " X. Carolina," (Dahlb., Hentz., Coll. B. S. N. H.). Middle States, Colorado Territory, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). « Cambridge," July 25, Harris. (Coll. Harris). Northern Texas, (Norton). Texan specimens do not differ from northern specimens. Philanthus frontalis, Cresson. P. frontalis, Cresson, Proc. v. p. 99. Rocky Mountains. Col. Terr., (Ridings, Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). PROCEEDINGS ENT. SOC. PHILAD. MAY, 1S66. 58 Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr's Revision of the Philanthus punctatus, Say. P. punctatus, Say, Long's Second Exp. ii. p. 342. (1824). Anthophilus gibbosus, Dahlb. Hym. Eur. i. p. 192. (184">). " Cheilopogonus punctiger,Westw., Zool. Mag? v. p. 441, pi. 22, fig. 4." (1S35). P. punctatus, Smith, Cat. B. M. iv. p. 474. (1S56). Cresson, Proc. v. p. 100. (1865). Middle States, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). New York, (Angus). Philanthus albifrons, Cresson. P. albifrons, Cresson, Proc. v. p. 101. Rocky Mountains, Col. Terr., (Ridings, Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). Philanthus flavifrons, Cresson. P. flavifrons, Cresson, Proc. v. p. 102. Rocky Mountains, Col. Terr., (Ridings, Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). DESIDERATA. Philanthus barbatus, Smith. P. barbatus, Smith, Cat. Hym. B. M. iv. p. 473. (1856). Cress. Proc. v. p. 103. "North America," (Smith). Philanthus crabroniformis, Smith. P. crabroniformis, Smith, Cat. Hym. B. M. iv. p. 474. Cresson, Proc. v. p. 104. " California," (Smith). ETJCERCERIS, Cresson. Eucerceris, Cresson, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. v. (1865.) Synopsis of the Species. a. Posterior abdominal bands narrow linear, or obsolete. % 9 • A broad yellow patch on the propodeum; abdomi- nal rings with linear unbroken bands, that on third ring enclosing a broad linear black dorsal band ; meta-scutellum and often the scutellum yellow. ...E. zonatus, Cresson. % 9- Three posterior abdominal bands obsolete, thorax black, as is also the propodeum E. laticeps, Cresson. b. Each abdominal ring with a single broad yelloxo band. %. Front entirely yellow, abdominal bands unusually broad, femora reddish E. superbus, Cresson. 9- Front with three yellow vertical bands, two discon- nected linear small yellow bands on the second ring, femora black E. flavocinctus, Cress. % . Front very narrow, especially above; femora yellow, with a black line above; propodeum black E. cingulatns, Cresson. %. Front trilineated vertically with yellow, clypeus fusco-testaceous, femora red; propodeum four- spotted, a yellow dislocated mesial V E. fulvipes, Cresson. Eucerceris zonatus, Cresson. Philanthus zonatus, Say, West., Quart. Rep. ii. p. 79. (1823.) Amer. Ent. pi. 49. (1824.) Eucerceris zonatus, Cresson, Proc. v. p. 105. (1865.) "Arkansas," Say. Illinois, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). Fossorial Ihjmcnoptcra of North America. 59 Eucerceris laticeps, Cresson. E. laticeps, Cresson, Proc. v. p. 107. (1805.) Massachusetts, (Hidings, Coll. Eat. Soc. Phil.). Eucerceris flavocinctus, Cresson. E. flavorincttix. Cresson, Proc. v. p. 100. (1865.) Rocky Mountains, Col. Terr., (Ridings, Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). Eucerceris cingulatus, Cresson. E. cingulatus, Cresson, Proc. v. p. 110. (1805.) Rocky Mountains, Col. Terr., (Ridings, Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). " This may be the % of E. flavocinctus" Cresson. Eucerceris fulvipes, Cresson. E.fulvipes, Cresson, Proc. v. p. 111. (1S65.) Rocky Mountains, Col. Terr., (Ridings, Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). Eucerceris canaliculars, Cresson. Philanthus canaliculatus, Say, West. Quart. Rep. ii. p. 79. (1823.) Amer. Ent. pi. 49. (1824.) "Arkansas," (Say). CERCERIS, Latreille. Philanthus, in part, Fabr., Ent. Syst. ii. p. 288. (1793.) Cerceris, Latr., Hist. Nat. Crust, et. Ins. xiii. (1804.) Diamma, and Didesmus, Dahlb., Hym. Eur. i. 225 and 502. (1845.) Synopsis of the Species. A. Species of large size, wings clouded, clypeus exserted, raised and forked or deeply excavated. % . Orbits yellow, femora black. 9- Body black, front trimaculate C. fumipennis, Say. % . Femora tipped with red ; front bilineate, clypeus raised, yellow C. clypeata, Dahlb. 9- A square black mesial sinus in yellow band on second abdominal ring, basal ring entirely black; front entirely yellow C. venator, Cresson. 9- Front reddish, concolorous with the legs ; propo- deum reddish, with a mesial triangular black spot; abdomen red; four yellow pale patches, two on each two basal segments; clypeus raised, deeply excavated C. bicornuta, Guer. 9. Clypeus bifurcate, very prominent, abdomen yel- low, with a broad basal triangular spot on each ring C. biungulata, Cresson. 9 • Front entirely yellow, femora yellow and red : two yellow lateral spots on the basal abdominal ring above C. sexta, Say. 9. Clypeus with a square black spot, femora red, con- colorous with entirely red ferruginous basal ring C. vicina, Cres9on. 60 Dr. A. S. Packard. Jr's Revision of the B. Species small, not over half an inch long, wings clear, clypeus en- tire, occasionally scarcely raised. %. Basal ring red, supra-clypeal piece yellow: femora black, tipped with yellow; scutellum bipuuc- tate C. rufinoda, Cresson. 9- Two basal abdominal rings red, posteriorly black. .C. rufopicta, Smith. 9 • Femora rust red, supra-clypeal piece black, abdo- men banded with yellow C. Blakei, Cresson. 9- Scutellum bipunctate, black species; femora black, broadly tipped with yellow, basal ring an in- terrupted yellow band C. finitima, Cresson. % . Abdomen red posteriorly, two large acute connate yellow spots C. hilunata, Cresson. 9- Small, black, basal abdominal ring yellow, an- tennae red, anterior femora yellow, posterior pair black, tipped with yellow C. cubensis, Cresson. 9. Front black above the clypeus, which is mostly yellow, propodeumbimaculatewith yellow, an- tenna blackish, legs black C. nigrescens. Smith. 9 • Antennae light fuscous, femora yellow C. occipitomaculata, Pack. 9 • Clypeus smaller, raised, with two yellow dots, baso- abdominal ring yellow C. dentifrons, Cresson. % . Clypeus broad, round, smooth, front yellow: baso- abdominal ring black; fore femora tipped with yellow, posterior jjair yellow at base C. deserta. Say. % . Body more closely punctured, antennae redder than in deserta C. imitator, Cresson. % . Stouter, clypeus rounder, hind femora entirely black C. compar, Cresson. 9 . Femora red; clypeus black, with two small gemi- nate dots C. fulvipes, Cresson. 9 . Body stouter, head larger than preceding; clypeus lunate yellow, basal ring of abdomen black C. compacta, Cresson. % . Body very short, front entirely yellow, two pairs of anterior femora reddish, hind edge of first abdominal ring fuscous; thorax black C. californica, Cresson. %. Orbits yellow, supra-clypeal ruga? black, basal ring of abdomen black, lateral streaks on third, femora black, tipped with yellow, a small spe- cies C. Kennicottii, Cresson. %. Second abdominal ring black, front yellow; fe- mora yellow C. insolitus, Cresson. Cerceris fumipennis, Say. C. fumipennis, Say. Bost. Jour. Xat. Hist. i. p. 381. (1837.) C. cincta, Klug et Erich., Dahlb. Hym. Eur. i. p. 204 % . (1845.) Smith, Cat. Hym. Br. Mus. iv. p. -438. (1856.) C. fumipennis, Cresson, Proc. v. p. 113. (1865.) Mass., Middle States and Louisiana, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.) Florida, District Columbia, (^Norton). Fussorial Uymenoptera of North America. Gl Cerceris clypeata. Dahlb. C. clypeata, Dahlb., Hym. Eur. i. p. 221. (1845.) ( Jreseon, Proc. v. p. 114. (1805.) Mass. and Middle States, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.) Maine, August on flowers, Mass., Conn., New York, District of Columbia, (Norton). Varies greatly in the length of the clypeus, in some being half as long as iu others. Cerceris venator, Cresson. C. venator, Cresson, Proc. v. p. 110. (1805.) Middle States, Kansas, Louisiana, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). Mass., (Sanborn). District of Columbia, (Norton). New York, (Angus). Cerceris bicomuta. Guerin. C. bicomuta, Guerin, Icon. Reg. Anim. p. 443. Smith, Cat. Hym. Br. Mus. iv. p. 406. (1S56.) Cresson, Proc. v. p. 117. (1856.) Middle States and Louisiana, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). " New Or- leans, Georgia and Delaware," (Smith). Brookline, Mass., Shurtleff, (Coll. B. S. N. H., Harris Coll.). New York, Maryland, Penna., (Norton). Cerceris biungulata, Cresson. C. biungulata, Cresson, Proc. v. p. 118. Rocky Mountains, Colorado Territory, (Ridings, Coll. Ent. Soc). Cerceris sexta, Say. a sexta, Say, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. i. p. 382. (1837.) Smith, Cat. Hym. B. M. iv. p. 465. (1856.) Cresson, Proc. v. p. 119. (1865.) ' : Missouri," (Say). Rocky Mountains, Colorado Territory, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). Kansas, (Norton). Cerceris vicina. Cresson. C. vicina, Cresson, Proc. v. p. 120. (1865.) Rocky Mountains, Colorado Territory, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). Cerceris rufinoda, Cresson. C. rufinoda, Cresson, Proc. v. p. 121. (1865.) Rocky Mountains, Colorado Territory, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). Cerceris rufopicta, Smith. C. rufopicta, Smith, Cat. Hym. Br. Mus. iv. p. 467. (1856.) Florida, (Norton). Cerceris Blakei. Cresson. C. Blakei, Cresson, Proc. v. p. 121. (1805.) Georgia, (Blake, Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil). Cerceris finitima, Cresson. C. Jiaitima, Cresson, Proc. v. p. 122. (1865.) Illinois, (Lewis, Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). 62 Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr's Revision of the Cerceris flavocostalis, Cresson. C. flavocostalis, Cresson, Proc. iv. p. 153 ; v. p. 123. (1865.) Cuba, Guudlach. Cerceris triangulata, Cresson. C. triangulata, Cresson, Proc. iv. 154 ; v. p. 123. (1865.) Cuba, Guudlach. Cerceris bilunata, Cresson. C. bilunata, Cresson, Proc. iv. p. 155; v. p. 123. (1865.) Cuba, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). Cerceris festiva, Cresson. C. festiva, Cresson, Proc. iv. p. 156 j v. p. 123. (1865.) Cuba, Guudlach. Cerceris cubensis, Cresson. C. zonata, Cresson, Proc. iv. p. 156. (1865.) C. cubensis Cresson, Proc. v. p. 123. (1865.) Cuba, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). Cerceris nigrescens, Smith. C. nigrescens, Smith, Cat. Hym. B. M. iv. p. 466. (1856.) Cresson, Proc. v. p. ] 23. (1S65.) Nova Scotia, (Smith). Canada West, Sauuders. Rocky Mountains, Colorado Territory, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). " North Conway, N. H., Aug, 7." Harris, (Coll. Harr.). Cerceris occipitomaculata, n. sp. % . Head more highly polished than in C. nigrescens, to which it i8 most closely allied ; orbits paler yellow than in nigrescens but with the same arrangement of colors ; inter-antennal ridge covered with a yellow triangular spot; clypeus very square, angular, depressed, being much larger, longer, front edge very slightly excavated, minutely dentate, six-sided, sides angular. Mandibles yellow, black at tip; scape yel- low beneath, black above, flagellum pale mahogany reddish, beneath ; brownish-black above, tips above pale, somewhat yellowish. Body marked as in C. nigrescens, but the spots and bands are consider- ably heavier; occiput laterally with a yellow spot. Two heavy yellow spots on the prothorax, meso-scutum hairy and more thickly punctured than in C. nigrescens, post-scutellum yellow; enclosure very minutely and fiuely striated, much more so than in C. nigrescens ; posteriorly the propodeum is not striated, though as coarsely punctured as in the preceding species ; tegulae entirely yellow, where in the other species they are partially black behind. Wings the same. Femora yellow, fore pair blackish behind; hind pair reddish at tip, tibiaj yellow, hind tibioe fuscous at tip ; tarsi yellow, hind tarsi fuscous. Abdomen marked and punctured much as in C. nigrescens, but the Fossorial Ilymenoptcra of North America. G3 supra-anal area is narrower and a little smaller than in the species above mentioned. Length, .35 inch. Kansas, (Norton). Differs in the pale yellow legs, the larger square clypeus, and the pale antennae. The specimens of 0. nigrescent I have compared it with, came from Colorado Territory and also the New England States and Canada. Cerceris dentifrons, Cresson. C. dentifrons, Cresson, Proc. v. p. 124. (1865.) Middle States, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). Cerceris deserta, Say. C. deserta, Say, Long's 2d Exp. ii, p. 343. (1824.) Smith, Cat. Hym. B. M. iv. p. 465. (1856.) Cresson, Proc. v. p. 125. (1865.) Mass., (Shurtleff, Coll. Harr., Sanborn). Maine, abundant in Au- gust, with varieties. C. imitator, Cresson, Proc. v. p. 125. (1865.) As this variety differs only in its coarser sculpturing, not differing in other characters usually of specific value in this group, it is united with the deserta of Say. Cerceris compar, Cresson. C. compar, Cresson, Proc. v. p. 126. (1865.) Illinois, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.) Cercsris fulvipes. Cresson. C. fulvipes, Cresson, Proc. v. p. 126. (1865.) Delaware, Illinois, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.) Conn., (Norton). Cerceris compacta, Cresson. C. compacta, Cresson, Proc. v. 127. (1865.) Middle States, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.) New York, District of Co- lumbia, (Norton.) Cerceris californica. Cresson. C californica, Cresson, Proc. v. p. 128. California, Ulke, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). Cerceris Kennicottii, Cresson. C. Kennicottii, Cresson, Proc. v. p. 128. (1865.) Louisiana, Kennicott, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). Cerceris insolita, Cresson. C. insolita, Cresson, Proc. v. p. 129. (1865.) Illinois, Lewis, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). 64 Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr's Revision of the DESIDERATA. Cerceris frontata, Say. C. frontata, Say, West., Quart. Eep. ii. p. 80, J. (1823.) Cresson, Proc. v. p. 129. Arkansas, (Say.) Cerceris bidentata, Say. C. bidentata, Say, West. Quart. Rep. ii. p. 80, J. (182.3.) Cresson, Proc., v. p. 130. Cerceris verticalis, Smith. C. verticalis, Smith, Cat. Hym. iv. p. 466. (1856.) Cresson, Proc. v. p. 130. Georgia, (Smith.) Cerceris elegans, Smith. C. elegans, Smith, Cat. Hym. B. M. iv. p. 467. Cresson, Proc. v. p. 131. East Florida, (Smith.) Cerceris Dufourii, Guer. C. Dufourii, Guerin, Icon. Peg. Amin. iii. p. 444. (1838.) Cresson, Proc. v. p. 131. New Orleans, (Guerin.) Cerceris laevigata, Smith. C. laevigata, Smith, Cat. Hym. B. M. iv. p. 465. Cresson Proc. v. p. 132. " St. Domingo," (Smith.) Cerceris Perboscii, Guer. C. Perboscii, Guerin, Icon. Reg. iii. p. 444. (1838.) Smith, Cat. Hym. B. M. p. iv. 448. Cresson, Proc. v. p. 132. " Bay of Campeche," (Guerin.) Subfamily Crabronin^:. Head large, cuboidal, being seldom less than a third shorter than long, most often narrowing behind in % ■ the vertex broad and flattened, the eyes very broad, oval and extending to or slightly beyond the mid- dle of the vertex, ocelli placed generally in an equilateral triangle on the vertex in its middle. The eyes are very much increased in width, encroaching very much on the front, and often also on the side oppo- site the ocelli, presenting a very slight sinus, thus making the front area of the head broadly triangular and concave, which ia the best and most constant character of the group. Their distance apart on the vertex varies in the different genera. The front slopes gradually or suddenly from the vertex into a broad, rather deep groove for the reception of the scape of the antennae, the sides are often thickly Fossorial ITymcnoptcra of North America. G5 covered with silvery, short, stiff pubescence. The clypeal region in* eluding the ch/peus and the two lateral lobes, which can sometimes be distinguished, is closely covered with a silvery pubescence which in certain lights is of a deep golden hue. The clypeus itself is always shorter than broad, ridged in the middle. The front edge is often naked and thickened or produced, cariuate and subacute, and the lateral lobes are very short, being transversely almost linear, of course being much wider in 9 than in £ . Antennae, placed much below the middle of the front, short, generally thickened towards the tip, second joint uni- formly long, and appressed towards front in the groove, cylindrical, rarely flattened in ■% . Mandibles rather large, of even width through- out, which is another good character. Mouth-parts well developed, varying much in the length and size of lingua and maxillae. Thorax sub-globular, being convex, rounded above and on the sides, much more globular than in Nyssonidse and Philanthinee. The scu- tellum of the prothorax is distinct from the scutum, and is large, broad, often angulated in front on the sides. Meso-scutum square, about as long as broad, convex, behind narrowing slightly and slightly concave opposite the patagia, and angulated just beyond them, before reaching the hind edge. Scutellum is transversely oblong, being about one-third as long as broad, that is, the notal portion which is raised and distinct from the sides, sometimes it is ( Thyreopus) half as long as broad, and not half as wide as thorax itself. Meta-scutellum one-half to one-fourth as long as the meso-scutellum, being trans- versely linear. The propodeum is large, triangular or sub-trapezoidal, since it nar- rows more or less behind. It is bent rather abruptly downwards from withiu the middle, being nearly vertical, and this character aids in giving the globular form to the whole thorax. It is unarmed. Fore wings long and rather narrow, the apex somewhat produced, and the outer margin long and rather oblique. The absence of the 2 — 3 outer subcostal and median spaces is the best distinction in this group and the Pemphedoninse, since they are present in Nyssonidse and Philanthinx. The costal space is angulated-oval, being truncated at the outer side, and the medio-subcostal recurrent, anastomoses in or near the middle of the costal space ; first subcostal is long oblong, the outer ones obsolete. First median cell elongated, rhomboidal or lo- zenge-shaped, the outer side is generally parallel with the outer-lower side of the costal space, the outer side of first subcostal which is between, being more transverse, being almost perpendicular to the costa of the PROCEEDINGS EST. SOC. PHILAD. MAY, 1866. 66 Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr's Revision of the wing. The outer median space is obsolete. The second internal space is long and narrow, the outer side being nearly always perpendicular to the costa, or bent, the upper part being oblique. The secondaries are long and narrow; the discal cell is large, ex- tending beyond the middle of the wing, closed without by a recurrent which is bent outwards in the middle; the internal cell is narrow and short. Legs short and stout, fore-tibiae often armed with vexhillate expan- sions, and the tarsi broad, flat and short, with lateral setae on joints of tarsi; the middle and hind femora are swelled somewhat, tibiae subtri- gonate, rather stout and generally with tubercles terminating in setae, arranged for the most part in irregular rows. The hind tarsi are rather stout, the lateral lobes of the tarsi terminate in setae and are somewhat produced. Abdomen sessile, short, elongated oval, somewhat flattened, 9 much broader and shorter than % . The form of the first ring is very per- sistent, being triangular, broad next to the second, the rings are very continuous with the centre of the sides of the abdomen. The ter- minal ring in 9 is often mucronate, the flat triangular area above being bounded on each side by a lateral carina. Coloration, black, basal joints of palpi, tibiae, prothoracic scutellum and meso-scutellum, and lateral oval spots on the sides usually yellow. Sexual differences. — The family form is most persistant in 9 9 . The variation being greater in % , the head is narrowed behind, and in front narrowing towards jaws, making the jaws shorter in % and the clypeus much narrower ; % most slender bodied, the legs (fore) simple, and the abdomen longer, tip simple. The % is considerably smaller than the 9 • Eyes in Anacrabro are very broad above and have a distinct sinus opposite the ocelli, they extend a little behind the middle of the head as usual. The situation and relative distance apart of the ocelli do not afford good generic characters in these genera, since there is great con- stancy in these respects. They are farthest apart and arranged in a low triangle in Anacrabro. In Blepharipus they are placed in a more equilateral triangle. The ocelli often vary in relative size, none of the three being absolutely equal in size; this seems to be an indi- vidual variation. Front in Anacrabro is hardly triangular, the lower region of the groove being but little more than one-half as wide as the triangular region above, which is narrower than usual, and the sides are not con- Fossorlal Uymenoptera of Nortli America. G7 tinuous forming; that triangular region peculiar to the Crabrones. In Bfepharipus, the front is still rather narrower. There is but slight variation in the clypeal region. In Anacrahro the portion covered with pubescence is short, and has the appearance of being deeply indented in the middle, since the front edge is thickened, and full, naked, and there is no perceptible ridge above. In Blepharipus it is much longer and ridged distinctly, and in Crahro it is much produced in front and somewhat pointed; in the other genera it varies very slightly. In the antennae of our genera there is but little difference. In Ana- crahro they are shortest and thickest. In the more typical species of Thyreoput they are flattened, and the second joint shorter than usual aud flattened, in the other aberrent species, the antennae are long and slender cylindrical. ANACRABRO, nov. gen. Body short and flattened, thorax globular, short, head and thorax together equalling in length the flattened short abdomen, which is concave beneath. Head very short, being (in a transverse sense) elliptical oblong, much less than one-half as long as broad, since the hinder region posterior to the eyes, is not developed as usual in this subfamily. Eyes broad, truncated above and regularly rounded below the ocelli; the triangular front very small and short, rapidly narrowing towards the antennal groove. Clypeus very short, appearing broadly indented in front, the front margin rounded and naked in front where it is sud- denly deflexed, presenting a triangular squarely truncated face. An- tennae much as usual in the subfamily, thickening a little towards the tip, joints unusually cylindrical and equal, second joint hardlylonger than the others. Ocelli placed in a low triangle. Palpi and lingua shorter and thicker than usual. Thorax not much longer than broad, subglobose. Meso-scutum shorter than broad ; flanks of the meso-thorax square in front, the sides being straight and suddenly deflexed beneath. Wings shorter and broader than usual, pterostigma large and dis- tinct; second costal space large; first median much shorter than usual; costal and submedian recurrents not opposite each other, the sub- median being placed much nearer the base of the wing than the costal recurrent; median newure joining the first subcostal within the mid- dle of the space, (in Crahro the juncture takes place at the outer end of the space.) Legs not so stout as usual, joints simple, hardly dilated as much as 68 Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr's Revision of the usual ; fore femora slightly expanded ; fore tibite naked ; tarsi finely ciliated ; hind tibiae with fine setiferous tubercles especially abundant along the angles; first joint of tarsi'much shorter than the remaining joints. Abdomen equalling the length of the head and thorax together, broad and much flattened, more than half as broad as long, beneath unusually concave, basal ring broad and short; tip rounded spatulate. The remarkably short head, broad, short body, the deflexed clypeus, the short triangular front, unidentate mandibles, the flattened fore femora, angulated prothorax and meso-thoracic flanks, the concave un- der side of the abdomen, the great differences in the neuration and its undersized species will easily serve to distinguish this interesting genus. In its narrow clypeal region, as compared with the broad antennal region, its short compact form, its evenly, closely jointed an- tennae and short cubical thorax it reminds us of Oxybelus, though not closely related by affinity, being an isolated generic form standing out from the line connecting Crabro conjiaenta and its allies, with Cerceris. The front of the head instead of being oblong elliptical as usual in this group, is round, the clypeal region is not so broad as in Crabro, while the antennae are inserted much farther apart. Seen laterally the thorax is no longer than high ; the meta-thorax is suddeuly verti- cally deflexed, and is thus parallel with the front of the prothorax, where usually in Crabro it falls away at a less angle towards the inser- tion of the thorax. In the wings the first sub-costal space is long and crescent-shaped, not lozenge-shaped as usual. The first median space is rhomboidal and smaller than usual, instead of being as usual long and lozenge- shaped, and its outer end terminates in the middle of the wing, while in the genus Crabro and allies, it terminates at or near the outer third of the wing; first submedian space does not extend to the middle of the first median, being very short; second submedian is much longer than first submedian space, whereas it is usually much shorter, and lanceolate in form, and is externally regularly rounded, not truncated as usual. The second median space partially obsolete externally, more regularly rhomboidal than usual, and the two upper sides forming a nearly straight line. In the secondaries the first submedian space is one-halt' shorter than in the other genera. A. ocellatus, n. sp. 9 . Whole body coarsely punctured, more so than usual in Crabro. Fvssori'al Ilymcnoptrra of Xorth America. 69 Head entirely black including the clypeal region and the antennae; mandibles black, growing corneous towards the tips; orbits and clypeal regions silvery. At the lower angle of the meso-scutum on the flanks is a round yellow dot (tubercle), produced upwards into a linear tail- like expansion, pupil led with black; on the meta-scutelluin is a long linear transverse yellow band, which spreads out still further on each side of the posterior edge. Thorax black, coarsely punctured, as is the head and abdomen. Enclosure of propodeutu transversely almost linear, surface with about six deep mitre-shaped fossa; enclosed between high ridges, below irregularly ridged. Wings clouded on the outer half. Legs with black coxae and femora, fore femora streaked with yellow beneath aud tipped with yel- low ; tibiae and tarsi yellow, streaked on the. edges with fuscous, especially the fore tibia; which have a broad dark line on the inner Bide. Abdomen black, nearly the whole of the upper surface black, the yellow very lateral spots hardly extendiug on to the tergum. The lateral fasciae occur on the basal five rings and are acutely triangular in form, the sharp apex usually terminating on the outer third of the upper sur- face of each ring, at their bases expanding covering the whole length of the l'ing at the juncture of the tergal portion with the sternite, on their posterior margin deeply excavated, sometimes on the fifth, the fasciae spread out and bathe the hinder edge of the entire upper surface of the ring in yellow; tip black, slightly hirsute. Beneath black; edges of the rings piceous. Length of body, .24 — .32; head and thorax together, .17; abdo- men .15 inch. Mass., (Sanborn and Norton, Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.) Illinois, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.) Not only by its greatly flattened, short elliptical body, and short, broad large jaws, and its peculiar neuration can this species be easily recognized, but also its jet black coarsely punctured body, the single nar- row linear meta-scutellum with its yellow streak, and the abdominal fascia; being placed on the extreme side, and its entire structure while in some respects reminding us of Oxybelus. clearly forms a connect- ing link uniting Pempliredo aud its allies with Crabro. This species is liable to considerable variation in the size of the abdominal fascia;, which are ofteu greatly enlarged and show a ten- dency to approach each other on the tergal surface, and also vary in width. 70 Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr's Revision of the CRABRO, Fabr. % . Head sub-triangular, being nearly as long as broad, and balf aa wide bebind as in front. Vertex broad and flat, the ocelli placed in an equilateral triangle in the middle. Eyes not generally reaching to the middle of the vertex, broad oval. The whole front of the head broad as high, narrowing slowly towards the insertion of the mandibles; the front of the epicranium is vertical, its plane being exactly at right angles to the vertex, equilaterally triangular, and the groove is large and not very deeply cut. 9 • Head sub-cuboidal, hardly narrowing be- hind, nearly as long as broad. Ocelli placed a little in advance of the middle of the vertex, the eyes above do not reach the middle, they are broader below than in the % , so that the sides of the front hardly nar- row towards the insertion of the jaws, making the front of the head quadrilateral. Antenna) filiform in both sexes, second joint long as half the breadth of the head, in the % it is somewhat swollen in the middle, more slender in the 9 , the remaining joints are hardly swelled in the middle. Clypeus much raised in the middle, but a third shorter than broad and rounded angularly in front in % ; in 9 very short and broad, being nearly two-thirds shorter than broad. Mandibles in % even width throughout, bidentate, the lower smallest; in 9 the jaws narrow somewhat towards tip. Thorax oval, subglobose, flattened above. Meso-scutum nearly square, as long as broad, straight behind, and the sides are straighter, not rounded towards the hind margin as usual ; scutellum is very con- tinuous with the scutum. It presents a lanceolate acute transverse area. The pronotum rounds suddenly vertically downwards. Flanks full and convex, as usual. Primaries: pterostigma narrow, indistinct; second costal has the sub- costal and costal recurrent placed in the middle. The first median cell lozenge-shaped, the lower side of the outer half of the space being a little shorter than the upper. The second internal space is long, the outer side being straight and curved a little towards each nervure. % . Legs, tibiae smooth, coxae sub-triangular, fore femora swelled, smooth, flattened beneath, the depressed area sometimes terminating in a spine near the middle of the joint. The tibia? are rather short, flat- tened beneath, and terminating in a broad recurved spine. Tarsi flat- tened in all the legs. Fore tarsi, first joint a third longer than the remaining ones, terminating, as do the rest, in a slight spine. The remaining ones are about half as long as broad. Hind femora tapering more than usual towards the extremity. Tibiae smooth, ending in two Fussorial Ilymcnoptcra of North America. 71 unequal large broad spines. Tarsi short, first joint hardly shorter than remaining joints. 9 . Fore femora trigonate, as usual, not being flattened. Tibiae smooth, large, terminating in short spines, with a slender spur. Tarsi long and slender. First joint of tarsi spinulose without, shorter than the remaining joints. Middle and hind tibiae swollen and slightly tubereulated on the outside, the tubercles are hardly spinose and not arranged in rows on the hind pair. % . Abdomen a little sborter than the head and thorax together. It is broad and flattened, and slightly arcuated. Abdomen tip subacute, tip triangular with an incomplete sub-basal depression above. 9 broader tban % ; tip mucrouate, triangular above, depressed, bounded by lateral ridges. The body is in places under the limbs covered with a long silky pu- bescence. The head does not narrow so rapidly behind, and the second joint of the antennas is not so long; the simple fore legs, the more flat- tened and broader thorax, the mucronate broad flattened abdomen at once distinguish it from Thyreopus or from Ceratocolus. The above description applies to the more typical species of the group which Crahro (5-maculatus represents. Group (A) of which G. interruptus St. F. is the type, comprises Cerceris-like species, and connects with Cerceris by Anacrabro. Synopsis of the Species. A. Species of moderate size, bodies coarsely punctured. a. Basal ring of abdomen with fascia;. % . Head trapezoidal, sides narrowing behind, antenna untoothed; abdomen with three pairs of fasciae and two terminal bands. J. Head cubical, body broad and short; antennae short C. interruptus, St. F. b. Femora sinuate on edge. Front elongated, thorax entirely black C producticollis, Pack. %. Four basal joints of flagellum dentate; three pairs of fasciae and three terminal bands. J. No yel- low markings on meso-notum, antennae slender. .C. bellus. Cresson. %. Head narrow, flagellum not dentate; head and thorax very black C. atrifrons, Cresson. % . Head broad; mandibles yellow; antennae not den- tate; abdomen with five terminal bands; two dots on basal ring C. odyneroides, Cresson. c. Basal ring immaculate ; of small size. % . Antennae once-toothed ; abdomen with three ter- minal bands C. honestus, Cresson. % . Antennae many-toothed; abdomen with two termi- nal bands C. gracilissimus, Pack. 72 Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr's Revision of the, B. Of large size; head large transverse, front golden; basal ring of abdomen with two subtriangular sinuate bands. 9 . Femora yellow and rufous ; two spots on meso- flank C. 10-maculatus, Say. 9 • Femora rufous, no supplementary spot behind the tubercle; base of abdomen fuscous C. aurifrons, Smith. J. Head cubical: body stout: meso-scutellum entirely rufous yellow, abdomen with four very contigu- ous fasciae C. cubensis, Cresson. C. Head very transverse, abdomen as long as head and thorax toge- ther, body elongated, 2 — 3 pairs of terminal bands; front silvery, clypeus often subcnpreous. £. Head narrow, abdomon with three terminal bands. 9 • Abdomen broad, flattened C. rufifemur, Packard. % . Head broad ; abdomen with two terminal bands. 9 • Tip narrow compressed, channelled deeply. ..C. chrysarginus, St. Farg. 9. Larger than preceding: body very black; femora broadly tipped with yellow C villosifrons, Packard. £ . Femora one-half black and yellow; abdominal fas- ciae very broad; three terminal bands C. Packardii, Cresson. %. Five broad abdominal bands: one basal pair of tri- angular sinuate fasciae. 9 • Tip of the abdomen very broad and flat; body slender C. dilectus, Cresson. D. % . Head triangular. 9 . Head quadrangular in front, not narrow- in"- as usual towards the insertion of the mandibles: basal abdomi- nal rins- immaculate. o 9 . Very large size ; fore femora streaked above with rufous C quadrangularis, Pack. %. Abdomen 10-spotted; head deeply channelled in front. 9 • Two anterior femora tipped with yel- low C. singularis, Smith. %. Head deeply channelled in front: middle femora broadly rufous; abdomen 14-spotted C. 14-maculatus, Pack. 9. Femora entirely black, body longer and slenderer than usual; scutellum black; tip short C. oblongus, Packard. %. Middle femora rufous C. trapezoides, Packard. E. Abdomen subpedunculate, basal ring being longer and slenderer than usual. a. No fascia: on the third abdominal ring. %. Body black; abdomen 4-spotted C. paucimaculatus, Pack. ^. Head very cubical ; basal joint of abdomen subfili- form ; front of head golden C. auriceps, Cresson. % . Abdomen 6-spotted, with a terminal linear band; fore femora rufous. 9 • Body stout; fore femora black; abdomen 6-spotted C. 6-maculatus, Say. b. -4 lateral spot on third abdominal ring. % 9. Fore femora tipped with yellow C. trifasciatus, Say. Fossorial JUi/menoptera of Kortli America. 73 F. ricad transversely cubical; species long and slender; abdomen 8- spotfced, with a terminal band in % . %. Fore femora rufous. 9- Tipof abdomen broad tri- angular C. pauper, Packard. %. Antenna! strongly bidentate j anterior and middle femora tipped with yellow ; tarsi yellow C. denticulatus, Packard. 9- Enclosure of propodeum with seven large fossae; tarsi In-own C. tenuiglossa, Packard. G. 9 • Head broad and short; body stout, elongated, abdomen longer than head and thorax together; tip of abdomen pinched, deeply channelled, abdominal fasciae acute above, narrow. 9- Basal abdominal ring spotted; middle femoraonly tipped with yellow C. obscurus, Smith. % . Like C. obscurus, but clypeus silvery C. montanus, Cresson. 9- Terminal abdominal fasciae orbicular, united : fore ami middle femora slightly tipped with yellow. .C. contiguus, Cresson. //. Head subcubical ; species of small size. a. %. 2*100 terminal abdominal bands. %. Prothorax yellow, crested; baso-abdominal bands present C. cristatus, Pack. % . Basal joint of the abdomen immaculate; femora brown : head cubical; antennae scarcely denticu- lated; propodeum finely striated C. brunneipes, Pack. % . Propodeum with no mesial furrow, with very coarse fossae. Head very narrow C. effossus, Pack. b. Five pairs of short, ovate abdominal fasciae. 9. Terminal pair round: scape yellow C. cubiceps, Pack. 9 . Enclosure of propodeum very coarsely corrugated ; tip of abdomen unusually compressed and nar- row C. corrugatus, Pack. 9. Terminal round abdominal, spots unusually dis- tant; thorax and femora black C. parvulus, Pack. I. Antennae simple slender; head short and broad, abdomen longer than head and thorax together, with two or three terminal continu- ous bauds. %. Fore femora black, clypeus yellow. 9- Clypeus long, mandibles yellow, tip pinched C. septentrionalis. Pack. J. Head very cubical ; abdomen much shorter than the rest of the body, which is rather coarsely punctured ; first segment coarctate ; second ring usually with broad fasciae either separate or united. % 9 • No fascia? on third abdominal segment, meso- scutellum and meta-scutellum striped ; species of under size C. stirpicola, Pack. 9- Short and broad stripe on third abdominal ring : meso-scutellum entirely yellow, front of head golden C. croesus, St. Farg. PROCEEDINGS EXT. S0C. PHILAD. MAY, 1866. 7-1 Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr's Revision of the J . A dorsal and lateral linear stripe on third abdo- minal ring; scutellum black. Clyj^eus golden, sides silvery ; body roughened C. scaber, St. Farg. Group A. The body is shorter and more compact, the head is more cubical than in C. 6-maculatus, or C. sejJtentrionalis, the frout is not excavated so much as usual in Crabro ; eyes narrower than usual, the head nar- rows towards the clypeal region more than usual, hence the clypeal re- gion is narrower, the antennas are shorter and more clavate. The wing characters do not present any differences of value. Prothorax angu- lated on the sides, and the body is more coarsely punctured than in any of the succeeding species. C. interruptus, St. Fargeau. Solenius interruptus, St. Farg., et Brulle. Ann. Soe. Ent. France, iii. p. 716. (1S34.) St. Farg. N". H. Hym. iii. p. 122. (1845.) Crabro confiuentus, Say, Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. i. p. 376. (1837.) % . Crabro dubius, Smith, Cat. Hym. Br. Mus. iv. p. 417. (1856.) Crabro confluentus, Smith, Cat. Hym. Br. Mus. iv. p. 420. (185G.) % . Head subcubical, two-thirds as long as broad, narrowing a little behind, surface convex; ocelli in an equilateral triangle, not channelled in front, except at the antennal groove, which is deep and lined on the sides with a silvery pubescence; clypeus nearly as long as broad, covered with a silvery pubescence, clypeal region very narrow. Man- dibles black, stained with ferruginous in the middle. Antennae short, thickened especially towards end; scape long clavate yellow, with a dark stain on the upper side; basal joint of flagellum yellow, stained with ferruginous above, second to fourth joints brown, becoming brown- black towards tip. Surface of body covered with unusually large and deep punctures. Prothorax long, angulated in front, edge emarginate, raised; lateral tubercle conspicuous, yellow, pupilled with black, meso-scutum broad, with a short raised line on the anterior margin ; no submesial or parap- sidal grooves present; scutellum with two yellow spots, often entirely black; postscutellum with a transversure line. Enclosure of propodeum obsolete, entire segment very coarsely and irregularly punctured, being larger than on anterior rings. Tegulre testaceous, basal wing pieces black, wings clear, hardly smoky, nervures bright ferruginous. Femora yellow at tip, especially beneath, and most broadly tipped with yellow in fore legs ; tibiae yellow, touched with brown within especially on hind tibiae ; tarsi yellow, tinged with ferruginous towards ungues. Fossorial Ilymcnoptcra of North America. 75 Abdomen coarsely punctured, wings unusually convex in the middle, edges emarginate, four pairs of sinuate fasciae on the four basal rings, and two continuous bands on each succeeding ring; two basal fasciae most sinuate and slender, those on the fourth ring are more approxi- mate than those on the two proceeding rings; the broad large band on the fifth ring is sometimes separated into two fascia) ; terminal linear band sometimes absent. Beneath black, and a little testaceous on the hind edge of terminal rings. Length of body, .34; head and thorax, .17; abdomen .17 inch. 9 . Differs in having the head more cubical, not narrowing be- hind, the surface above is broad and slightly convex; ocelli in a curved line, or very low triangle; eyes smaller and front more con- tracted than usual ; orbits lined with a silvery pubescence as on cly- peal region; clypeus a little shorter than broad, carinated mesially; antenna? short and clavate; coloration as in £ , except that the five fasciae are ovate and removed a considerable distance from the mesial line; enclosure of propodeum well marked, subluuate. Length of body, .42; head and thorax together, .22; abdomen .20 inch. Mass., Canada, 111., N. J. (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.) Mass., (Coll. Harris, Sanborn and Shurtleff.) Conn., (Norton.) Dublin, N. H., Leonard, (Harris Coll.) Va., Ridings, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.) This species is of moderate size and readily distinguished by its coarsely punctured body, by the convexity of the middle portion of the abdominal rings, by the black femora tipped with yellow. Some- times the prothorax is entirely black. St. Fargeau undoubtedly had the female of this commonly diffused species in view when he described his So/ruins interruptus in 1834, in this description he anticipated Say whose description was published in 1837. Should Tlvjreopus be considered as but a section of Crabro, then the name Thyreopus interruptus of St. Fargeau, Ann. Soc. Ent France, iii. 755, 2 % , will have to be dropped for some other name, as in the same article, page 716, he describes the present species under the name of Solenius interruptus. A specimen from Brunswick, Me., has a smooth body, especially the abdomen, the basal pair of fascia) nearly obsolete, the other fascia) broader aud separated farther apart than usual. A % specimen from Western Virginia, collected by Mr. Ridings, has the mandibles entirely black, the upper side of the scape and an- 76 Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr's Revision of the tennae stained with a long ovate brown spot extending beyond tbe middle of its length ; the nieso-scutellurn has two yellow, geminate spots, and the fifth and sixth abdominal fasciae are united to form a continuous band. A 9 specimen from the same locality has a broad yellow band on the rneso-scutellum, more than twice as broad as on the meta-scutellum, while another variety for which we are indebted to the same zealous collector, has the scutellum entirely black, and only a linear yellow stripe on the postscutellum. This peculiar species is interesting as affording a passage from Crabro to Ceratocolus by its narrow, long head, narrow triangular front, peculiar clavate antennae with the terminal joint spherico-conical, its narrow ovate abdomen, shorter than the rest of the body which is coarsely punctured. It approaches Ceratocolus jiroducticollis in its head narrowing behind, and the simple uutoothed antennas and the form of the abdomen, though the prothorax is much wider, shorter, and the abdomen is much larger. It also affords a passage into Cerceris by the raised clypeus and ex- posed labrum concealed partially beneath, which can be more plainly seen in this species than the typical ones of the genus ; also by its con- vex abdominal rings, high colors, punctured body and narrow elon- gated form it connects Crabro with Cerceris. From Crabro mfifemur it will readily be distinguished by its much smaller size, still narrower body, and longer head which narrows rapidly behind ; also, by the broad yellow fasciae closely contiguous or united, which are lanceolate ovate and hardly sinuate, those on the second and third segments not at all so; and by the fore femora being half black and yellow, but not ferruginous. Ceratocolus-like species. % . Head twice as broad as long, being transversely oblong ; cly- peus as long as broad, being unusually elongated; antennas with a very clavate scape, unusually flattened flagellum, terminal joint being minute, but acutely conical; thorax much elongated, especially anteriorly; abdomen subglobular, being unusually short in proportion to the rest of the body, shorter than the thorax, whole body very coarsely punc- tured, and the rings of the thorax are more separate and convex than in Crabro proper. Crabro producticollis, u. sp. % . Head transversely oblong, cuboidal, not narrowing behind more than usual, surface coarsely punctured, vertex slightly convex; front longer than usual, the head being unusually narrow, and the clypeus Fossorial ITymenoptera of North Aim rim. 77 i black, greatly elongated, nearly as long as broad and ridged along the median line, edge rounded convex, antenna! groove very deep, suddenly sunken below the surface of the triangular front; orbits densely silvery pubescent, antennae broad and flattened, scape clavate, rapidly increasing in width towards the end; joints of flagellum broad and flattened beneath, above convex, shorter than broad; terminal joint acutely conical, very much smaller than usual, brown, scape yellowish towards the base. Thorax elongated ovate, wings appearing as if set far back owing to the prolongation of the ineso-thorax, and the elongated prothorax, which anteriorly is developed more than usual. Propodeum elongated, the enclosure obsolete, median furrow narrow, on each side a net work of small fossulets, the rugae enclosing them being straighter longitu- dinally than the transverse ones ; entirely black except the yellow tubercle. Fore femora yellow, with a black line at base ; trochanters broadly dilated towards the tip ; femora twice dilated, so that the outer edge is sinuate, near the base a small spine ; tibiae widened percep- tibly towards the tip, but with no emarginate expansion; middle and hind femora black, tibiae with a blackish stripe within ; tarsi yellow, fuscous at tips. Abdomen very short, round, ovate, surface finely punctured, but smooth and shining, basal joint broad, with five pairs of long oblong fasciae, not obliquely arranged on the rings, but straight, and a little farther apart than usual. Length of body, .47 ; head and thorax, .36; abdomen, .11 inch. New Jersey, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). This very aberrant species connects this genus with Ceratocolus vexhillatus of Europe, by its very long thorax, and shortened abdomen; and rather than place it in Ceratocolus, I prefer to consider it as a Crabro, but forming a distinct section of the genus as indicated above, as it does not differ essentially in the ueuratiou of the wings, nor in the form of the head as seen from above. It differs in the elongated front, and the structure of the fore femora, and is much smaller than usual; and in this respect, and in the want of any yellow markings on the thorax, except the tubercle, and its coarsely punctured body, will be easily recognized. Crabro bellus, Cresson. C. bellus, Cresson, Proc. iv. p. 481. (1865). Colorado Territory, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). Crabro atrifrons. Cresson. C. atrifrons, Cresson, Proc. iv. p. 483. (1865). Colorado Territory, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil). 78 Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr's Revision of the Crabro atriceps, Cresson. C. atriceps, Cresson, Proc. iv. p. 483. C1865). Colorado Territory, (Coll. Eat. Soc. Phil.). Crabro odyneroides, Cresson. C. odyneroides, Cresson, Proc. iv. p. 481. (1S65). Colorado Territory, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). Crabro honestus. Cresson. C. honestus, Cresson, Proc. iv. p. 485. (1865). Colorado Territory, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil). C. nigrifrons, Cresson. C. nigrifrons, Cresson, Proc. iv. p. 482. (1865). Colorado Territory, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). Crabro gracilissimus. n. sp. % . Head broad, transverse, rather short, a little more than one-half as long as broad, narrowing but slightly behind ; surface broad, slightly convex, ocelli arranged in a low triangle, front but slightly channelled. Antennal grove well marked, on each side a thin, sparse silvery pubescence. Sides of head converge rapidly towards the cly- peal region which is narrow and long ; clypeus long as broad, being a little longer than usual, sharply carinated ; mandibles black, antennae short and stout, scape yellow, black above; second joint of flagellum with two unusually large teeth beneath, third, fourth and fifth also dentate, black. Prothorax with two short, high carinations which are yellow. Body as well as the head finely though not minutely punctured, thorax otherwise black, except the yellow tubercles. Meso-scutum puncto- striated, especially posteriorly, as are the scutellum and especially the meta-scutellum. Enclosure of the propodeum long, narrow sublunate. with longitudinal, irregular coarse rugae, a few transverse coarse ruga% with interrupted longitudinal rugae, making the sides appear angular ; its surface covered with subquadrate fossae. Tegulae dark ferruginous, wings clear not clouded ; nervures ferruginous ; femora black, fore femora yellow towards tip beneath ; tibiae slender, yellow, black within, posterior ones black externally at tip; fore and middle tarsi yellow, black towards the ungues; hind tarsi entirely brown. Abdomen long and slender, equalling the thorax in length, no band on the basal ring ; on second, two large fasciae, nearly meeting, two succeeding pairs much smaller and farther apart ; on fifth and sixth a continuous band; tip broad sub-spatulate, slighty hirsute. Beneath a little paler on the edge of the wings and with a few sparse hairs. Length of body, .30, head and thorax, 15 ; abdomeu, .15 inch. Fossorial ITymcnoptera of North America. 79 Colorado Territory, Ridings, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.) This is a very slender species, the most so of any observed in this section of the genus. The large stout teeth of unusual proportions, the long narrow clypeus, the finely crested prothorax and black meso- notum, and black body generally, the black femora, the coarsely sculp- tured propodeum and the long, slender produced abdomen, together with the great differences in coloration between the two anterior and posterior pairs of tarsi will distinguish this from all the other species of this section of the genus. Group B. Crabro 10-maculatus, Say. C. lQ-maculatu8, Say, West. Quart. Rep. ii. p. 78. (1823.) Harris, Cat. Ins. Mass. p. 68. (1835.) 9 . Head a little more cubical, being a little longer than in C. arcu- atits. Eyes larger, sculpturing the same. Front not hairy; antennal groove nearly covered in by the golden pubescence extending from the orbits, which is of a deeper hue on the clypeus, but on the lateral lobes is silvery; clypeus and the lateral pieces as described in G. arcuatus ; mandibles yellow, black at tip, tridentate, two outer teeth nearly equal in size, inner the more minute of the two, and on the basal half a stout triangular tooth. Antennae long, slender, clavate; scape long, slightly dilated within, entirely yellow, basal joint and base of second joint of the flagellum yellow; remaining joints black; sutures distinct as usual, but tip not dilated as usual. Prothorax strongly banded with yellow, the two bands more conti- guous than usual ; on the flanks two yellow spots, one the tubercle, the other a square oblique yellow spot behind it; scutellum and meta-scu- tellum yellow, the scutellum appendiculated by two lateral yellow spots yling contiguous to it. Thorax more coarsely punctured than in G. arcuatus. Enclosure of the propodeum coarsely punctured, but. with hardly any radiating lines; on the scutum are a few coarse, transverse rugfe, with coarse punctures betweeu them. Wiugs as in G. arcuatus, anterior legs yellow, femora black on the upper side, and tips of tarsal joints slightly ferruginous; middle and hind femora colored much alike, black at base, shading into ferruginous, and then becoming yellow at tip; tibiae entirely yellow, tarsi yellow, tips of terminal joints becoming ferruginous. Abdomen with ten yellow fasciae, basal pair sinuate, of the same distance apart above as in G. arcuatus; last pair most conti- nuous; tip mucronate, narrower than in G. arcuatus; a smooth space above on the preceding ring. 80 Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr's Revision of the Length of body, .56; head and thorax, .30; abdomen, .26 inch. Mass., (Coll. Harris); West Farms, N. Y., (Norton, Angus); Dela- ware, (Coll-. Ent. Soc. Phil.) This species is thicker and stouter, with heavier bands, more coarsely punctured and less striated than in C. arcuatus, and the two terminal bands of the abdomen become separated; the golden pubescence ascends much nearer the ocelli than in that species. It will also be distin- guished by the antennae being yellow on the three basal joints, the legs being nearly entirely yellow and the head more cubical. One specimen from New York has a distinct large ferruginous patch on the base of the abdomen. Dr. Harris captured this species on the sands near Mt. Auburn, Cam- bridge. He also found, July 27, 1836, a nest of this species made in a rotten stump, which was " abundantly provisioned with Tabanus lineola Fabr. and T. divisus Harris." MSS. Crabro aurifrons, Smith. C. aurifrons, Smith, Cat. Hym. Br. Mus. iv. p. 420. (1856.) 9 . Head large cubical, vertex broadly convex, ocelli placed in a low triangle, antennal groove shallow. Orbits and clypeus covered with a silvery golden pvtbescence, which extends from the orbits into the mid- dle of the groove, clypeus large, prominent, well carinated, longer than in C. 10-macidahis. Mandibles stout, equally bidentate, rufous-yellow, terminal third black. Antennae stout, filiform, not thickening towards the tips, scape entirely yellow, including first aud basal half of the second joint of flagellum, remainder black, sutures well defined. Prothorax narrow, smooth and rounded on the sides, slightly cari- nated on each side of the mesial notch, yellow. Body minutely punc- tured, with a minute gray pubescence, meso-scutum thickly punctured, not striated ; a rufous yellow stripe on front edge of scutellurn ; meta- scutellum concolorous. Propodeum uniformly finely striated, enclo- sure lunate, nearly obsolete, mesial furrow narrow, tubercle yellow; three rufous indistinct stains on flanks below the insertion of the secon- daries. Tegulse testaceous, wings slightly clouded, nervures rufous. Coxae tipped with rufous, femora all rufous. Legs stout, hirsute, tibire and tarsi entirely yellow, apical joints of hind tarsi tipped with rufous. Two basal joints of abdomen rufous broadly edged with black, with five pairs of sinuate fasciae, tips mucronate, very compressed, deeply chan- nelled with a dense stiff yellow hirsuties. The fasciae are more remote above than in C. 10-maculatus. Length of body, .64 ; head and thorax together, .34; abdomen .30 inch. Florida, (Norton); " Georgia," (Smith). Fossorial JTymcnoptcra of North America. 81 From C. 10-maculatus, to which the present species is nearest allied, it differs in being larger, in its longer clypeus, narrower prothorax, in wanting the oblong spot behind the tubercle, in having almost entirely rufous femora, where in 0. lQ-macuIatus they are more than half black and broadly tipped with yellow; in having small less contiguous abdo- minal fascia? and in the basal joint being broadly rufous. My specimen is evidently immature, as the fasciae of abdomen are very obscure, and Smith does not notice the rufous tinge pervading the yellow fasciae. Crabro cubensis, Cresson. C. cubensis, Cresson, Proc. iv. p. 152. (1865.) Cuba, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.) Group C. Crabro mfifemur, n. sp. % . Head cubical, a little more than twice as long as broad, but slightly narrowing behind, above very convex, ocelli arranged in a low but nearly equilateral triangle, slightly hirsute on each side in front of the ocelli, graduating into the silvery pile broadly lining the orbits; sides of head converge sensibly towards the clypeal region which is covered with a silvery pubescence. That on the clypeus itself is dull yellowish ; clypeus itself two-thirds as long as broad, obscurely cari- nated. Mandibles yellow, becoming ferruginous and then black at tips. Antennae short and thick, scape much thickened just before the middle, entirely yellow, fifth joint of the flagellum much pinched in beneath, giving a bidentate appearance, basal and third joints of antennae ferru- ginous, remaining joints blackish. Head and body narrow, coarsely punctured, black. Prothorax on each side transversely cariuated, acutely angled on the sides, yellow above. Surface of thorax behind very convex; on mesoscutellum no lines orsubmesial ridges, or parapsidal grooves present; scutellum large, black, a yellow spot on the smooth postscutellum. Propodeum with the enclosure not very distinct, punctostriated obliquely, with a well marked mesial furrow, especially wide and deep posteriorly. Tegulae testaceous; wing pieces yellow, ferruginous and black; nervules black- ish, more ferruginous at base, wincrs a little clouded. Below the inser- tion of the wings the flanks are covered with a thin silvery pile; yellow tubercle very distinct. Femora above slightly yellow, honey yellow towards tips, beneath black ; tibiae yellow, ferruginous within ; tarsal joints yellow, slightly ferruginous at tip ; unguinal joint brown-black. Abdomen high narrow, very convex above, flattened beneath; each ring convex mesially, edges slightly emarginate, shorter than head and PROCEEDINGS EXT. SOC. PHILAD. MAY, 1866. 82 Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr's Revision of the thorax together; on two basal segments a pair of fasciae, broadly ovate on second ring, those on first ring very sinuate; fasciae on third ring either separate or united ; continuous narrow bands on three succeed- ing rings, smooth on the hinder edge ; terminal one deeply excavated behind, and sometimes nearly obsolete; tip short and subpunctate; be- neath, the hinder edge of all the rings are pale brown, almost testa- ceous. Length of body, .36; head and thorax together, .20; abdomen, .16 inch. $ . Head unusually broad, narrowing behind unusually, being a little more than one-half as long as broad. Eyes remote, ocelli situated in a low triangle; surface of vertex very convex, slightly channelled in front of the middle ocellus; antennal groove well marked; on each side broadly lined with a silvery pubescence, in some lights reflecting a slightly golden hue; clypeal region silvery, on clypeus itself slightly yellowish; joints of antennas entire, otherwise as described in male. Prothorax cariuated ; two geminate yellow spots on mesoscutellum and a lateral dot on each side towards the insertion of the wings. Enclosure of pro- podeum quite smooth, with radiating fine lines marking off the limits of the area. Abdomen fasciated on each ring, those on the third, fourth and fifth rings forming continuous bands. Illinois, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). Crabro chrysarginus, St. Farg. C. chr-ysarginus, St. Farg. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, iii. p. 711. (1834.) C. arcuatus, Say. Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. i. p. 377. (1837.) 9 • C. dirysarginus, St. Farg. H. N. Hym. iii. p. 114. (1845.) C. chrysarginus, Dahlb. Hym. Eur. i. p. 386, 257. (1845.) C. chrysarginus, Smith, Cat. Hym. Br. Mus. iv. p. 420. (1S56.) % . Vertex, broad, convex; eyes, smaller than usual, do not reach to middle of vertex ; ocelli arranged in a low triangle or curved line ; surface finely punctured; just in front of the ocelli sparsely hairy; orbits very broadly lined with a silvery pile nearly meeting in the middle of the antennal groove; clypeal region silvery. Mandibles yellow, tips either black or piceous, antennae unusually long and slender, scape yellow, a little swollen within, where is a dark brown stripe; basal joint of flagelluui very long, yellowish at tip, second joint very long, being nearly two-thirds as long as the scape, at its base suddenly contracted as if pinched, being concave beneath; re- maining joints nodose toward tips, fifth with a large tooth beneath. Thorax finely punctured, a silvery pile on the flanks thicker than usual; on prothorax are interrupted yellow stripes; tubercle yellow, te- Fossorial Ui/mcnojptera of North America. 83 guise aud nervures paler than usual, testaceous, cither a stripe or two remote yellow Bpota just in front of meso-scutuni on the lateral prolon- gation (these spots are in another specimen absent); a yellow stripe on the scutelhun ; metathorax coarsely puncto-lineated, enclosure dis- tinctly sublimate ; the mesial furrow indistinct, as large, high closely set rugae diverge in curved lines, becoming transverse and more numerous and finer posteriorly, where the thorax is more hairy than usual. An- terior femora yellow, with an obtuse spine at base, black at base above; tibia' and tarsi yellow, terminal joints glaucous; middle and hind femora black, yellow above towards tip, with a black stripe within, which is longer on the middle joint; tarsi yellow, towards ungues glaucous fer- ruginous. Abdomen with convex joints, distinct sutures, finely punctured, with three pairs of transverse sinuate fasciae on the three basal joints, on 4th— 6th rings, a narrow continuous band, situated on the hinder edge of each ring; basal fasciae rounded within, suddenly narrowiug on the sides ; tips broadly spatulate, acute. Beneath, the joints of the abdomen are ferruginous at the edge. 9 . Differs in having the front more golden, especially the clypeus; Antenna? long clavate, sutures becoming more distinct towards the tips, second and third joints next to terminal one of flagellum beinc dentate, a long yellow spot behind the yellow tubercle, base of pro- podeum coarsely striated, most of its surface is finely striated and com- paratively smooth, and the enclosure is posteriorly finely striated; second sub-median recurrent is more transverse than in the % . Legs darker; fore and middle femora black, reddish yellow at tips; inside of tibiae, yellow; hind pair entirely black, tibiae streaked with dark brown within. Abdomen as in S , tips broad triangular, slightly chan- nelled, convex at base; tips hirsute. Length of body, % , .44 — .48, 9 .56 ; head and thorax together, % , .26, 9 , .30 ; abdomen, % , .22, 9 , .26 inch. Maine, (Packard); Mass., (Sanborn, Coll. Harris); Canada, (Coll Phil. Ent. Soc.); "Indiana; Hudson's Bay," (Smith). This species will be easily recognized by the % subtrapezoidal head, the 9 denticulate antenna?, the golden clypeus of 9 as distinguished from the silvery sides of clypeal region, the geminate yellow spots on the flanks, the ten fasciae of % , which on the last three rings become continuous yellow bands. The 9 is broader and stouter than in the other species of this section. Say's C. arcuatus must be united with St. Fargeau's C. chrysarginus, 84 Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr's Revision of the Say in his description does not mention the sex of the specimens be- fore him, but they must have been 9 . St. Fargeau's descriptions only differ in " Pedeo lutes-ruji coxarum bast tarsorumque apice fuscis." A specimen received from Mr. Norton, labelled C. chrysarginus, agrees with this description, but otherwise with G. arcaatus, and I therefore unite them, as I have a specimen from Massachusetts, partly fuscous at the tips of the middle femora. Crabro villosifrons, n. sp. 9 . Head of the usual proportions ; two-thirds as long as broad ; surface very finely punctured; a little convex as usual; orbits broadly lined with a silvery pubescence, golden when seen in some lights, giving an unusually velvety pilose appearance to the front; clypeus long, sub-acutely produced in front, well carinated and distinctly mark- ed from the lateral lobes, which are large and well developed, silvery; mandibles yellow, tip black piceous. Antennae of moderate length, thickening a little towards the tips; scape very slightly dilated within, entirely yellow; flagellum closely jointed, piceous. Thorax short and thick, robust. Prothorax with a slightly interrupted yellow band; sur- face of meso-thorax finely punctured, as in the head ; two submesial fur- rows present on the scutum, two yellow spots on the flanks, of which the posterior is oblong ; parapsidal groove obscurely marked ; a slight line on the scutellum. Propodeum with a broad, well-marked sublunate en- closure, with a narrow, obscure mesial furrow; on each side are di- verging fine lines posteriorly becoming fine and transverse. Wings dark, clouded, tegulae much paler than the nervures, which are ferru- ginous. The femora black, yellow at tips ; tibiae yellow, anterior pair yellow with a black line behind; tarsi yellow, terminal joiut blackish, middle and hind femora black, outer third, especially above, yellow; tibiae and tarsi yellow; terminal joint becoming ferruginous towards the black ungues. Abdomen long narrow, ovate, on the basal joints three pairs of fasciae, of which the basal are subreniform, third pair linear, more remote than first pair; hind margin of fourth and fifth rings banded with yellow continuously; tips triangular mucronate. broad, lateral ridge obsolete towards base, hirsute; beneath black. Length of body, .54; head and thorax, .80; abdomen, .25 inch. N. J., Penn., (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). The long cubical head, broad front, clypeus golden in distinction from the silvery lateral lobes, the finely striated propodeum, and minutely punctured velvety head, and the remote fasciae at the base of the abdo- Fussorial Uymcnoptera of North America. 85 men will distinguish it sufficiently from C. dilcctus, aside from its much larger size. Another specimen from Pennsylvania, has the basal fasciae very contiguous, and on the end of each band is deeply excavated. Crabro Packardii, Cresson. /\Z^-^o8~ a Packardii, Cress., Proc. iv. p. 477. (1865.) /Q>/ 0° Col. Terr., (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). j^j± "*•' Crabro dilectus, Cresson. jjjj [LIB C. dilcctus, Cress., Proc. iv. p. 47S. (1865.) Col. Terr., (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). Group D. >T/i/ Crabro quadrangularis, n. sp. $ . Head of the same proportions as in C. singular is, very finely punctured, smooth and shining; antennal groove broad and deep; or- bits silvery; clypeal region as in G. singular is ', scape yellow, flagel- lum black, not quite so slender as in C. singularis. Two square, yellow, remote spots on its prothorax ; meso-scutum more coarsely stri- ated than in G. singularis; a yellow stripe in scutellum and post-scu- tellum. Enclosure of propodeum with the mesial groove but little larger than the lateral grooves which are crossed by the diverging ridges ; posteriorly on the flanks a net-work of coarse rugae. Wings as in C. singularis. Fore femora black, ferruginous at tip above; tibiae yellow, with a ferruginous line within; tarsi yellow, ferruginous to- wards the ungues. Middle and hind femora black, a yellow dot above at the tips of middle femora; tibiae yellow, within black-brown; first joint of tarsi yellow, black at tip, terminal joints black. Abdomen much larger and narrower in proportion than G. singu laris, not so convex beneath; with eight remote straight not sinuate fasciae, none on the last ring. The fasciae do not decrease in length and size from the tips, and they differ from those on G. singularis in being more obtuse above; the tip is much mere produced, the lateral ridges bordering the triangular surface become obsolete towards the base, and on the succeeding ring is a smooth, triangular area, only no- ticed in this section of the genus. Length of body, .66 j head and thorax, .82; abdomen, .3-i inch. Penn., (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). This is not only longer and larger, with the abdomen narrower in proportion than in G. singularis, but is more finely punctured and stri- ated, and blacker, with no spots or lines on the meso-thorax, while the abdomen is eight-spotted, with the fasciae even in size, and ovate lan- ceolate, not narrow wedge-shaped. Both will be easily distinguished 86 Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr's Revision of the by the remarkably square bead and front, which does not as usual round inwards towards the insertion of the mandibles. It is less hirsute than C. singular is. Crabro smgularis, Smith. C. singularis, Smith, Cat. Hym. Br. Mus. iv. p. 417. % . (1S56.) % . Head black, finely punctostriated, with a slight pubescence in front and on the sides, a line of silvery pubescence on the orbits, as in the clypeal region. Antennae long and slender, scape long, slightly angulated, sub-clavate, yellow, with or without an ovate dark spot on the inside; flagellum black; joints very long, especially the second, which is fully one-half as long as the scape; third joint arcuated, dentate beneath, terminal joint long obconic. Thorax black, finely punctured, meso-scutum finely striated, flanks pilose, concealing the sculpturing on the propodeum, especially dense on the anterior flank. On each half of the prothorax is a yellowish irregular yellow spot; tubercle yellow; meso-scutum black, bipunctate with yellow. Trochanters black, femora pale yellow, dilated and flat- tened with a stout spine at base externally, and provided with a thin brush of fine hairs ; tibiae pale, straw yellow ; tarsi concolorous, termi- nal joint and ungues black. Middle pair of legs entirely black, except the basal joint of the tarsus which is straw yellow, and there are two minute parallel yellow streaks on the outer side of the tibiae. Hind trochanters and femora black; tibiae yellow, black at tip ; basal joint of the tarsus yellow, black at tip, remaining joints black. Abdomen shiny black, with ten or twelve lateral fasciae, of which the first pair are much the largest, approaching one-half nearer the median line of the body than the succeeding pair, which are one-half as large and elliptical in form; the last pair small, linear; all are ob- lique, and placed on the front margin of each ring, tips black, termi- nated by a few hairs. Beneath black as usual. Length of body, .50; head and thorax, .20; abdomen, .24 inch. 9 . Head very square in front and unusually large. Body very black, shiny, very finely puncto-striated, and free from pubescence, ex- cept on the flanks of the thorax. Head very finely punctulated, not striated; no pubescence in front; eyes as usual, finely lined with a silvery pubescence; clypeus black, covered with a golden pile, while on each side it is silvery; mandibles yellow, black at base and tip. Antennae with the scape entirely yellow, remaining joints black. Thorax finely striated, a large, disconnected, yellow stripe on the pro- thorax ; tubercle yellow; on meso-scutellum a geminate spot, some- Fvssorial ITymcnoptera of North America. 87 times united on the median line, and forming a broad, bilobate stripe, No distinct enclosure on the propodeum; a mesial longitudinal furrow, flanked at its extremity by two large and well-marked orbicular pits just in front of the insertion of the abdomen; above, the surface is lineated by regular lines or rugae, slightly diverging outwards and downwards; no cross rugae ; the lines are not continuous, but those beginning at the base of the propodeum terminate unequally, and in their interspaces new lines begin. Tibial yellow, often striped with fuscous externally, and with an inner black stripe, testaceous at tip ; tarsi yellow, terminal joints dark fuscous. Middle legs colored like the anterior pair, tips of the tibiae are blacker. Hind trochanters and femora black, tibiae yellow, tipped with black. Abdomen as in % , 8-10 spotted, sometimes actually pointed inwards. Length of body, .54— .64; head and thorax, .32; abdomen, .32 inch. White Mts., N. EL on Solidago; Brunswick, Me. (Packard,) Mass. (Sanborn and Shurtleff); Conn., (Norton); Canada and Peun., (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). "Trenton Falls, Doubleday," (Smith.) The 9 differs from the male, not only structurally as above noticed, but in haviug eight or ten yellow spots or fasciae, in being smooth, scarcely punctured, in the clypeus being golden, and the fore femora simple. Crabro 14-maculatus, n. sp. % . Head subtriangular. nearly as long as broad; vertex convex, elevated, slightly concave next the eyes; front much elevated, more than in 0. singularis) surface striated, hardly punctured, with a few silvery hairs on the orbits; clypeus black, longer than in C. singularis; with a thin, silvery pile. Mandibles yellow, piceous at tip; antennae structurally as described in C. singularis, but the scape is stouter, more clavate. yellow, with an ovate black spot within; third joint of flagel- lum pointed in at base, other joints slightly swelled, piceous black. Thorax coarsely puncto-striated black, with two short yellow fasciae on the pro thorax; usual yellow tubercle on the flanks, ocellated with a black, dot; scutellum and meta-scutellum black. Propodeum with the median furrow well marked, with a coarse, irregular net-work of rugae. Patagia and nervures testaceous, wings with the slight viola- ceous hue as in 0. singularis. Fore femora yellow and dilated as in 0. singularis; middle femora ferruginous above, below black; tibiae yellow, on the basal half above, remainder of joint mixed with streaks of ferruginous and yellow; basal joint of tarsi yellow, tip black as are 88 Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr's Revision of the the remaining joints; hind femora entirely black; tibiae yellow, black at tip, tarsal joint yellow, black at tip, as are the remaining joints. Abdomen fourteen-spotted, very black, on basal ring a pair of mi- nute yellow dots; fasciae on the second ring much larger than the others posterior to them, very approximate; posterior fasciae more remote, especially those on the terminal ring; tip elongate spatulate. Length of body, .40; head and thorax, .22; abdomen, .24 inch. Illinois, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). This rare species is very black, less hirsute than usual, and with an unusual number of fasciae or spots on the abdomen, as the basal and terminal segments are both spotted, the last being of rare occurrence in the genus. Compared with C. singidaris, the head is more deeply ex- cavated on the vertex, and in front still more so; the orbits are less pubescent than usual, the abdomen is longer, the legs ferruginous and black. Crabro oblongns, n. sp. 9 . Closely allied to C. singidaris, head of much the same propor- tions, but narrows a little behind, and is throughout narrower as the entire body is. Eyes a little nearer together; the convexity of the vertex and the grooving of the front the same as in C. singidaris. Antennal groove well marked, polished, on each side a narrow edging of silken pubesceuce; clypeus golden as in 0. singuJaris, but the hairs are much finer, the lateral lobes are more triangular and silvery; man- dibles black, with the middle wedge-shaped area twice grooved towards the base, where in C. singidaris it is smooth; palpi slender, joints much longer and slenderer by one-third than in the other species above- named. Antennae as in C. singidaris, scape entirely yellow, hardly as stout, joints of flagellum a little stouter. Two square, yellow spots on the prothorax; lateral tubercle yellow; meso-thorax entirely black above with no yellow markings; surface of the scutum finely striated ; scutellum and meta-scutellum highly polished. Propodeum much as in C. singidaris, but the mesial furrow widens at base, with similar lateral and transverse rugae; legs colored much the same; within the hind tibiae a dark stripe. Abdomen long, sides unusually parallel, giving it an oblong slope; with ten yellow fasciae, those in the basal joint be- ing simply dots, those in the second ring much larger than the suc- ceeding ones, not wedge-shnped, but elliptical ; beneath very convex; tip one-half as long as in C. singidaris, the enclosed triangular upper surface much longer and narrower than in the allied species. Fossorial ITymenoptcra of North America. 89 Length of body, .04; head and thorax, .33; abdomen, .31 inch. Conn., (Norton). Differs from C. singularis in its much narrower and slenderer body, narrower head, larger palpi, with mandibles grooved towards insertion in the middle area; in the wholly black meso- thorax, except the yellow tubercle, and in the abdomen having an additional pair of fasciae. The tip of the abdomen is scarcely one-half as large, of different proportions, being longer and narrower than in C. singularis, while the abdomen is much flattened above, where in C. singularis it is much more convex. Crabro trapezoideus, n. sp. % . Closely allied in some respects to C. singularis, connecting that species with 0. 6-maculatus. Head narrowing rapidly behind, trape- zoidal. Surface puncto-striated; eyes prominent, front deeply exca- vated; antennal groove well marked; orbits silvery; antennae very long and slender, scape long, entirely yellow, joints of flagellum piceous black, paler at base; middle joint subdentate, fourth joint thickened and flexed beneath, terminal joint long obconic; ocelli pro- minent; clypeus black, with silvery pubescence; mandibles yellow, black at base and tip. Thorax pilose ; on prothorax two broad fasciae, tubercle yellow, ocellated with black. Two geminate lunate spcts on the meso-scutum. Propodeum covered with a net-work of confluent rugae, enclosure obsolete ; mesial furrow deep and distinct; wings a little clouded with the usual violaceous re- flections. Fore legs entirely yellow; femora dilated behind, with a sharp spine near the middle, with a fringe of hairs; middle legs yel- low, femora and tibiae slightly shaded with fuscous brown behind ; hind femora brown black beneath, above testaceous ; middle and hind tarsi with tip of basal and four terminal joints dark, glaucous brown. Abdomeu high, ovate, subpedunculate, shorter than head and thorax together; on second ring are two ovate fasciae closely approximate; the other four decreasing in size, becoming more pointed above and more lateral. Length of body, .48 ; head and thorax, .25 , abdomen, .23 inch. Illinois, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil). In the subpedunculated abdomen this species approaches C. Q-macu- tatus, but differs totally in the characters exhibited in the head and thorax, and in the coloration of the abdomen. From C. quadriceps $ , it maybe known by its head being broader behind, being more trapezoi- dal than angular when seen from above, and also by the pale yellow legs. PROCEEDINGS ENT. SOC. PHILAD. HAY, 1866. 90 Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr's Revision of the Group E. Craforo paucimaculatus, n. sp. $ . Head two-thirds as long as broad, not so cubical and angular as usual, since it rounds behind more than usual, and the eyes are larger, broader and more globose, swelling out beyond the head more than usual. Vertex broad, slightly convex; ocelli remote from each other, arranged in a low triangle; a few long hairs in front of the ocelli; antenual groove deeply channelled, narrow, orbits broadly lined with a silvery pubescence ; clypeal regiou silvery, clypeus one-half as long as broad, being much shorter than in C. Q-maculatus ; well carinated. Mandibles distinctly tridentate, middle tooth largest, inner tooth scarcely smaller than the outer; yellowish testaceous, polished, ferru- ginous towards tip. Antenme slender, scape long slightly dilated, with an inner brown stripe, flagellum brown-black. Head closely punc- tured, punctures larger than usual, though not so coarse as in C. in- terruptus. Thorax deeply punctured, punctures dense and coarse. Prothorax narrow, scutum divided by a deep notch; on each side a low sharp carina, but the sides are not angulated. A testaceous dull spot on each side ; tubercle yellow with a ferruginous tinge ; meta-scutellum unusually large, with a hemispherical ferruginous yellow small mesial spot. Shape of the thoraco-abdominal ring (propodeum) much as in C. 6- maculatus, but the surface is simply rather coarsely punctured, but not lineated, the anterior is separated from the posterior part of the ring by a raised ridge : the ridges are inclined a little downwards posteriorly. Tegulai black; wings darker than usual, near the tips a dusky minute dot on the extremity of subcostal nervure ; nervures brownish black, ferruginous near the base of the wings. Legs unusually dark : fore and middle femora touched with ferruginous at tip, minutely pubes- cent, hind femora black ; tibiae dull yellow in front, black behind, third tibiae almost entirely yellow, base and tip black externally; joints of tarsi long and slender, dark brown, thickly and finely pubescent. Abdomen much as in C Q-maculatus, but slenderer and more con- vex above, basal ring being much longer and narrower ; six spotted, one pair of orbicular spots on second, one on the fourth ring more ovate, and a pair of minute dots on the fifth ring, the pair of fasciae being nearly obsolete ; tips broadly triangular, very acute, as broad at base as its entire length ; being more than one half broader and shorter, and less deeply channelled than in C. sex-maculata. Fussorial Ilymcnoptera of North America. 91 Length of body, .33 ; head and thorax together, 18 ; abdomen, 15 inch. Illinois, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). Its three-toothed mandibles, non-striated enclosure of the propo- deum, coarsely punctured head and thorax, shorter interspaces of the wings and dull colors; also the other wing characters, the slightly sub- pedunculate abdomen and long, slender legs will easily separate this interesting species from C. sex-mac ulata, to which it is allied. Crabro auriceps. Oresson. C. auriceps, Oresson, Proc. iv. p. 150. (1865.) Into this section falls this interesting species. Its head is still more cuboidal than in the preceeding species, being as long as broad and si|uare in front, like the $ of C. quadriceps, while the abdomen is much more pedunculate, the basal joint being nodose above. This is an instance of the great variability of the species of a genus of wide geographical range in those characters which are structural, and scarcely sj)ecific, as in the present species where the head is remark- ably large, and the attachment of the abdomen to the thorax much attenuated. In these tropical species much more of the body is highly colored than in those inhabiting the temperate zone ; as in the present instance, where the scutellum is not only yellow, but also the side pieces as well as a slight spine just above the insertion of the wing. Cuba, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil). Crabro sex-maculatus. Say. Crabro se.c-maculatus, Say, Keating's Narr. Long's Exp. p. 341. (1821.) Harris, Cat. Ins. Mass. p. 68. (1835.) Smith, Tat. Hym. Br. Mus. iv. p. 418. (1856.) Cresson, Proc. iv. p. 485. (1865.) % . Short, thick and stout. Head larger than usual, in form not differing essentially from the 9 , being cuboidal, about one-fourth broader than long, not narrowing behind any more than in $ , nor does the front differ. The head is a little more coarsely punctate, black, no hirsuties in front, orbits as usual silvery, clypeal region silvery, clypeus itself prominent, well carinated, black beneath the pubescence. Mandibles with a large acute tooth just inside the mid- dle of inner margin; usually black with a yellow streak in the middle, or pale yellow, and black at base and corneous at tip. Antennae long and slender, scape slender not dilated, but a little angular, yellow with a black ovate spot on the inside, flagellum black, slightly toothed beneath. Thorax more coarsely punctured than in 9 '■> prothorax yellow, in- 92 Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr's Revision of the terrupted ruesially, tubercle yellow; a yellow line on the nieta-scutel- lum only, present in my specimens. The rnetathorax is roughened especially on the sides which are traversed by coarse thin parallel folds, no distinct enclosure deniarked; mesial furrow narrow, and terminates just below the bend of the scutelluni. Wings a little clouded and irridescent, tegulae darker than usual, coxae of fore legs black; femora black at base and externally, but within and towards the tip yellow testaceous; tibiae long and slender, simple, not dilated, yellow testaceous within, tarsi pale yellow, dark at tips of joints ; mid- dle femora black, yellow at tips, tibiae yellow, black ovate spot within ; first tarsal joint no longer than the two succeeding ones together, the terminal joint being unusually long, thus greatly differing from 9 > pale but dark at tips : hind femora long and black, tibiae yellow, black at tip, with a black streak running inwards ; tarsi pale, broadly annu- lated with black at the tips of the joints. Abdomen ovate polished, very slightly subpedunculate ; yellow lanceolate ovate fasciae on front margin of second and fourth rings ; on fifth and sixth they form con tin nous bands on the front margin, or sometimes separate, when the fasciae are broader than those in front. A slight line on the sixth ring. Tip spatulate as usaul. Length of body, .40; head and thorax together, .20; abdomen, .20 inch. 9 . Head and thorax rather coarsely puncto-striated ; head not pilose in front, the usual lining of silvery pile on each side of antennal groove broader than usual; clypeus black, whole clypeal region silvery; mandibles black, on upper edge of basal half an ovate whitish-yellow spot, tips not paler than at base, though as a rule, the mandibles are pale yellow, corneous at tip and black at base. Scape of antennae en- tirely yellow, or stained black on the inside, flagellum black, joiuts moderately long, slightly clavate. Thorax anteriorly puncto-striated, metathorax smooth, cpuite free from hair, no distinct enclosure on meta-scutellum, but the fine striae curve outwards from the mesial line, until towards the abdomen they become transverse. In some specimens striae are slightly raised along a curved line dividing off a hardly perceptible luuate enclosure. An interrupted yellow fascia on prothorax, varying in size and intensity of color, sometimes slightly fuscous, a yellow stripe on meso-scutelluni, often absent or only represented by geminate dots; tubercle yellow. Wings as usual slightly clouded, nervures dark, testaceous. Legs much alike in coloration, coxae and femora black ; tip of fore femora Fossorial Ilymenoptcra of North America. 93 often yellow outside ; tibiae entirely yellow, or with a dark fuscous stripe on the inside; basal joint of tarsi yellow, terminal ones brown. Abdomen smooth, polished, black with three pairs of straight, lanceo- late ovate fasciae, one each ou second, fourth and fifth rings ; basal pair approximate closely on notum, while the third pair meet nearer; hind margin of fifth ring hirsute, tips black hirsute; beneath black. Length of body, .40 — 50 ; head and thorax together, .26 ; abdo- men .24 inch. Maine, Packard. N. H., (Blake). Mass., Shurtleff, Sanborn, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil., Coll. Harris, B. S. N. II.). Canada, N. Y., Penn., Del., 111., Colorado Territory, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). A speci.uen from Canada differs in being a little more hirsute than the others, thus resembling more the $ . All the % %> thus far no- ticed are smaller than the $ • As noticed by Mr. Cresson, the specimens from Colorado Territory have a different fades from those found to the eastward. The fasciae are whiter, an ovate yellow spot sometimes appears on the third ring of the abdomen which has also been noticed in a specimen from Illi- nois, and the fasciae on the fifth ring are generally confluent. Again, there are others which are closely similar to the Eastern individuals. In a specimen from New York the thorax is almost entirely black, the single yellow stripe on the meso-scutellum being reduced to two gemi- nate dots. The very white striped specimens are immature, as we have noticed a portion of the semi-pupal membrane still attached to the base of the abdomen in an individual of this species from Colorado Territory. In Dr. Harris' collection is a cocoon of this species which is a little over half an inch long, of dense consistance, and yet rather thin, regularly cylindrical, red in color. The species burrows in decayed wood. Found thus in willow wood at Dublin, N. H., by Mr. Leonerd, June 10. — Dr. Harris' notes. See also Win. Cowpers notes on the habits of this species, Can. Nat. Geol., Dec, 1865, fig. 4, 5, identified from a specimen kindly forwarded by him. This, our most common species will be easily recognized by the absence of any fasciae on the third abdominal segment, and by its ovate subpeduuculate abdomen. Crabro trifasciatus, Say. Crabro trifasciatus, Say, Keating's Xarr. Long's Exp. App. p. 342. (1824.) Smith, Cat. Hyra. Br. Mas. iv. p. 419. (1856.) % . Closely approaches C. Q-maculatus, but the body and especially the abdumen, is flatter, and as a rule there is present an abbreviated 91 Dr. A. S. Packard, JVs Revision of the, yellow spot on each side of the third ring of the abdomen. Head of much the same proportions as described in G. Q-maculatics, but more coarsely punctured ; slightly hirsute in front of the ocelli and orbits, broadly lined with silvery pubescence as is clypeal region ; clypeus black, convex, well carinated. Mandibles yellow, lower edge yellow, or more commonly black ; tips piceous, bases black. Antennas shorter and more clavate than in preceeding species; subclavate, visibly thickening towards the tip, yellow with a black round or ovate spot on the inside ; flagellum black, fifth joint with a large rounded tooth-like expansion beneath. Prothorax with an interrupted yellow stripe ; two submesial ridges on meso-scutum ; tubercle yellow; a yellow stripe on scutelluin, some- times reduced to two geminate spots ; enclosure of propodeum dis- tinct, very irregular radiating rugae diverge from the base outwards; below is an irregular net work of pentagonal and hexagonal fossae bounded by rugae which have a general transverse direction ; the me- sial furrow is not plainly marked on the enclosure. Fore femora and tibiae simple, femora dark, becoming much paler towards the tips, internally piceous and testaceous yellow, tibiae and tarsi yellow, joints of latter glaucous brown towards tips, as in G Q-maculatus ; middle femora black, tipped with yellow; tibiae yellow, lined with black in- side; tarsi brown towards ungues; hind femora black, with a slight yellow streak at the tip ; tibiae streaked with black ; tarsi broadly streaked towards tips with brown. Abdomen short ovate, somewhat flattened, smooth and polished ; on second ring two straight fasciae much larger than the rest behind, nearly meeting ; on third ring a slight short linear sinuate fascia, two- thirds shorter than the preceeding and much narrower ; bands on fourth ring either disconnected or united and forming a continuous stripe; on fifth and sixth rings a continuous band, on the latter ring the band is slightly excavated on the hind edge; tip black, piceous at edge, slightly hirsute. Beneath piceous, edges of rings paler. Length of body, .34; head and thorax together, .18; abdomen, .16 inch. Differs from C. G-maculatus £ in its flatter body, the short stripe almost uniformly present on the third abdominal ring, in the more coarsely punctured head and thorax, the rugose propodeum and more clavate antennae, and is on the average one-fourth smaller. 9 . Differs from the % in having simple untoothed autennae, a Fossorial Ilymcnoptcra of North America. 95 more finely punctured head and thorax ; enclosure of propodeuin lunate, coarsely punctured, with Blight radiating rugae between the punctures, behind much shioother than in the % , but still rough. Legs and wings colored as in % . On second ring of abdomen the fasciae are more oblique and ovate than in % ; those present on the third ring very small, on fourth they never form a continuous band ; on fifth two broad ovate fasciae meet nearly on median line ; tips much as in fore- going species, very acuminate, deeply channelled, more so than in O. Q-maadatus. Differs from the proceeding species in the more rugose propodeum and otherwise as in t . In one specimen the fasciae on the third ring are absent and it might thus be easily mistaken for C. Q-maculatits, but the flatter abdomen, smaller size and a glance at the sculpturing of the propodeum will distinguish it. Length of body, .36, head and thorax together .18 ; abdomen .16 inch. Maine, Packard. Mass., Sanborn, Shurtlefl', (Coll. Harris. Ent. Soc. Phil.). Group F. Crabro pauper, n. sp. % . Head transversely cubical, much as in 0. parvulus little more than one half as long as broad ; vertex more so than in C. parvulus, antenna] groove deep, with a very distinct ridge on the clypeal region. Clypeus large, long, being two-thirds as long as broad, distinctly though not sharply carinated, larger than in C. parvulus. Mandibles equally bidentate, black throughout. xVntenuae thick, scape clavate, thickened sensibly towards the tip, above black, yellow at tip, beneath basal half black, but towards the base becoming fuscous, terminal half yellow ; second to fifth joints of flagellum toothed beneath. Surface of body and thorax finely punctured and polished. On each side of the prothorax, separated by the mesial notch are three ridges; that on the anterior edge forms a sharp carina, the two behind are rounded above and diverge from the front carina, the two anterior ones terminating in slight denticles. The scutum has the anterior raphe and two submesial ridges well marked, the scutellum is rather coarsely striated, black ; on the meta-scutellum is a conspicuous yellow stripe. The mesial furrow on the enclosure of the propodeum is well marked, broad, and widening towards the base, and again forms a lozeuge-shaped area on the posterior portion ; each side of the enclosure, which is long and large, forms a quadrant in shape, the 96 Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr's Revision of the surface being coarsely and irregularly rugose, being a net-work of deep fossfe of unequal size, eacb with angular sides enclosed by high thin rugae ; on the hinder portion of the scutellurn two longitudinal rugae enclose two long fossae on each side of and parallel to the mesial furrow. Tegulaeand nervures nearly black, pterostigma dark ferruginous; wings slightly clouded, irridescent. Fore femora brown in front, on the sides black, beneath, a yellow stripe; middle femora yellow at tip be- neath forming a yellow triangular spot; hind pair entirely black; fore tibiae yellow, stained with fulvous on the inside ; middle pair yellow on the inside, a black stripe ; hind tibiae smooth, not spinulated, yel- low, tipped with ferruginous at base and tip where it extends up to- wards the middle of the joint : joints of fore tarsi pale rusty brown, middle and hinder pairs of a much darker brown. Abdomen not much longer than the thorax, rather narrowly ovate, convex above, and beneath in the middle. Five pairs of ovate fasciae, not sinuate, on second — seventh segments, decreasing in size from the basal pair; the last pair minute, linear, nearly obsolete. Beyond the basal pair the fasciae are situated far down on the sides, being remote above on the not urn. Length of body, .24; head and thorax, .14; abdomen, .10 inch. Brunswick, Maine, Packard. W. Va., (Ridings Coll. Eut. Soc. Phil.). A little smaller specimen from the same locality has but a single pair of yellow fasciae on the second ring of the abdomen. Compared with C. parvulus, this species is of about the same size, and differs in having the prothorax and meta-scutellum banded with yellow. The tegulae are much darker, and also the nervures of the wings, and on the abdomen the fasciae are much longer and nar- rowly ovate. While the legs in (J. parvulus are unusually black, the present species will be easily known by the fuscous band on the front of the fore femora. Likewise the mandibles of 0. parvulus are partially yellow, while in this species they are entirely black, though this is a variable character. The unusually coarsely rugose propodeum will further seem to dis- tinguish the species, which is among the smallest belonging to this sec- tion of the genus yet observed. It differs also from C. brunneipes £ , in that the fasciae on the ab- domen are broadly separated on the fifth and sixth rings instead of being a continuous band as in that species, and the other fasciae are more ovate, not being sinuate. The metathorax differs entirely, while the femora of C. brunneipes are black brown. Fossorial ITi/menoptcra of North America. 97 Two % specimens from Maine differ from those described above, in being a little longer and slenderer, scape blacker; hind tibia? a little blacker within. One of the specimens has no yellow stripe on the meta-scutellum; the band on the front edge of the sixth abdominal ring is a little larger and better marked aud the abdominal fascia? in front are smaller. Crabro denticulatus, n. sp. % . Head much as in C. pauper, but the eyes reach farther back on the vertex, which is flatter, otherwise the shape and puueturation of the head is much as in C. pauper. Clypeal region silvery, clypeus longer than in the other species, subacutely produced. Antennae long aud slender, scape almost entirely yellow, slightly stained with brown on the inside ; second joint of flagellum one half as long as scape, with two remote, acute, prominent teeth on the under side, the basal one the larger ; remaining joints separated by slight sutures, black ; mandibles black, smoother than in G. pauper. Prothorax not very broad, rounded at the sides, a convex ridge on hinder margin. Meso-thorax finely puncto-striated, submesial ridges slight, between which the surface is plainly depressed; parapsidal grooves distinct though minute ; two yellow dots on each side of the front edge of the scutellum, a transverse stripe on meta-scutellum. On meta-scutellum a lunate enclosure with five rugae on each side of broad mesial furrow, at the base of which is an abbreviated ridge. The sculpturing of the meta-thorax on much the same plan as in C. pauper, but the posterior ovate areas are crossed thoughout by oblique ridges. Wings as in the proceeding species. Fore and middle femora black, tipped broadly with yellow; hind femora entirely black; fore tibia? yellow, slightly stained with pale fuscous brown on the inner side ; middle tibia? with an ovate black spot near the tip, aud the hinder pair arc yellow tipped with black : fore and middle tarsi yellow, tinged slightly with fuscous, ungues brown; hind pair yellow on basal half of first joint, beyond glaucous brown. Abdomen as li »ng as the head and thorax together, with ovate fascia? on the second to fifth segments, the spots acute inwards, not very remote from each other, those on fifth ring forming a continuous band. Length of body, 34 j of head and thorax together, .17; abdomen, .17 inch. Virginia, Hidings, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). N. Y., (Mr. Norton). Closely allied to ft pauper , but differing in the sculpturing of the aetathorax, in that the fore femora are broadly tipped with yellow, PBOCEEDINGS KNT. SOC. PHILAD. MAY, 1866. 98 Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr's Revision of the with no fuscous tints. The meso-scutelluni and meta-scutelluni are marked with yellow, the vertex is not so convex, and the prothorax is a little broader and the clypeus a little longer, the teeth of the anten- nae are longer and scape more yellow, and the fasciae of the abdomen are much longer and narrower in proportion. In the propodeum of C. denticulatus the mesial furrow disappears below the enclosure, but is developed below this point into a large triangular fossa, the bottom of which is concave and corrugated. In two specimens from New York, the fasciae approach very closely, and in one specimen the fourth pair of fasciae unite to form a continuous band. C. tenuiglossa, n. sp. 9 . Head of much the same form as in C. pavper, but a little shorter, and the eyes are more contiguous; vertex convex, not broad, slightly channelled in front of the anterior ocellus, all three of which are arranged in a curved line forming a low triangle. Orbits lined with a coarse yellow pubescence of a deeper tint than the clypeal re- gion which is more silvery on the ends of the hairs. Mandibles long and slender, almost unidentate, the two terminal teeth minute and rounded, black. Lingua greatly elongated beyond the two broad lateral lobes, compressed at the end, tip hirsute as usual, not expand- ing. Joints of both pairs of palpi expanding towards tip where they are testaceous, and at base fuscous. Antennae filiform, scape slightly swollen in the middle, entirely yellow, flagellum entirely black, joints short, sutures distinct, terminal joints long obconic. Surface of prothorax flattened and obsoletely carinated, angular on the sides, with a slight mesial notch separating two yellow patches; meso-scutum thickly punctured, raphe and submesial ridges nearly obsolete, parapsidal grooves form faintly impressed lines, scutellum puuctured, black ; meta-scutellum smooth, elevated, short, with a narrow transverse linear yellow line. Propodeum with a distinct semiovate enclosure in which the mesial furrow expands into a long, broad hexa- gonal area, and on each side are three fossae, two of which are basal and subquadrate, the other semi-ovate and situated on each side of the square enclosure succeeding the basal hexagonal one : below the fur- row contracts, and is crossed by ridges. Sides of the scutellum smooth, transversely striated becoming on the extreme flanks; situated on each side and parallel to the furrow, is a longitudinal depression, in which the striations become curved. The flanks are smooth and punctured on the convexities, and striated on the concave portions. Tegulas tes- taceous, hinge pieces of wings darker, nervures fuscous, pterostigma Fossorial ITymcnoptera of North America. 99 concolorous. wings slightly clouded on the upper half, fore femora black, with a long triangular yellow stripe at tip, two hind pairs en- tirely black; tibiae entirely yellow, except on hind pair which are black at tip. thickly spinulated, spinules not however arising from tuber- cles; tarsi all brown black. Abdomen long and narrow, convex above and beneath, a little shorter than the head and thorax together ; basal ring considerably swelled and separated by a well defined suture from the succeeding segments. Lateral fasciae yellow, not sinuate, uone on basal ring, and diminishing in size from first pair, and thus growing more remote above. Two terminal joints of the abdomen unusually hirsute, tip broadly spatulate, sides slightly ridged, surface broad and flat. Length of body, .30 ; head and thorax together, .18 ; abdomen, .1-4 inch. Illinois, (Coll. Mr. Norton). This interesting species may be at once known by its obsoletely bi- dentate mandibles, its peculiar sculpturing of the propodeum, and its broad spatulate hirsute tip. It is not usual for the fifth ring to be so hirsute. Also the well spinulated tibise, the spinules not as usual when present, arising from stout tubercles ; together with the inflated basal ring of the abdomen, which is entirely jet black, — present tren- chant characters which show it to be a transitional form connectinir C. pauper and C. denticulatus and its allies, all being undersized species with rather stout bodies, and the abdomen much stouter than the head and thorax together — with Tlujreopus vicinus and the species allied which have a short head, the abdomen longer than the head and thorax? and a spatulate tip, not pinched up and deeply channelled as usual in the more typical forms of the genus Crabro. The remarkable length of the much compressed lingua, the tip of which extends an unusual dis- tance beyond the lateral lobes, is an interesting characteristic of this species. Group G. Crabro obscurus, Smith. Crabro obscurus, Smith, Cat. Hym. Br. Mua. iv. p. 41S. (1S.J6.) 9 . Head a little less than one-half as long as broad, being trans- versely oblong, but a little shorter than in 0. Q-maculatus ; vertex flat- tened, a little depressed below the surface of the eyes, which reach nearer the posterior edge of the occiput than in C. Q-maculatus, and thus this portion of the vertex forms an imperceptible ridge behind the ocelli which are arranged in an equilateral triangle; front encroaches slightly 100 Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr's Revision of the on the eyes, which are consequently slightly indented, deeply canalicu- lated, a raised line going from the anterior ocellus direct to the bro;id, smooth, sunken antennal groove. Surface more finely punctured than usual; orbits and clypeal region golden; clypeus much longer than in C. 6-maculatus, front edge being very convex and elongated ; lateral lobes larger aud more broadly triangular than usual. Antennae moderately long, scape slightly thickened in the middle, slightly an- gulated, entirely yellow; flagellum clavate, joints long and slender, thickened towards the tip, sutures very distinct; basal joint long, yel- low at base, terminal half dark ferruginous, second joint twice as long as the succeeding one, terminal joint long obcouic. Thorax short, thick globose, being very convex above ; an interrupted yellow line on the prothorax ; tubercle yellow ; two submesial ridges on the high and narrow, finely puuctured mesoscutum, the scutellum unusually raised and convex, finely puuctured, polished and smooth, black ; meta-scutelluin with a yellow stripe, roughened on the hinder edge. Enclosure of propodeum distinctly lunate, raised perceptibly above the surface; median furrow slightly dilated at base, slightly raised lines diverge outwards from the furrow; a transverse raised hue just behind the enclosure bounds above a large oblong space situated on each side of the median furrow, while above the line is a trans- versely wedge-shaped area widening outwards on the flanks. Neura- tion much as in G Q-maculatus, there is a tendency however of the outer submedian recurrent to be curved transversely instead of ob- liquely aud bent inwards on the internal nervure ; teguhe and nervures dark testaceous. Fore and middle femora black, yellow at tip above; fore tibiae yellow shaded with brown ferruginous within; middle tibiae entirely yellow, or shaded slightly within with dark ferruginous; tarsi yellow throughout; hind femora black, tibia? yellow, tarsal joints with glaucous tips. Abdomen broadly ovate, flattened above, much as in C. singular is, beneath convex, shorter than the head aud thorax, very finely puuc- tured, polished smoothly especially on the immaculate basal joint; nar- row yellow fasciae on each of the succeeding rings, acutely pointed inwards, extending inwards one-third of the entire breadth of the upper side, the first pair being the most ovate, and the last pair are most approximate. Tip very acute, compressed, deeply channelled, elongated, the walls nearly meeting over the deep, narrow groove, thus differing much from the triaugular groove in G. 6-macu/atus. Be- neath entirely black; a slight hirsuties ou the flank of thorax and head. Fossorlal JL/menoptcra of North America. 101 Length of body, .38 ; head and thorax together, 20 ; abdomen, .18 inch. Conn., (Norton). Penn., (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil). In its general form and structure this species, like the following one, connects G. quadricepa with the more genuine Crabroues. Its golden tint and long clypeus, the sculpturing of the propodeum and long, smooth, slightly dilated femora, and eight acute narrow abdominal fasci;o. and the pointed, deeply channelled tip, together with its rather small size, will readily enable this interesting species to be recognized. The specimens received from Mr. Norton differ from the others in having broader fasciae which are a little more contiguous above, while the most posterior band is broader and united in the middle. Crabro montanus.. Cresson. C. montanus, Cresson, Proc. iv. p. 484. (1865.) Colorado Territory, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). Crabro contiguus Cresson. C. contiguus, Cresson, Proc. iv. p. 484. (1865.) Colorado Territory, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). Group R. Crabro cristatus. n. sp. % . Head cubical, two-thirds as long as broad, hardly narrowing be- hind more than in females generally in this genus; vertex broad con- vex, especially at site of ocelli, which are arranged in a low triangle, and are quite contiguous ; front narrow, eyes converging a little more than usual, antcnnal groove bounded above by a broad and deep ridge angular at bottom, orbits lined with a slight silvery pubescence; cly- peal region silvery, of the average width ; clypeus itself three-fourths as long as broad, well carinated. Mandibles entirely black or yel- lowish in the middle, on inner edge a large triangular acute tooth. Antennae unusually stout, scape broadly dilated and slightly hirsute on edge, angulated, black brown with ferruginous tinge on the inside and on whole basal third, yellow towards tip, first and third joints of antennae ferruginous, darker at base; joints of flagellum short and thick, five basal joints dentate beneath. Surface of head rather coarsely puncto-striated. Prothorax square, well crested, carina ending in an acute angle; on each side a yellow ovate fascia enclosing the carina. Surface of the nieso- scutum with unusually large, coarse punctures and longitudinal raised, Irregular Hues; two submcsial ridges very prominent, and terminating in slight lines to hinder edge of scutum; tubercles slightly pupilled with 102 Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr's Revision oj the black ; scutelluni coasely punctured, not striated, on front margin two yellow stripes on each side directed towards the insertion of the wings j postscutellum smooth though not polished, yellow. Propodeum with a narrow sublimate enclosure, with a large, broad mesial furrow; on each side about ten diverging raised ridges of unequal length ; pos- teriori}' are four transverse ridges, with much finer longitudinal lines between ; a slight ridge bounds the sides. Fore femora black above, yellow beneath ; middle femora black, yellow on the outer half be- neath ; hind femora entirely black ; tibiae yellow with a black stripe externally, on hinder tibiae black margined inside with ferruginous, with a yellow stripe; fore tarsi with two basal joints paler whitish tes- taceous, third, fourth and unguinal joints brown black, middle and hind tarsi brown, becoming darker on outer side, and towards ungues. Wings slightly clouded, nervures dull ferruginous, especially on the costal edge, tegulaa ferruginous, hinge pieces blackish. Abdomen broad and short, somewhat flattened, not very convex be- neath, with four pairs of fasciae and two terminal continuous bands; two basal fasciae triangular, opposite sides deeply incised, three suc- ceeding pairs entire, slightly sinuate, those on second ring largest and nearer together than any of the others : two continuous bands on the fifth and sixth rings, slightly sinuated. Tip triangular, truncate, minutely hirsute. Beneath black, edges of rings paler, minutely hirsute. Length of body, .34; head and thorax together, .19; abdomen, .15 inch. Colorado Territory and Illinois, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). A specimen from Illinois has the mandibles yellow externally in the middle, scape of autennae more yellow, popodeum a little more coarsely striated, tibiae more yellow, and abdominal fasciae are twice farther apart; the tip is plainly grooved, where in the specimen from Colo- rado it is faintly marked, so that we may consider the two forms as geographical varieties and as an evidence that the fauna of Colorado Territory is distinct from that of the Mississippi valley. From C. montanus this species which nearly approaches it, may be known by its slightly shorter head, black mandibles, the lower third of the scape being black; by the striated meso-scutum, which in O. montanus is only punctured ; the prothorax is a third broader and on the abdomen the two terminal bands are represented by two pairs of orbicular fas- ciae in C. montanus, which also has nearly black legs. Crabro brunneipes. n. sp. % . Head cubical; edges rather square, nearly two-thirds as long as Fossorial ITymcnoptera of North America. 103 broad. Eyes prominent globose, more so than in C. parvulus; ocelli larger and more closely arranged in a equilateral triangle, on a more than usual convex vertex ; surface of head more coarsely punctured and eyes a little more contiguous than in G. parvulus, so that the front is narrower than usual ; no raphe leads from anterior ocellus to the antenna! groove which is deep, and the orbits are narrowly lined with a slight silvery pubescence ; in front the head narrows rapidly towards the insertion of the mandibles, and the clypeal region is consequently narrow, the clypeus itself long and narrow, slightly carinated especially towards the base, but surface rather flat, front edge much produced, obtusely pointed ; tip small truncated, surface covered with a bright silvery pubescence. Mandibles long, slender, smooth, highly polished, nearly equally and very acutely bidentate. Antennae rather stout and thick, scape dilated, yellow beneath, basal half black ; flagellum black, basal joint slightly ferruginous, sutures well defiued. Prothorax well carinated on each side of the broad mesial notch, black ; tubercle yellow, central raphe and submesial ridges on meso- scutum well marked. The thorax is rather coarsely puncto-striated for species belonging to this section, a narrow yellow stripe on the meta- scutellum. Enclosure on the propodeum distinct, sublimate, with a broad, flat and shallow mesial furrow, including irregular diverging and transverse lines; on each side of the furrow are about five parallel ridges; on the vertical face of the segment which is somewhat hexa- gonal are transverse, slightly curved somewhat irregular lines; flanks of thorax ridged coarsely and covered with soft silvery pubescence. Tegulas blackish, wings slightly smoky, nervures dark ferruginous. Fore femora, dark brown, tibiae brown within, externally yellow ; tarsi pale brown, a little darker towards the ungues; middle femora tipped slightly with yellow ; fore tibiae yellow externally, while the hind pair are almost entirely yellow, stained with brown internally, and the sur- face is finely pubescent and slightly spinulated; hind tarsi dark brown. Abdomen broadly ovate, slightly flattened, convex above and below basal joint very broad, immaculate. Three pairs of lateral ovate yellow fascias on second, third and fourth rings; on fifth and sixth they form continuous bands on the front edge of each ring, slightly sinuate be- hind. The first pair of fascire are larger, broader and more sinuate than those behind. Beneath dark brown, edges of segments paler. Length of body, .28; head and thorax together, .16 ; abdomen, .12 inch. Penn., (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). Maine, (Packard). 104 Dr. A. S. Packard, JVs Revision of the This species is characterized by the unusual convexity of the vertex, the ocelli being more curved together and raised more than usual ; eyes more globose, and in front nearer together, also by the unusual style of sculpturing of the propodeum ; the legs are brown, as in the abdomen beneath. From 0. parvulus it may be easily known by the head characters already referred to, and by the distinctly carinate prothorax, while the propodeum is much more coarsely ridged, and the legs are brown, in- stead of black, a little stouter, and the two terminal abdominal bands in the present species, become in C. parvulus two pairs of remote lateral fasciae. A specimen from Maine has nearly black femora, and the terminal fascia is nearly obsolete ; also the abdomen is larger and a little broader than in the specimen from Pennsylvania. Another % specimen which I captured in the Glen, White Moun- tains, N. H., last August on the flowers of the Golden Rod, has no terminal continous fascias, but remote lateral spots; the fore femora are fuscous in front, and the tips of both the anterior pairs are yellow, and the mesial furrow on the propodeum is much narrower than in the southern specimen — while the antennae are stained black on the inner side of the scape, and the prothorax is distinctly yellow, spotted on each side. Crabro effossusn, n. sp. % . Head short, one-half as long as broad, sides narrowing behind the eyes more than is usual, vertex convex as usual; ocelli contiguous, in a low triangle, in front a deeply impressed line leading to the deep, smooth, broad antenna! groove. Surface coarsely punctulated, orbits and clypeal region with a coarse silvery pubescence : head narrows in front rapidly to the insertion of the jaws; clypeal region narrow, cly- peus long, well carinated. Mandibles black, scape as usual, entirely yellow; flagellum black second and third joints with a terminal promi- nent stout tooth beneath. Prothorax flattened, not carinated, surface smooth and broad, an- tero-posteriorly, yellow; on the mesoscutum the mesial raphe and submesial ridges well marked ; tubercle yellow, coarsely punctured ; scutellum puncto-striated, black; meta-scutellum smooth; with a yellow stripe. Thoracic abdominal ring with no distinct enclosure, with a deeply and irregular net-work of large deep fossae ; on the short hori- zontal, slightly enclosed space, they are long and narrow, below there are high transverse and longitudinal ridges, enclosing square and Fossorial Hymcnoptera of North America. 105 irregular fossae, no mesial furrow. Fore and middle femora broadly tipped with yellow, hind pair black; two anterior pair of tibia? yellow, streaked within by black lines, posterior pair tipped narrowly with black ; anterior and middle tarsi yellow, posterior black. Abdomen long and narrow, equalling in length the head and thorax, narrower than usual ; basal ring immaculate, four pairs of short ovate non-sinuate fascia;, situated on the front edge of each ring; first pair largest and broadest, three succeeding pairs longest and narrower? Blightly indented on the posterior edge, equal in size ; third pair very contiguous, fourth form a continuous band. Length of body, .25 ; bead and thorax together, 13 ; abdomen, .12 inch. New York, (Norton). Its narrow head, deep frontal impressed line, coarsely punctured body, the absence of mesial furrow on the thoracic-abdominal ring, and unusually coarse fossae on this segment, together with its slender body and unusually narrow abdomen, the two pairs of fore femora broadly tipped with yellow, form easy characters for discrimination. The antenna? are also rather stout, but prominently toothed beneath, and it will thus be distinguished from C. brunneipes and its allies. Crabro cubiceps n. sp. 9 . This species is in form and structure allied closely to C. atri- ceps, but the head is more cubical, being longer and narrower as its whole body is longer and slenderer, since 0. atriceps is an unusually short and plump species. The eyes are quite remote ; ocelli arranged in a low, but nearly equilateral triangle; surface finely punctured, but not very minutely so; vertex convex, full and broad, with a slight impressed line in front of the anterior ocellus; in front not deeply channelled ; antennal groove large and broad, lined on each side with a golden pubescence; clypeus two-thirds as long as broad, sharply carinated, clypeal region covered with a golden pubescence which in some lights is silvery. Head in front squarer than usual, sides not converging so rapidly as usual towards the insertion of the jaws. Palpi moderately stout, joints slender, not dilated much; mandibles pale yellow, black at tip, outer side smooth, not furrowed. Antenna} short and thick, dilated sensibly beyond the middle, flagellum thickened towards the tip, joints being short and thick, brown black, scape entirely yellow. Prothorax broad, transversely carinated on each side, acutely dentate on the side, on each half two oval lanceolate yellow stripes. Surface of PROCEEDINGS EST. SOC. PHILAD. MAY, 1866. 10G Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr's Revision of the thorax finely punctured, two high and prominent sub mesial ridges, parapsidal groove present, at each anterior augle of the scuteilum a yellow dot; meta-scutellum smooth, polished, not punctured, with a broad yellow stripe, interrupted by a deep square sinus behind. Sculp- turing of propodeum closely approaches that of 0. atriceps ; enclosure of propodeum distinctly lunate, at base a row of pits, succeeded by fine radiating rugulae; mesial furrow narrow, widening posteriorly where the segment is squarely docked, the posterior face vertical, presenting a trapezoidal face, and bounded above and on the sides by well defined ridges. Tubercle yellow, wings pale, not clouded, ner- vures dark, dull ferruginous, pieces at the insertion of the wing blackish. Femora black, ferruginous at tip in front, behind a yellow dot; tibia; yellow, black within, bordered with ferruginous in front, espe- cially on the anterior pair; posterior tibiae almost entirely yellow, black brown at tip; tarsi all of a peculiar dull, glaucous, testaceous hue, with a fine hirsuties, concolorous with the tibial spurs, while the joints are slightly tipped with a bright ferruginous, polished tint. Abdomen broadly ovate, flattened above, below concave, smooth, polished ; with four pairs of fasciae on second to fifth rings. The first pair are longest, being hardly sinuate, second pair are farthest apart, second and third are equal in size, fourth larger, broader, more orbi- cular and nearly contiguous; tip mucrouate, triangular, at base not quite one-half as broad as long, being suddenly contracted at the mid- dle, and deeply channelled towards the extremity ; slightly hirsute, posterior edges of rings with a few scattered hairs. Length of body, .83; head and thorax, .18; abdomen, .15 inch. Illinois, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil). Compared with C. atriceps this species has a longer and narrower head, the peculiar carination of the prothorax is sharper, while the sculpturing of the thorax is otherwise much the same; the tibiae are stouter and very differently colored, while both agree closely in the coloration of the abdomen, though the tip of the present species is narrower and longer than in C. atriceps, which last varies greatly in the relative size and distance apart of the abdominal fasciae. It may also be known by its unusually cubical head, the yellow cly- peal region ; its two submesial ridges on the scutum, its finely striated enclosure on the propodeum, and want of fasciae on the basal ring of the abdomen. From C. montanus it also differs, while similar in abdominal characters, Fossorial ITymenoptcra of North America. 107 in its antennae having the scape entirely yellow, instead of being striped with black, and in 0. montanus tbe slope of the propodeum is very great, while in tbe present species it is nearly horizontal, and in size much smaller, and the nieta-seutellum is entirely black. A specimen from Brunswick, Maine, has the inner side of the basal three-fourths of the scape black, a yellow stripe on the prothorax in- terrupted more on the mesial line than in the Illinois specimens; the enclosure of the propodeum is much more coarsely striate, there being one-half as many rugae, thus showing that the amount of striation of this triangular area, though generally very useful in distinguishing the species, cannot always be depended upon. Also, the fore femora are entirely black, and the middle femora are provided with a yellow dot at the tip, instead of being ringed with yellow, while the abdominal fas- ciae are a little broader, and the terminal pair are ovate, instead of round as in the specimens from Illinois. Found flying about Spiraea alba in August. Crabro corrugatus. n. sp. 9 . Head cubical, finely punctured, a little more than one-third as long as broad; vertex convex, not channelled towards the antennal groove, ocelli arranged in a low triangle, anterior one in a well marked circular depression. Antennal groove lined broadly on each side with a very fine silvery pubescence, finer than that on the outer side of the orbits ; elypeal region silvery, clypeus nearly two-thirds as long as broad, well carinated ; mandibles tridentate, teeth acute as usual, greenish yellow in the middle. Palpi fuscous, joints of moderate width, the terminal one long, slender obconic, one-third longer than the penultimate. Antennas clavate, towards tips closely jointed, su- tures slight, scape clavate increasing in width gradually towards the tip, pale yellow with a broad, ovate black patch above, flagellum black. Prothorax not so broad as usual, not angulated on the sides, mesial notch well defined, the length, antero-posteriorly of the scutum is greater than usual, each half yellow, slightly carinated on the front and hinder edge, not however, as usual, terminating in well marked denticles, surface concave slightly. Mesoscutellum unusually smooth, being very finely puncto-striated, the anterior raphe and submesial ridge plainly marked; scutelluui puncto-striated; meta-scutellum smooth, yellow : propodeum with a broad mesial lino, dilated at base and on the posteriorly vertical face, with four transverse ridges ; on each side a few large, remote curved, sinuate, irregular ridges, with abbre- viated, transverse, smaller rugae. Each side of the enclosure is sub- 108 Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr's Revision of the quadrate in form, a high ridge separating the anterior from the pos- terior area of the scutellum; the vertical posterior portion is low mitre shaped, divided by the mesial furrow, enclosed by high ridges and traversed by four slight ridges obliquely directed upwards. Sides of the thorax lineated by raised lines, tubercle smooth yellow. Tegulae black, nervules unusually dark, wings slightly clouded, irridescent. Femora black, slightly tipped with yellow, especially on the fore legs; fore and middle tibiae yellow, with an oval spot within, on the hind tibiae a slight brown stain ; tarsi brown thoughout. Abdomen black, with four pairs of lateral, broad, ovate, non-sinuate yellow spots beginning on the second ring, last pair not contiguous as usual; tip much as in C. cubicej>s, though narrower and deeply grooved. Length of body, .30; head and thorax together, .17; abdomen, .13 inch. Western Virginia, (Mr. Ridings, Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). This interesting, and in some respects peculiar, species is closely allied to C. cubiceps, though differing in the remarkable sculpturing of the metathorax; in the narrow pr^thorax which is unusually long; in that, the last pair of fasciae on the abdomen are unusually distant, being placed far down on the base of the ring. The prothorax in this group is usually broad and thin and well crested, but in the present species it presents a broad slightly channelled surface. The punctures are unusually fine, the surface of the head and thorax being smooth and almost polished. The surface of the anterior part of the meso- scutum enclosed between the submesial ridges, are more than usually hollowed out. In its few large corrugations or ridges on the meta- thorax it will be readily distinguished from its allies. Crabro parvulus, n. sp. $ . Head very cubical, almost square above, vertex broad, full and convex, front full, not channelled, a slight impressed line in front of the median ocellus; ocelli arranged in a low triangle. Eyes not far apart as usual in front; antenual groove deep, bounded above by a slight rim, on each side orbits lined with a silvery pubescence. Cly- peal region silvery, head in front narrows rapidly towards the inser- tion of the mandibles. Clypeus broad and short, one-half as long as broad, tip broadly truncate, surface flattened, with a well marked carina. Mandibles black, with a pale yellow, ovate, lanceolate, mesial spot. Antenna) rather thick, clavate, scape unusually thickened to- wards the tip, black, tip yellow, streak extending downwards on the Fussorial Ilymcnoptcra of North America. 10!) outside in a yellow streak ; flagcllum black, first joint polished, re- maining ones dull black. Surface of the head minutely punctured. Prothorax narrow, high and convex, mesial notch deep ; lateral sur- faces obscurely channelled, sides rounded not angular, black. Surface of thorax minutely puncto-striated. Mesoscutum with mesial and subiuesial lines very distinct; parapsidal grooves slightly marked. Surface entirely black except the yellow lateral tubercles. Scutellum and meta-scutellum black, minutely puncto-striated, the latter especially so. Propodeuiu with an obscure sublunate enclosure, with a basal row of small fossae from whence diverge cuvilinear minute strife ; hinder portion rather smaller than usual, with minute ridges converging towards insertion of abdomen, bounded above by a ridge which distinctly separates the two regions of the noturn; mesial furrow well marked expanding on the posterior region. Coxae and femora black, tibiae black with a yellow stripe externally; which on the hind tibiae is dilated towards end of joint. Tarsi ferruginous, three middle joints lighter than the rest, basal and unguinal joints dark brown. Tegulae and nervures rufous, wings slightly clouded. Abdomen broadly ovate flattened above, beneath convex, nearly as long as the head and thorax together, surface shiney smooth, with four pairs of short, broad, ovate, non-sinuate fasciae; basal pair on second ring twice as large as the succeeding ones, and placed on the sides, not contiguous above; tip acutely mucronate, deeply channelled above, narrow at base, hardly one-third as wide as long. Beneath black, edges of rings slightly paler. Length of body, .28 ; head and thorax, .16; abdomen, .12 inch. Colorado Territory, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). Smaller than the allied species C. montanus and C. atricfps, and can be easily known by its black thorax and the sculpturing of the propo- deum ; its anterior portion being divided by the mesial furrow into two quite regular quadrants, and bounded below by the ridge, while this region is much longer than usual, and the posterior vertical portion much smaller than commonly observed. Its black thorax, the very distinct ridges on the anterior portion of the scutum, the entirely black femora, unusual style of coloration of the tarsi and black scape ringed with yellow at the tip, and the unusually cubical head when compared with C. obscurus and aurifrons will easily distinguish it. The group of which C. septentrionalis and C. cephalotes of Europe are types, differs trom the foregoing species in some remarkable characters. '1 he head is a third shorter, and longer by a third, being unusually 110 Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr' Revision of the transverse, oblong. The clypeal region is much broader and shorter pro- portionately, the eyes are larger and more globose, the front is broader and flatter. The prothorax is angulated on the sides, and the pteros- tmma is much more distinct than usual, while the outer side of the submedian cell, is oblique, where in 0. Q-maculatus it is straight, also the second median recurrent terminates near the middle of the first subcostal cell, where in 0. 6-maculatits it as usual joins the end of the space, also the legs are much stouter and more spiney than usual. In some of these characters such as the broad head and flattened body the 9 remind us of TIn/reopus. but a glance at the pinched, deeply channelled tip of the abdomen will easily enable the species to be separated. Group I. Crabro septentrionalis, n. sp. 9 . Head short, broad, transversely oblong, being one-half as long as broad, body long and flattened, finely punctured, vertex flattened, slightly depressed ; ocelli arranged in a low triangle which is nearly equilateral; eyes wide apart as usual; surface concave in front of the ocelli ; antennal groove well marked ; orbits on each side lined with a broad track of golden pubescence like the clypeal region ; clypeus as long as broad, acutely produced on the front edge, but truncate at tip, strongly carinated, black ; mandibles as usual bidentate, yellow, black at tip. Antennae of the usual proportion, scape a little com- pressed and angulated longitudinally, slightly dilated in the middle, entirely yellow; flagellum black, basal joint yellowish beneath, abdo- men ferruginous. Prothorax with two narrow yellow stripes, rather remote, one on each side. Thorax broad somewhat flattened above; on mesoscutum are two distinct submesial ridges and parapsidal grooves; surface finely and closely punctured ; a slight yellow spot, sometimes absent, on the middle of the meta-scutellum. Tubercle on the flanks as usual. Enclosure on propodeum distinctly marked, semi-elliptical, mesial fur- row with slightly ridged sides, on each side straight diverging rugae of unequal length, posteriorly the lines more transverse and finer with a few ssattered gray hairs. Tegulae ferruginous, nervures dull ferru- ginous. Fore femora black, tibia? yellow, ferruginous within, tarsi yellow shaded on the sides with pale ferruginous, middle femora black, yel- low at tip beneath, tibiae yellow with a large oval black spot within, hind pair tuberculated and unusually spinulated ; tarsi yellowish, un- gues ferruginous; hind femora black, lined within with a silvery Fossorial JTi/menoptera of North America. Ill pubescence forming a regular line of long silvery evenly cut hairs; basal joint of tarsi yellow, ferruginous at tip, remaining joints wholly reddish. Abdomen broad and flattened, convex beneath, a little longer than the head and thorax together, with five pairs of fasciae, those on basal segment reduced to single square dots ; those on second segment are broader than the others, third pair longer, narrowed, nearly contiguous on the mesial line of the body; those on the fifth rings unite to form a continuous band, more ovate and broader than the others. Beneath black, edges of segments obscurely testaceous. Length of body, .54; head and thorax together, .26; abdomen, .28 inch. Hudson Bay Territory, (Coll. Norton) ; Maine, Brunswick, and head waters of Penobscot, (Packard). This is apparently a member of the boreal or Canadian Fauna, as it has not been taken South of the limits of that fauna. It is not un- common, and its broad flattened body, the golden pubescence on the front, the acute and suddenly docked clypeus, the hind femora lined with a linear brush of long, even, silvery minute bristles, and the arrangement of the abdominal fasciae, together with the short, very transverse head, present easy marks for recognition. It represents Crabro crphalotes of Europe, though differing from it in many characters of coloration and sculpturing. Crabro stirpicola, n. sp. % . Head broad and short, punctured confluently, being one half as long as broad. Eyes small, remote, so that the front is very broad above ; surface of the head convex ; ocelli slightly raised, situated in a low triangle ; a hardly perceptible broad depression leading from the anterior ocellus to the antennal groove, on each side of which the orbits are lined with silvery pubescence, the head narrowing rapidly to- wards the insertion of the mandibles, usually more than the width of this region being a little more than one-half that of the head itself; clypeus itself two-thirds as long as broad, acutely produced in front, flat, no carina seen through the silvery pubescence. Mandibles acutely bideutate, black, highly polished, with a mesial yellow spot. Antennas stout, scape dilated, clavate, yellow, stained with brown near the base on the upper side; joints of flagellum thickened in the middle slightly, fifth joint with one larger tooth beneath ; basal joint ferru- ginous. Head coarsely punctured. Prothorax deeply notched mesially, each side convex, rounded, not 112 Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr' Revision oj the angular, with a yellow stripe. Meso-thorax very coarsely punctured, no mesial raphe or subniesial ridges. Scutellum convex, black ; meta- scutellum with a slight yellow stripe on the anterior edge. Enclosure of propodeum convex, indicated by a straight ridge passing outwards and downwards, covered with coarse irregular ridges forming a net-work of unequal fossa) ; mesial furrow well marked ; tubercle yellow. Wings smoky, nervures bltckish ferruginous, tegulae and wing pieces black. Femora black, slightly tipped with yellow ; tibiae yellow, striped with black inside; tarsi greenish yellow, ferruginous beyond tips of basal joint. Abdomen considerably shorter than anterior part of the body, sub- pedunculate, the basal segment being very concave and separated from the rest by a deep suture ; lateral ridges at its insertion into the thorax very large. Second segment much wider than the basal, very convex, a little more so than the succeeding ones. Three pairs of lateral fas- ciae, those on the second ring being twice as large and more ovate than those on the fourth and fifth ; none on the third ring, tips entirely hirsute. Beneath entirely black. $ . Head very nearly cubical, being nearly twice longer than in £ . Vertex very broad, convex ; ocelli arranged in a low triangle ; orbits broadly lined with a silvery pubescence; clypeus larger than % , well carinated, silvery pubescent. Mandibles large and strong, acutely bi- dentate, central tooth largest and longest; stained ou the middle of the upper side with light yellow. Prothorax with a slight thin carina on each side of the mesial notch ; surface of thorax not so coarsely punctured as in % , a yellow stripe on the meta-scutellum, a little more than half as long as the width of the piece. Surface of the enclosure of the propodeum more finely and regularly striated than in the % , being puncto- striate, in lines diverging from the base and mesial furrow ; tegulae slightly paler than in the other sex, ferruginous. Femora swollen, black, more distinctly tipped with yellow than in £ , tibia) yellow ex- ternally, hind tibia; stained brown on the inside and ou the extremity. Tips mucronate, contracted near the middle, deeply grooved, narrower, base hardly one-half as broad as the length. Length of body, % , .21, 9 , .24; head and thorax together, % , .09, 9 , .15; abdomen, % , .12, $ , .09 inch. New York, New Jersey, 111., (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.; New York, (Angus) ; New York, (Norton).* * Makes its cells in stems of Kaspberry — Angus. Fossorial ITgmenoptera of North America. 113 On comparing the wings with those of C. Q-macuIatus, the neuration appears much alike. They differ in havng much shorter and broader interspaces, especially the rhomboidal second median, which is con- siderably shorter in proportion. The species will be easily known by its six spotted abdomen, and convex contracted basal abdominal ring, giving a subpedunculated appearance to the abdomen, which is short and broadly ovate. This with its small size and cubical 9 head and short transverse % head, and coarsely punctured body, together with the absence of the mesial raphe and submesial ridges, the short inter- spaces of the wings, and swelled femora will easily separate it from its allies. It structurally agrees well with C. crcesus from Cuba, which has entirely yellow legs, both meso-scutellum and meta-scutellum yellow, and eight fasciae on the abdomen, the first and fourth pairs of which are united to form broad conspicuous bands, while the pubescence on the orbits and clypeal region is of a deep golden color. Its neura- tion approaches C. 6-maciihttus much more closely than 0. stirpicola. A specimen from Illinois has a conspicuous yellow band on the meso- scutellum, an angular yellow spot on the flanks, behind the tubercle, and the femora are more broadly tipped with yellow than in the other specimens. Crabro scaber, Smith. Solenius scaber, St. Farg, et Brulle, Ann. Ent. Soc. France, iii, p. 715. (1834). St. Farg. H. N. Hym. iii. 123. (1845). Crabro scaber, Smith, Cat. Hym. B. M. iv., p. 418. (1856). 9 . Body coarsely punctured. Head long, cubical, being three- quarters as long as broad, vertex broad convex ; ocelli arranged in a slightly curved line, the anterior ocellus less than one-third as large as the two others. A very fine silvery, and in some lights, golden pu- bescence lines the orbits. Clypeal region silvery, clypeus golden, broad and short, well carinated. Mandibles black, basal half pale yellow. Lingua unusually long and deeply bilobate, pale testaceous ; joints of both pairs of palpi a little longer and slenderer than usual. Antennae rather stout, subclavate; scape cylindrical, entirely yellow, basal joint of flagellum yellow, as also basal half of second joint, be- coming fuscous towards the end ; remaining joints black. Prothorax broad, continuously yellow, narrowly and deeply channelled ; front edge being carinated and ending in an acute denticle; tubercle yellow; meso-scutum with the mesial raphe and submesial ridges nearly obso- lete, surface coarsely punctured. Scutelluni black, metas-cutellum PROCEEDINGS ENT. SOC. PHII.AJ>. MAT, 1866. 114 Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr' Revision of the smooth, yellow; mesial furrow of propodeum well marked, traversed by minute rugae; enclosure sublunate, nearly obsolete, with numer- ous fine diverging longitudinal stria?, and on the posterior part similar fine transverse raised lines. Tegula? and basal hinge pieces of wings rufo-testaceous, concolorous with the nervures and pterostigrua, wings slightly clouded on the outer half, where the nervures become darker than on the basal half. Legs : coxa? and femora rufo-testaceous, the latter yellowish at tips ; tibiae yellowish, beneath rufous, spinulated, though not very stoutly so ; tarsi dull fusco-testaceous, unguinal joint dark brown. Abdomen considerably shorter than the head and thorax together, rings coarctate, convex, sutures well defined, surface well punctured ; the first ring as in C. croesus and C. stirpicola is separated from the succeeding ones by its unusual convexity, and contracted at the sutures, where it is slightly emarginate, black, second ring with a con- tinuous yellow band unusually broad, but contracted in the middle. Third ring with a narrow linear continuous yellow band interrupted uear the side where is a supplementary linear spot ; the succeeding fascia? of same length but broader, not interrupted, but with a deep angular sinus. On the upper portiou of the fifth ring is a broad, short fascia. Tip black, mucronate, deeply channelled, much narrower than in C croesus. Length of body, .48; head and thorax, together, .28; abdomen. .20 inch. Florida, (Norton). This agrees precisely with St. Fargeau's description, and in its most important characters is allied to G. croesus; the two agree in the co- arctate basal ring of the abdomen, also in the slightly contracted pro- podeum which is more separate in this group of the genus than usual. Likewise both species have a continuous fascia on the second and fifth rings, while in C. croesus the lateral rounded ovate fascia represent the linear bands in C. scaber, and the meso-scutum is yellow in the former species, while in C. scaber it is entirely black, though this is usually a character of slight importance. Differs in the fuscous legs and coxa?, which last are as a rule in the other species always black, and which is probably owing to its tropical habitat, as most of the species from the south arc uniformly more broadly spotted with yellow; and the pubescence of the head being golden rather than silvery in its hue. The species will also be Fossorial Hymenoptcra of North America. 115 easily identified by the fuscous tegulae and nervures, the entirely yellow scape and base of flagellum, and finely striated propodeum. Crabro glauconototus, C. confertus and fumelicus which are MS. names proposed by Harris in his " Catalogue" of the Insects of Mas- sachusetts, cannot hereafter be regarded, as his specimens have not been preserved, and he has left us no descriptions. The " C. com- planhis Say," is perhaps a misprint for C. confluentus Say, as the latter occurs in the Harris collection. PRSinKRATA. Crabro hilaris, Smith. C. hilaris, Smith. Tat. Hym. Br. Mus. iv. p. 417. (1856). " St. John's Bluff, Florida, Doubleday," (Smith). Crabro frigidus. Smith. C. frigidus, Smith, Cat. Hym. Br. Mus. iv. p. 419. (1856). " North America," (Smith). Crabro collinus. Smith. C. collinus, Smith, Cat. Hym. Br. Mus. iv. p. 420. (1856). " East Florida, Foster," (Smith). Crabro maculatus, Fabr. C. maculatus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii, 295, 8, Syst. Fiez. 309, 9. " North America," (Fabr.). This last species is allied to C. vagus of Europe according to Fabri- cius, which resembles closely C. Q-maculatus of this country, and possi- bly may be this most common species. [to be continued.] 116 Benj. P. Walsh on Prof. Dana PROF. DANA AND HIS ENTOMOLOGICAL SPECULATIONS. BY BENJ. D. WALSH, M. A. In the Proceedings, etc., for Sept. 1864, (Vol. III. pp. 236-249), I published some remarks upon Prof. J. D. Dana's new Classification of Insects, to which he partly replies in the American Journal of Science and Arts for March, 1866. (Vol. XLI. pp. 163-174.) It is not my desire further to discuss the points at issue between us. ►So far as I am correctly quoted, I am quite willing to stand or fall by the printed record. All I now wish is, to call attention to the fact, that in the above Article Prof. Dana has, in three several instances as recited below, misquoted me, and based arguments upon the misquoted language, which, if that language had been correctly quoted, would have fallen to the ground. 1st. In my Paper (p. 238) I had said that" As originally expounded by him [Mr. Dana] in Crustacea, Cephalization consists in ' the trans- fer of the anterior members of the thorax to the cephalic series,' (Sill. Journ. Vol. XXXVI. p. 66.) or in other words in legs being converted into head organs." The passage here quoted from Prof. Dana is from an Article which was published iu Jan. 1863, ten months before the first of the series of four Articles on Cephalization, of which the one now under view forms the fourth, and asserts expressly that "the transfer of the an- terior members of the thorax to the cephalic series is the foundation of rank among the Orders of Crustaceans." (p. 66.) Now, in saying that " as originally expounded by him [Mr. Dana] in Crustacea, Ce- phalization consists" in such a transfer, I frankly confess that I was guilty of two errors, 1st. in quoting from a Paper published in 1863 as conveying Prof. Dana's " original" views on the Classification of Crus- tacea, for it appears that he had published on the subject as long ago as 1852 and 1856; and 2ndly,in implying that the " transfer" referred to in the Article of Jan. 1863 forms, according to his views, the only mode in which what he calls Cephalization is exhibited in Crustacea; for he mentions in that very Article one or two subordinate characters in addition iu Crustacea, which he considers as forms of Cephalization. But Prof. Dana is not satisfied with proving me thus far iu the wrong. He makes bad ten times worse, and causes it to appear that the passage which he quotes from my Paper refers to the views on Cephalization and his Entomological Speculations. 117 propounded by him geucrally with regard to the whole Animal King- dom, in his series of four Articles on Cephalization, where Cephaliza- tion is divided, subdivided and re-subdivided into Aa, Ab, &c, Ba, Bb, &c, Ca, Cb, &c, like a Synoptical Table of Insects, and not to his previous exposition of those views in the particular Class of Crus- tacea. For on p. 1G3 of his Article he quotes the ideutical passage from my Paper, as printed above, between inverted commas, totidem verbis, except that he substitutes the word " propounded" for " ex- pounded" and repeats tbe same substitution, likewise between inverted commas, in the succeeding paragraph, where he goes one step further and omits the qualifying words " iu Crustacea." It is hardly necessary to add. that " propounding" a theory in general terms is a very dif- ferent thing from "expounding" it in a particular case; just as " prose- cuting" a criminal is a very different thing from " executing" him, " pro- hibiting" a book is a very different thing from " exhibiting" it, and ••proposing" a misstatement is a very different thing from "ex- posing" it. 2nd. On p. 240 of my Paper I said that "At all events IF Coleoptera are inferior to Diptera, because their flying organs are placed further back from the head, Diptera must be superior to Ilymenoptera, because the Dipterous wing is placed one half-segment nearer to the head, than the central point common to the front and liind icing in Ilymenoptera." Prof. Dana misquotes this statement, and makes me assert a thing to be true, which the veriest tyro in Entomology knows to be untrue, iu the following passage : — " Our objector" [i. e. Benj. D. Walsh] "says that the position of the wings in the Dipters is half a segment nearer the head than that of the anterior pair in the Hymenopters, and that therefore the Dipters ought to stand first in the system." (p. 168.) In the first place I never said that, unconditionally and absolutely, " the Dipters ought to stand first in the system." The little word " if," in my sentence as quoted above, cuts away that ground from under the Professor's feet. And in the second place, what kind of a process is this, to substitute the words "anterior pair [of wings] in the II y- menopters" for my words " the central point common to the front and hind wing in Hymeuoptera ?" Of course, having put a false and ab- surd statement into my mouth, the Professor finds no difficulty in refuting it. And in the same manner it would be easy to refute any author that ever wrote, or ever will write, in this world. The pre- scription is brief, easy and infallible. First misquote your antagonist's laiiiruajre. so as to make him talk stark staring nonsense, and then with 118 Benj. D. Walsh on Prof. Dana great pomp and ceremony refute the nonsense, that you have yourself put into the mouth of the miserable man. Prohatum est, J. D. D. 3rd. On p. 242 of my Paper I wrote verbatim — asterisks and all, except the three words inclosed in brackets [' ] — as follows : — " ' Hy- menoptera,' we are told [by Prof. Dana] ' are the most uniform in shape or size of Apipens. * * Among them there are no imitations of the forms in other tribes, while they are extensively copied after — a characteristic peculiar to a type of the very highest grade.' (p. 15.) Surely Aphaniptera (the fleas) are far more uniform in shape and size than Hymenoptera, which run from two inches long to an almost microscopic minuteness." Prof. Dana, on p. 170 of his Paper, says that " our objector" [i. e. Benj. D. Walsh] " remarks that the Fleas are far more uniform in shape and size than the Hymenopters, and therefore, according to the criterion mentioned, ought to be placed first among the Apipens; ap- parently unaware that in this bit of logic the criterion referred to is made superior to all others, or the most decisive of grade, and not perceiving, therefore, that the redact io ad absurdum, intended for the principle criticized, attaches to the critic himself." Now what are the facts ? The words " and therefore, according to the criterion mentioned, ought to be placed first among the ^j^e?is" in Prof. Dana's sentence, which are put by him into my mouth, and which he takes for the text of a long lecture, fulminated against myself, on the importance of at- tending to the principles of Natural Classification, are positively " manufactured out of whole cloth" by Prof. James D. Dana, of New Haven, Connecticut ; and nothing whatever in the least similar to them is to be found in the passage from which the Professor professes to quote, or anywhere else in my Article, or in any other Article that I ever wrote. In reality that passage is — as any one may see by refer- ring to the context — nothing but the second in number out of nine " erroneous statements" *in Entomology, into which I show that Prof. Dana, " as might be naturally expected from the fact that Entomology is not his speciality," has inadvertently fallen. Far from deserving the Professor's lecture in advocacy of Natural Classification, I have nowhere breathed a syllable in favor of any Artificial system of Classi- fication, and I have expressly on p. 23G of my Paper found fault with him for flying in the face of the very views which he now upholds, but of which he seems to have been sadly oblivious, when he "based" his * See Appendix at the end of this Paper. and his Entomological Speculations. 119 new Classification of Animals, as the very title of his three first Arti- cles on the subject proves, on the single character of " Cephalization ;" thus showing that it was in reality, not a Natural, but an Artificial System.* I might bring forward other cases of misquotation on the part of Prof. Dana, equally conspicuous and equally indefensible with the above. But I will stop with the third, as the Professor delights in the frequent recurrence of the mysterious number three, (p. 174.) I may as well, however, take this opportunity to rectify a few passages in that Paper of mine which Prof. Dana has critscised. 1st. The genus of Spiders, described in the note on p. 235 and pro- visionally named Myrmecarachna, is, as Baron Osten Sacken has kindly informed me, identical with Syncmosyna, Ilentz. 2noisd. Behr, Proc. Calif. Acad. Nat. Sciences, p. 88. (1863.) Hal.— Rocky Mts., Col. Terr.; California. (Coll. Tryon Reakirt.) 140 Tryon Reakirt on Coloradian Butterflies. I have not seen the closely allied Whitneyi from the Rocky Moun- tains ; all the specimens which I have examined from that locality are possessed of the diagnostic ocellus in each of the orange-colored spots of the submargiual band, on the under side of the secondaries, and I may here incidentally remark, that this characteristic is much more prominent in these, than in any Califbrnian specimens, that I have seen ; indeed, I have a 9 example, which differs much from Palla in size and in the shape of the spots, and colorous dilution of the upper surface, and must have been regarded, but for the presence of these eye-spots, as new and undescribed. Very common on the mountain roads in July. Melitsea Hoffmanni, Behr. Behr, Proe. Calif. Acad. Fat. Sciences, p. 89. (1863.) Hub.— Rocky Mts., Colorado Territory; California. (Coll. Tryon Reakirt.) One example of this very distinct species, differing in no respect from Californian specimens before me. Melitaea Chalcedona, Doubled. Diurnal Lepidoptera. I, p. 180, n. 21, t. 23, f. 1. (1847.) Hab. — Rocky Mts., Colorado Territory; California. (Coll. Tryon Reakirt.) Melitaea Anicia, Doubled. Diurnal Lepidoptera, I, p. 179, n. 6, t. 23, f. 2. (1847.) Hab. — Rocky Mountains, Colorado Territory; California. (Coll. Tryon Reakirt.) Both these species, I have received from the west or Utean side of the Mountains only, and have never seen either from their eastern slopes. Cooper i\ does not appear to inhabit this locality, and nubigena, also seems to be restricted to the west coast, whence I have specimeus of both. Following Dr. Cajetan Felder,* and Mr. Hewitson,-j- I have consider- ed the following species as belonging to the genus Eresia : *" Melitaea Nycteis, Ismeria, Tharos, Thymetus, Theona, und die verwandten Arten gehoren wegen der diinner behaarten Palpen zu Eresia." — Ein neues Lepidoptemn, — -'This butterfly in America, extends from Hudson's Bay to the Rocky Mountains ; and, southward, to the moun- tains of Mexico." E. Doubleday. I have not received this species from Colorado. Limenitis Artaemis, Drury sp. Hab. — Rocky Mountaius, Colorado Terr., (Coll. Tryon Reakirt.) Does not differ from Eastern examples. Limenitis Weidemeyerii. Edwards. Hab. — Rocky Mountains, Colorado Terr., (Coll. Tryon Reakirt.) A very full series of specimens, all agree exactly with Mr. Edwards' excellent description. Erebia Mancinus, Doubleday. Genera Diurnal Lepidoptera II, p. 380, n. 58, pi. 64, f. 2. (1851.) Hab. — Rocky Mountains, (Coll. Brit. Mus.) Erebia Vesagus, Doubleday. Genera Diurnal Lepidoptera II, p. 380, n. 59, pi. 64, f. 2. (1851.) Hab. — "Rocky Mountains?'' ex-" Genera." I am unacquainted with both of these species. Cbionobas Uhleri. Hab. — Rocky Mountains, Colorado Terr., (Coll. Tryon Reakirt.) Male. Upper surface, dull ochraceous yellow. Costa of primaries flecked with darker-brownish scales, which ex- tend, as a narrow band around the outer, and up the inner margin, terminating insensibly at a point just beyond the middle of the latter. 144 Tryon Reakirt on CoJoradian Butterflies. Midway between the discoidal cell and the outer margin, there are three blackish, slightly ovoid spots, in the second, third and fifth cells, that in the third much less than the others. The secondaries also present a narrow marginal band of brown scales; the marblings of the under surface, seen through the semi- diaphanous wings, under the basal half of the surface somewhat deeper in color than the rest; a rounded black spot in each interspace between the second sub-costal and the first median veinlet — four in all, of which the two anterior are much the least. Under surface. Primaries dirty grayish-white tinged with pale ochraceous ; the terminal band of the upper side is reproduced, but very faintly, and also the three black spots, the upper being much en- larged and pupilled with grayish-white; some indistinct traces of this in the apical area ; the cells filled with wavy black and whitish streaks and spots, principally congregated into five or six narrow transverse bars, of which the third and fifth are the most prominent; a line of flecks runs from the end of the cell to the middle of the inner margin, between which and the base are other indistinct waves. Secondaries marbled with irregular markings of white, black, and brownish scales, sometimes congregated into spots — at others, disposed in transverse lines — the darkest portions nearest the base, the color decreasing in color outwards; the waves from the outer border of the transverse band are so interlaced, and contiguous, as to preclude all possibility of tracing any inner outline to this band; this outer, is more distinct, yet not nearly so well or clearly defined as in the allied species; the reticulations appear to be diffused over the whole surface; it, however, commences upon the costa. at a point, directly above two- thirds the length of the first costal vein, descends by a very slight curve, and almost at right angles to the costal margin, to the junction of the lower disco-cellular, with the third median veinlet, is superimposed upon this last, to its place of origin, and then traces a practically straight line to the inner margin, which it reaches nearly opposite the end of the body, in this respect differing very greatly from Chryxus, its nearest American congener : the four black spots are reproduced ; the two exterior, pupilled with white. Expanse 1.75 inches. Body black, ochreous on the under part of the abdomen. Ft iiuilc differs from the male, only in the presence of four black- spots on the under side of the fore wings, all pupilled with white, to- gether with those upon the under side of the secondaries. Expanse 1.69 inches. Tryon Reakirt on Coloradian Butterflies. 145 Hah. — Rocky Mountains, Colorado Territory. (Coll. Tryon Reakirt.) T take pleasure in naming this interesting species after my friend, Mr. P. R. Uhler, of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Chionobas Chryxus. Doubleday. Diurnal Lepidoptera II, p. 383, n. 13. pi. 64, f. 1. (1851.) %. Edwards, Proe. Entom. Soc. Phil. II. p, 82. (1863.) 9. Scudder, Proc. Ent. Soo. Phil. V, p. 5, n. 2. (1805.) Hah.— Pike's Peak, Colorado Terr., (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.) There is an unnamed species of Chionobas in the Catalogue of the British Museum, which 1 suppose to be this. Satyrus Ridingsii, Edwards. £. Edwards, Proc. Entom. Soc' Phil. IV. p. 201. (1865.) Bab. — Burlington, Boulder Co., Colorado Territory, (Coll. Win. H. Edwards and Tryon Reakirt.) Male, has a small black dot, with a very minute white pupil in the oval "soiled white" spots that is in the medio-central interspace of hind wings, in addition to the markings of the female s upper surface. Underneath they are identical. Enodia Alope, Fabr. sp. Hob. California, Rocky Mountains, Colorado Territory, (Coll. Tryon Reakirt.) Differs in nothing from Eastern specimens. Enodia Ariane. Boisd. sp. Hub. California, Rocky Mountains, Colorado Terr., (Coll. Tryon Reakirt.) Enodia Sylvestris. Edward?, sp. Satyrus Sylvestris, Edwards, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, p. 102. (1801.) llab. Rocky Mountains, Colorado Terr., (Coll. Tryon Reakirt.) " California," Edwards and Behr. Coenonympha ochracea. Edwards. Edwards, Troc. Acad. Xat. Sciences, p. 163. (1861.) llab. Rocky Mountains, Colorado Terr., (Coll. Tryon Reakirt.) " Lake Winnepeg, Kansas, California," Edwards. In a note below, I have appended a description of the species of Camonympha, referred to by l>r. Behr, in his "notes on Californian Satyrides" and concerning which, he remarks : " There exists a second Camonympha in some sequestered valleys of the Northern Sierra, that approaches in its coloration, the European C. Pamphilus. 1 have only seen one pair of this species, and not possessing it, I cannot give PROCEEDINGS EXT. SOC. PHILAD. JUNE, 1S66. 146 Tryon Reakirt on Coloradian Butterflies. a diagnosis. It may be that it is identical with C. Inornata Edw., or C. Ochracea, Edw., or some Northern species.* Thecla Mopsus, Ilubner sp. Hab. — Rocky Mountains, Colorado Terr., (Coll. Tryon Reakirt.) Male differs from Boisd. et Lee. figure, in the presence of two or three red lunules upon the anal angle. Female has the upper surface sometimes immaculate, sometimes with very indistinct red lunules upon the anal angle as in the male, but all of my specimens are concolorous upon the fore wing: I have never seen examples from this locality, with the red patches upon the primaries as represented in the figure above referred to. The under side conforms to the specific type. Thecla Niphon, Ilubner, sp. Hah. — Rocky Mountains, Colorado Terr., (Coll. Tryon Reakirt.) The specimens agree in all particulars with others from the Eastern States. Lycaena Rapahoe, nov. sp. Hab. — Rocky Mountains, Colorado Terr., (Coll. Tryon Reakirt.) Male. Upper side, pale brown, glossed with blue nearly to the margin on both wings, leaving a broad terminal border of the ground color; this is edged exteriorly with a very narrow and black line, and beyond this, a white or whitish fringe : an indistinct row of blackish spots, marks the termination of the blue glossing upon the hind wings, and the beoiunin^ of the brown border : a black bar at the end of the cell of the fore wings. Female. Upper side, pale or deep brown powdered with blue atoms only at the base, the rest of the markiugs as in the male. Under side, ash gray, sometimes darker in the male : on the primaries a large discoidal lunule, and a transverse row of six large rounded spots, all jet black, and ringed with white ; sometimes the last * Ccenonympha pamphiloid9s, nov. sp. Hab. — California, (Coll. Tryon Eeakirt.) Upper surface very similar to Pamphilt(n; the cilise, however are considerably longer. Under surface of the primaries as in Pamphilus; secondaries mottled greenish- brown from the base to the middle, abruptly terminated by a very irregular margin, adjoining which, on the upper half, from the eosta, a yellowish-gray patch: hinder half of wings, of the same color as the basal portion, but very much diluted in tone: a sub-marginal row of six white spots, each encircled by a brownish-green ring — all minute, but still very distinct. Expanse 1.13— 1.18 inches. Tryon Reakirt on Color ail ian Butterflies. 147 of these is divided by a slender white bar : between these and the margin another row of six or seven obloug brownish dashes, forming an almost continuous line. The secondaries, have the base powdered with greenish-blue atoms; near to which, there is a transverse row of three rounded spots, one just below the upper third of the costa, another within the cell, and the third on the abdominal margin, at about half its length; an ob- long discoidal streak ; and two transverse macular rows, the inner of seven large rounded spots, the last sometimes geminate ; the outer, minute, and of sagittate form; all these markings more or less encir- cled with white. Expanse 1.25-1. 38 inches S; 1.22-1.40 inches ?. Antennae black annul a ted with white. " Most probably an alpine variety of Seepiolus, Boisd." Edwards in litt. Having since received undoubted specimens of Sxpiolus from Cali- fornia, I find that they are very distinct, and constant in their differ- ences throughout a long series of specimens which I have received. Lycaena Rustica. Edwards. Hub. — Pike's Peak, Colorado Territory, (Coll. Tryon Eeakirt.) Lycaena Anna, Edwards. Hab. — Rocky Mountains, Colorado Territory. California, (Coll. Tryon Reakirt.) Lycaena Lycea. Edwards. Hab. — Rocky Mountains, Colorado Terr., (Coll. Tryon Reakirt.) Lycaena Antaegon, Boisd. sp. Hub. — Rocky Mountains, Colorado Territory; California, (Coll. Tryon Reakirt.) My specimens of these, do not differ from Author's descriptions. The wings of Acmon. Westwood (from the figure,) differ in shape from those which I have identified as Antaegon and would seem to in- dicate a distinct species, although the coloration of their tipper surfaces is nearly similar.* * Lycaena Cajona. nov. sp. Upper side, violet blue with a pink tinge; a narrow terminal black line, an beyond a white fringe. Underneath, ashy-white, with a bluish tinge at the base. Primaries, with a narrow discoidal arc; two round spots on the medio-central, and anterior inter- spaces, both black : and a double transverse sub-marginal macular row, brownish. 148 Tryon Reakirt on Color adian Butterflies. In the Catalogue of the British Museum, there are given Lycsena, n. 2792 and Polyommatus, n. 2796, as from the locality of the Rocky Mountains; these will probably be id entitle J from among the prece- ding species. Polyommatus Helloides, Boisd. Hub. — Rocky Mountains, Colorado Territory, California. (Coll. Tryon Reakirt.) A very abundant species in both localities, and so far as I can judge from the examination of a very large series of specimens, subject to little or no variation, throughout its entire range. Polyommatus Castro, nov. sp. Hub. — Rocky Mountaius, Colorado Territory. (Coll. Tryon Rea- kirt.) Ahilc. Upper surface brown, with a broad blackish-brown border, on the outer margins of both wings; a brilliant violet reflection glosses the entire surface, rarely absent. Eleven black spots on the prima- ries arranged thus: one at the end of the cell, and two others within the cells at equal distances between the first and the base; a transverse row of seven, between the cell and the outer margin of which the last is duplex; the eleventh spot is found directly under the origin of the first, median veinlet. Secondaries, with a long black discal bar, and an intermediate row of seven black spots, between this and the margin, of which the third, fourth and sixth are the largest: a marginal series of fulvous lunules ranging from one to four in number. Under side; primaries, yellowish ochreous, becoming grayish at the apex ; the black spots of above, reproduced much larger, to which are added three or four semi-lunes, forming a sub-marginal row, running up from the inner angle and a small spot between the eleventh of the upper surface and the base. Secondaries, gray, brownish-gray, and Secondaries present two black spots, oae near the middle of the abdominal margin, the other, in the medio-central interspace, just below the cell : the anterior series of spots belonging to the double sub-marginal row, here assume the form of slender brownish crescents, while the posterior are rounded, and the three or four nearest the anal angle, glossed with a metallic golden green : the two series are separated by lemon yellow lunules, becoming indistinct to- wards the outer angle : the terminal line, on both wings, is alternately white and brownish, the length of each space of color, being about equal to that of au interspace. Expanse 1.25 inches. JJafi.-^California, (Coll. Tryon Reakirt.) Allied to Anna on the upper surface, but differing very decidedly from any known species on the under. Tryon Reakirt on Coloradian Butterflies. 149 reddish-gray; two transverse black macular bands, of which the first near the base is composed of three spots, one near the costa, another within the cell, ami the last in the medio-inferior interspace; the band is formed of eight small elongate black spots, running from the costa to the inner margin, midway between the cell and the outer margin : an indistinct sub-marginal row of fulvous lunules, sometimes rising to the outer angle. Fringe, light brown; expanse 1.12--l.o0 inches. Body, above black, below gray, grayish-brown. Antennae black, with incomplete white anuulations, interrupted above ; tip of club, fuscous. Female, markings disposed as in the male, but of much greater size; terminal band much broader; color of the disc, lightened on both wings, and between the border, and the transverse macular bands, there is an almost continuous fulvous band, cut by darker veins, from the costa of the primaries to the abdominal margin, indistinct only upon the costal and anal borders of the secondaries ; these last also present an additional black spot within the cell, otherwise the upper surface is the same as in the male. Below, primaries orange brown, secondaries grayish-brown diluted with red; the markings larger, but placed as in the other sex. Ex- panse 1.25 inches. Var. Female. — The disc of the primaries, and all the light spots of the secondaries, are pale ochraceous. Below, yellowish-ochreous, the secondaries sprinkled with brown atoms; the rest as in the preceding. Closely allied to both Epixanlhe, and Helloidcs, but constantly dis- tinct from either.* ♦Another related form is the following: — Polyommatus Mariposa, now sp. Male, upper surface, lustrous brown, a darker border extends all around the outer margins, upon which, on the secondaries there are vestiges of one or two fulvous anal lunules; a narrow black discal arc upon each wing. Underneath, primaries, yellowish-gray, becoming pale grayish-brown on the costa: a terminal grayish brown border, interior to which there is a transverse band of six brownish Mack triangles, apices pointing inwardly, edged interior- ly with a whitish streak, between these and the base, eleven brownish black spots, arranged as in Castro. Secondaries, grayish In-own. Four transverse macular bands, all black, the three first edged with white posteriorly, the fourth on both sides: they are ar- ranged thus — the first, near the base, is formed of three widely separated spots, the first two round, the third, an oblong streak ; the second, of four much larger spots, one near the costa, another within the cell, anil the other two respective- 150 Tryon Reakirt on Color ad ian Butterflies. Pyrgus Ricara, Edwards sp. Hab. Empire City, Colorado Territory, (Coll. Tryon R lakirt.) Pyrgus Oileus, Linne sp. Hab. Rocky Mountains, Colorado Terr., (Coll. Tryon Reakirt.) One of the commonest of species ; my specimens are very much paler in color than any of Oileus that I have ever seen, otherwise they do not differ. Nisoniades Catullus. Fabr. sp. Hub. Rocky Mountains, Colorado Terr., (Coll. Tryon Reakirt.) Hesperia Huron. Edwards. Hab. Rocky Mountains, Colorado Terr., (Coll. Tryon Reakirt.) Hesperia Napa. Edwards. Hab. Empire City, Colorado Territory, (Coll. Tryon Reakirt.) Hesperia Omaha, Edwards. Hab. " Pike's Peak" Edwards. Hesperia Kiowah, nov. sp. Male. Uniform dull brown on both sides, no marking, save the nar- row black sexual bar on the primaries. Expanse 1.19 inches. Hab. Rocky Mountains, (Coll. Tryon Reakirt.) Hesperia Garita, nov. sp. Upper surface, uniform dark brown, glossed with tawny, at the ex- tremities. Under surface dark brown, costa and apex of primaries, tawny : the secondaries from the first median veinlet upward are tawny-ashcolored: the rest brownish-black glossed with tawny at the anal angle. The fringe is brown ; a narrow white or whitish line covers its inner half, ]y in the medio-inferior. and sub-median interspaces; both of these rows form nearly straight lines: the third is very irregular, and composed of seven spots, the fifth being round, the others lunate, and is midway between the cell and the outer margin: the fourth contains seven spots, and is sub-marginal ; of these the first is minute, the five following sagittiform, and the last lunate. Fringes brown: expanse 1.20 — 1.25 inches, Body black above, covered with brown hairs, whitish-gray below: antennce black, ringed and tipped with white. Female. Upper surface fulvous, spotted as in Castro. 9 with a broad brown. ish border : on the secondaries this contains a continuous row <>f fulvous cres- cents, extending from costa to anal angle; a brown shade covers the base of each wing and the abdominal marginal of the secondaries; otherwise as in the male. Sab.— California, (Coll. Tryon Reakirt.) Tryon Reakirt on Coloradian Butterflies. 151 upon the upper half of each wing, in no place exteudingupon the wing surface; forming a most excellent diagnostic. Palpi, white or whitish ; Expanse 1 inch. Hub. Rocky Mountains, Colorado Terr., (Coll. Tryon Reakirt.) Hesperia Kidingsii, nov. sp. JIab. Rocky Mountains, Colorado Terr., (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.) Female. Dark olive brown ; primaries glossed with fuscous at the base and on the inner margin; a large subquadrate white spot at the end of the cell; half way between this, and the apex, three small spots run down from the costa; an interrupted maculate band rises from the middle of the sub-median vein nearly to the outer margin, the terminal spot, irregularly plano-convex, is opposite to the discal one ; of the four following, the first is a truncate cone, the second ; very large, and the third minute, all these are white; the fourth is fuscous, and loses itself outwardly in a group of atoms of the same color. Secondaries, have a spot within the cell, and five others between it and the margin, all ochreous. Below, the costa of the primaries, and their inner margin are pale grayish-green ; the rest of the surface olivaceous, greenish towards the costa, on which the markings of above are repeated. Secondaries greenish, cut with white veins; a white spot in the cell, followed by a very irregularly margined baud of the same color, and nearly forming a rectangle : the species between the central spot and this band, as well as slightly above and below both, are olive brown ; the two interspaces between the spot and the apex of the rectangle, retain the ground color. Fringe whitish ; expanse 1.40 inches. Body black brown covered with olive brown hair; grayish brown and whitish below; a collar of white hairs. 152 S. B. Buckley on North American FormiciJee. Descriptions of new species of North American FOKMICID-E. BY S. B. BUCKLEY. About five years ago, while we were enframed in the Geological Pur- vey of Texas, our attention was frequently drawn to the Ants and their wonderful works, which, in Texas, evince so much intelligence, indus- try and perseverance, as to attract the attention of the most ordinary observer. Finally, although pressed with other duties, we gave a large portion of our leisure to collecting them and observing their habits, which we have continued to do up to the present time, with much pleasure and satisfaction. The following described species were collected by us, unless other- wise stated. To Mr. Edward Norton, of Connecticut, the well-known Entomolo- gist, who has made the Hymenoptera a special study, we are indebted for many European species (which are useful for comparison.) and also for many new American species, as will be seen in the following pages. We are also under obligations to Dr. J.L. LeConte of Philadelphia, for access to his valuable entomological library, and for the loan of a French Edition of Latreille's Histoire Naturelle des Fourmis, which contains figures of 75 species of Ants. This work, although old, is still of great service in the study of this Family, because subsequent authors often refer to its figures. The large libraries of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel- phia, and of the Entomological Society of the same city, have afforded the greatest aid; for without their assistance, the following descriptions could not have been written. Most of what has been published on Ants, is scattered through the publications of learned Societies, which are found in but few of the libraries in our country. Dr Gideon Lincecum, Sen'r, of Washington Co., Texas, has col- lected 34 species of Ants in his neighborhood, aud although we have also found most of them, still the Doctor has given valuable assistance. Mr. Frederick Smith, in his Catalogue of the Hymenoptera in the British Museum, states that there are 490 species of Ants on record. Mr. Bates, who has collected for some years in Brazil, thinks the number of species in the Valley of the Amazon, cannot be less than 400. There are about 100 species of Ants in Europe. Nylnnder enu- merates 68 species in France aud Algiers. There are probably at S. B. Buckley on North American Formicidx. 153 least 200 species within the United States, a large portion of which still remain undescribed. We think Texas alone .contains more than 100 species. 1. Formica Nova Anglae, n. sp. Female. Length 0.32 inch. — Wings extend about a line beyond the abdomen, and have one marginal, two sub-marginal and one discoidal cells ; head subquadrate, slightly rounded above, occiput emarginate, with its posterior angles rounded ; eyes rather small, circular, placed near the sides and near the occiput; antennae rather short, slightly clavate, inserted a little in front of the vertex ; mandibles enlarged in front, curved inwards, toothed, apical tooth long and acute, inner margins tinged with black; clypeus subcarinated, under surface of the head rounded, with a very slight, longitudinal depression; prothorax nearly equal in width to the head, rounded, smooth above, somewhat compressed at the sides and divided by a narrowed band, slightly depres- sed into an upper and lower portion ; mesothorax short, not depressed, its upper surface sub-piceous; metathorax narrowed posteriorly, de- scending gradually to the pedicle; scale large, slightly inclined for- wards aud wedge-shaped ; abdomen sub-truncate in front, round-ovate, subobtuse ; legs long and slender ; whole ant smooth and shining ; pos- terior part of the abdomen sprinkled with a few hairs. Worker. Length 0.22 inch. — Head wider than the prothorax, and but slightly emarginate; mesothorax depressed and strangulated; metathorax raised, narrowed upwards, and rounded above ; otherwise like the female. Bab. — Maine, (Norton). 2. Formica Nortonii, n. sp. Worker. Length 0.23 inch. — Upper surface of thorax and abdo- men and the back part of the head, dark reddish-brown, the rest yel- lowish-red or pale yellow; head subtriangular, round above, not emar- ginate, posterior angles rounded ; eyes large, subelliptical, lateral, placed on the upper surface, a little behind the middle; mandibles rounded at base, then subtriangular and many toothed, apical tooth long, curved in and acute ; antenna) inserted near the base of the clypeus, subclavate, long, filiform ; clypeus slightly carinated ; under surface of the head not channelled, prothorax little narrower than the head, round in front, at top and sides, and widest posteriorly; mesothorax slightly de- pressed in front, somewhat strangulated at its junction with the meta- thorax, and narrower than the pro- or metathorax ; metathorax slight- ly compressed and inclined gradually to the pedicle, which is inserted PBOI EEDINGS EST. SOC. PHILAD. JULY, 1866. 154 S. B. Buckley on North American Formicidse. in the anterior base of the abdomen; scale large, wedge-shaped, verti- cal ; abdomen broad ovate ; legs long, slender ; upper surface of head and abdomen thinly sprinkled with short, white hairs. Female. Length 0.30 inch. — Head ovate, small, three-fourths as wide as the prothorax ; prothorax compressed at the sides, rounded in front and somewhat flattened above; mesothorax convex on the upper surface, which is as high as the prothorax and nearly as wide ; meta- thorax compressed, narrowed black, sloping gradually to the pedicle; wings with one marginal, two submarginal and no discoidal cells, ex- tending 0.10 inch beyond the abdomen; otherwise like the worker. Ilab. — Connecticut, (Norton). 3. Formica americana, n. sp. Female. Length 0.29 inch. — Wings extending 0.08 beyond the abdomen, with one marginal and two submarginal cells; black; mouth, trochanters and tibiaj, dark reddish-brown; tarsi reddish-yellow; head narrower than the prothorax, ovate, rounded above, at the sides and occiput; eyes large, prominent, elliptical, placed about midway on the sides; antennae long, filiform and not enlarged towards their apical joints, inserted at the base of the clypeus; ocelli 3, placed at top of occiput; mandibles widened anteriorly and toothed; under surface of the head not channelled; prothorax elevated, round above in front, and somewhat compressed at the sides ; mesothorax a little higher than the prothorax, rounded above, and narrowed behind ; metathorax de- pressed and but a little narrower than the prothorax, subtruncate; scale large, wedge-shaped and vertical ; abdomen subtruncate in front, ovate and subacute, the last segment thickly sprinkled with hairs; legs slender. Worker. Length 0.20. — Head and abdomen black; thorax and legs dark reddish-brown, with lighter shades of yellowish-red; smooth and glossy throughout; prothorax about one-third narrower than the head; scale small, thin, wedge-shaped; the whole thorax compressed at the sides and narrowed behind, its divisions not strongly marked ; abdomen ovate, the margins of the segments hyaline; otherwise like the female. Ilab. — Connecticut, (^Norton). 4. Formica Connecticutensis, n. s\i. Worker. Length 0.22 inch. — Black; head ovate, rounded above, at sides and posteriorly ; eyes large, circular, sublateral and near the posterior angles; antenna? inserted near the base of the clypeus, long, filiform, and very little enlarged towards their apical joints; mandibles S. B. Buckley on North American Formicidse. 155 subtriangular, finely toothed on their inner margins ; prothorax one- third narrower than the head, round above, in front, at the sides, and widest in the middle; mesothorax compressed, inclined posteriorly, and strangulated at its junction with the mctathorax ; metathorax raised, compressed, widened posteriorly, subtruncate; pedicle rather long; scale vertical, thin, wedge-shaped; abdomen round-ovate, and thinly sprinkled with short, white hairs; legs long, slender. Female. Length 0.43 inch. — Tibia?, tarsi and part of the trochan- ters, reddish-yellow, the rest black ; head narrower than the prothorax ; mesothorax raised, higher than the prothorax and rounded above; ab- domen oblong-ovate; wings extending 0.12 inch beyond the abdomen, with one marginal, two submarginal and one discoidal cells ; otherwise like the worker. ff au , — Connecticut, (Norton). We have also found this species in the vicinity of Washington, D. C, and near Naples, in Western New York. For the convenience of American Students, we append the following description of Formica Pennsylvanica of DeGeer, which is figured and partly described by Latrielle. Formica Pennsylvanica, DeGeer. Female. Length 0.G8 inch. — Wings with one marginal and two submarginal cells, no discoidal cell ; black ; under surface of the tho- rax and the abdomen, and legs spotted more or less with reddish-brown, the black predominating; head large, broad ovate, rounded at the sides and posterior angles ; occiput not emarginate ; eyes circular, not pro- minent, placed behind the middle near the posterior angles; ocelli none ; antenna? inserted a little back of the base of the clypeus, filiform, very slightly, if any, enlarged towards their apical joints; thorax a little narrower than the head, rounded above, at the sides and in front, where there is a narrow, impressed band which extends around to the sides, and is tinged with reddish-brown ; mesothorax not depressed, rounded above and narrower than the prothorax, with a narrow, slight- ly depressed band between it and the metathorax; metathorax short, de- pressed, narrower than the pro- or mesothorax, and steep to the pedicle ; scale thin, wedge-shaped, vertical; abdomen oblong-ovate; margins of the segments with narrow hyaline bands, and are thickly fringed with hairs. Worker. Length 0.39 inch. — Thorax one-third narrower than the head; whole thorax narrowed behind, with no depression of its divi- sions; metathorax slopes gradually to the pedicle; otherwise like the female. 156 S. B. Buckley on North American Formicidse. This is the common wood ant, which extends from New England to Texas. It is quite variable in size. Our measurements are from the largest specimens. 5. Formica gnava, n. sp. Female. Length 0.35 inch. — Black or brownish-black, margins of the segments of the abdomen, and also the legs, pale yellow or hyaline; head small, triangular, depressed and flattened above; eyes very large, prominent, elliptical, lateral, and behind the middle of the head; ocelli 3, prominent and at top of the occiput; clypeus raised and oval; prothorax large, wider than head, rounded above, subcompressed at the sides, its posterior part widest; mesothorax small, raised as high as the prothorax, rounded above, and with a slight depression between it and the metathorax, which is short, and sub truncate; scale wedge- shaped, vertical ; abdomen large, broad ovate ; wings extending beyond the abdomen, with one marginal, two submarginal, and one discoidal cells. Otherwise like the worker. Male. Length 0.29 inch. — Thorax but little wider than the head ; abdomen ovate, short. Otherwise like the female. Worker. Length 0.18 inch. — Smooth throughout; head, thorax, and legs yellowish-red ; abdomen black, or piceous ; when first caught or seen in their cells, the whole seems to be of a bronze color ; head ovate, rounded above, below and behind, with a slight depression at the base of the clypeus, which is subcarinated ; antennae long, filiform and •slightly enlarged towards their apical joints; mandibles large, short, strangulated in the middle, then curved inwards, and widened, 7-tooth- ed; eyes large, subelliptical, lateral, and a little behind the middle of the head, near the upper surface ; prothorax little more than half the width of the head, rounded above and enlarged anteriorly; mesothorax depressed, inclined back, with a slight strangulation between it and metathorax; metathorax large, widest in the middle; scale large, wedge-shaped, and slightly inclined forwards; abdomen ovate; legs long. Hah. — Central Texas; Washington, D. C; Naples, New York; Connecticut, (Norton). Very active and brave ; bites sharply, and emits a strong odor of formic acid. Has cells in the ground, sometimes to the depth of two or more feet, forming small mounds with the excavated earth. Is soli- tary in foraging, scattered here and there over the surface of the ground. S. B. Buckley on North American Formiculx. 157 (J. Formica occidentalis. n. sp. Female. Length 0.32 inch. — Wings extending 0.08 inch beyond the abdomen, with one marginal, two submarginal and one discoidal cells; upper surface of occiput, thorax and abdomen black or piceous, the rest reddish-brown, spotted with piceous; head subovate, the sides slightly rounded, its upper surface but little oval, and its posterior an- gles a little rounded, the occiput nearly straight between them; anten- nae short, the club and flagellum of nearly equal length, clavate, joints veiy short; mandibles large, curved inwards and downwards, 5-tooth- ed. apical tooth long, acute; eyes small, circular, sublateral, and a little back of midway of the head, which is a little wider than the pro- thorax and not sinuate below; prothorax subcompressed at the sides, rounded above, widest behind ; mesothorax not depressed, equal in width to the prothorax, rounded somewhat at the sides; metathorax narrowed behind, subtruncate; scale large, wedge-shaped, vertical; ab- domen ovate, oblong, subtruncate in front, obtuse behind ; legs short, slender ; upper surface of head, thorax, scale, pedicle and last segment of the abdomen, thickly sprinkled with hairs. Worker. Length 0.11 inch. — Upper surface of head, thorax and abdomen, reddish-yellow or pale yellow, the rest pale yellow ; head broad, ovate, rounded above, at sides and posterior angles; prothorax about one-third narrower than the head, round above, in front, at sides, widest in the middle ; mesothorax narrower than the pro- or metatho- rax. and strongly depressed at its junction with the metathorax; me- tathorax nearly as wide as the prothorax ; rounded above and at its sides, subtruncate ; otherwise like the female. Dwells beneath stones, in the ground, on hills at Naples, in Western New York; we have also received it from Mr. Norton of Con- necticut. 7. Formica monticola, n. sp. Worker. Length 0.10 inch. — Upper surface of head, thorax and abdomen, reddish-brown; legs and under surface honey -yellow; head subovate. rouuded above and behind, not emargiuate, a shallow sinus below; antennae filiform, a little enlarged towards their apical joints; eyes black, circular, lateral, and about midway of the head; mandibles subtriangular, curved inwards and downwards, toothed ; prothorax rounded above, at the sides, in front, widest in, the middle; lnesothu- rax narrower than the pro- or metathorax, raised and rounded in the middle, substrangulated behind; metathorax about equal in width to the prothorax, somewhat rounded above, subtruncate behind; pe- 158 S. B. Buckley on North American Formicidse. dicle short and inserted in the base of the abdomen a little in front of the centre; scale large, vertical, 'wedge-shaped; legs long, slender; abdomen broad-ovate, upper surface of the head and posterior part of the abdomen sprinkled with short hairs. Female. Length 0.30 inch. — "Wings extend beyond the abdomen 0.11 inch, with one marginal, two submarginal, and one discoidal cells ; dark-brown or piceous above; legs and under surface pale yellow or yellowish-brown; head not channelled below; prothorax about one- fourth wider than the head ; mesothorax not depressed, rounded above; metathorax short, depressed, subtruncate ; scale vertical and wedge- shaped, and concealed between the thorax and abdomen ; abdomeu large, long, ovate ; legs short and slender ; whole ant smooth, not hairy. Otherwise like the worker. Male. Length 0.11 inch. — Head very small ; eyes large; protho- rax one-half wider than the head; abdomen small, subtruncate in front, ovate, acute. Otherwise like the female. Dwells in the ground, beneath stones, on the hills near Naples, in Western New York. Winged in May. 8. Formica gracilis, n. sp. Female. Length 0.18 inch. — Black or piceous; legs pale yellow or piceous; wings projecting nearly a line beyond the abdomen, with one marginal, two submarginal and one discoidal cells ; head subtriangular, not emarginate, posterior angles rounded above and at the sides; an- tennas in a slight depression at the base of the clypeus, rather short, and but little enlarged towards their apical joints; eyes large, promi- nent, circular, lateral, placed near the top and a little in front of the middle ; mandibles small, curved inwards and downwards, and acute ; prothorax about equal in width to the head, rounded above, in front, and at the sides, and widest posteriorly; scale small, partly concealed by the abdomen ; pedicle short, inserted in the base of the anterior portion of the abdomen ; abdomen oblong, ovate, subobtuse; legs short, slender; whole ant smooth, shining, and of slender form. Worker. Length 0.12 inch. — Head wider than the prothorax; pro- thorax rounded above, in the front, and at the sides, widest in the middle; divisions of the thorax strongly marked; mesothorax slightly depressed, compressed and narrowed behind ; metathorax small, com- pressed ; abdomen broad, ovate, obtuse. Otherwise like the female. Dwells in the ground beneath stones, on the hills, at Naples, New York. Winged femaels caught in May. S. B. Buckley on North American Formicidx. 159 9. Formica parva, n. sp. Worker. Length 0.10 inch. — Black; legspiceous; smooth through- out and of slender form; head ovate, rounded above, at the sides and behind, not cmarginate; eyes large, elliptical, in front of the middle near the sides ; antennae long, subclavate, inserted at the base of the clypeus; mandibles small, curved in, acute; head broad, sinuate below; prothorax narrower than the head, somewhat flattened above, rounded at the sides, widest in the middle; mesothorax somewhat de- pressed, narrowed behind ; metathorax compressed ; scale small, no- dose ; pedicle short, and inserted in the anterior part of the base of the abdomen ; abdomen broad, ovate, acute. Hab. — Near "Washington, D. C, beneath stones. 10. Formica atra, n. sp. Worker. Length 0.19 inch. — Black ; trochanters, tibiae and tarsi subhyaline ; head subovate, rounded above, at the sides, and at the pos- terior angles ; occiput not emarginate, front of the head of about the same width as the back ; antennae inserted at the base of the clypeus, long, filiform, and not clavate; eyes small, circular, lateral, and a little back from the middle of the head; mandibles small, curved inwards, and toothed on their inner margins ; head not sinuate below ; protho- rax but little narrower than the head, rouuded above, in front and at the sides, widest a little in front of its middle ; meso- and metathorax compressed and narrowed back in the same plane; metathorax sub- truncate ; scale narrow transversely, wedge-shaped ; pedicle inserted in the anterior part of the base of the abdomen ; abdomen obovate, the first segment round, narrow in front, widened behind; legs long, slen- der; whole ant of slender, elongated form, smooth and shining; the upper margins of the segments of the abdomen thinly sprinkled with hairs. Hab. — On trees in the environs of Washington, D. C. 11. Formica Virginiana, n. sp. Worker. Length 0.20 inch. — lleddish-yellow ; head ovate, round- ed above, at the sides and behind; eyes large, black, circular, lateral, near the top about midway of the head ; antennas inserted at base of the clypeus, long, clavate ; mandibles large, subtriangular, curved in at the apex, 5-toothed, apical tooth long, acute; clypeus somewhat de- pressed, round, smooth, under surface of the head not channelled ; prothorax narrower than the head, rounded above, in front, at the sides, widest in the middle ; mesothorax narrower than the pro- or me- tathorax, compressed, and depressed back to the metathorax, where 160 S. B. Buckley on North American Formicidse. there is a slight strangulation; metathorax raised, widened, descends gradually to the pedicle, which is inserted in the front base of the ab- domen ; scale large, vertical, wedge-shaped ; abdomen truncate in front, broad ovate, obtuse, thinly sprinkled with hairs; legs very long, slender ; whole ant smooth and shining. Hob. — On trees in the Capitol Park at Washington, D. C. Not common. 12. Formica arenicola, n. sp. Worker. Length 0.13 inch. — Upper surface of head, thorax and abdomen black or piceous, spotted with pale yellow beneath ; legs, an- tennae and mandibles pale yellow ; head ovate, round above ; occiput not emarginate ; antennae inserted at the base of the clypeus, long, cla- vate; eyes large, black, elliptical, in the upper surface of the sides of the head, about midway ; mandibles triangular, acute and finely tooth- ed on their inner margins; under surface of the head not sinuate; pro- thorax about one-half the width of the head, round above and at sides, widest in front; mesothorax compressed and not depressed; metatho- rax narrowed behind and inclined gradually to the pedicle; divisions of the thorax not strongly marked ; pedicle short and inserted in the base of the abdomen a little in front of the middle ; scale large, wedge- shaped, inclined forward to the metathorax ; abdomen subtriangular, with a broad base in front; whole ant smooth and shining, not hairy. Hah. — Found in sandy soil near Washington, D. C. Has cells but a few inches deep. 13. Formica politurata, n. sp. Worker. Length 0.16 inch — Mouth, antennae, thorax, legs, pedicle and scale, yellowish-brown, with piceous spots; the rest black; the whole surface smooth and shining, with a few short hairs on the abdo- men and upper surface of the head ; head ovate, rounded above, at sides and at posterior angles ; eyes circular on the upper surface, sub- lateral, large, and placed about midway of the head ; antennas inserted at the base of the clypeus, slightly clavate ; mandibles small, short, curved in, toothed and acute ; prothorax one-fourth narrower than the head, rounded at its sides and somewhat flattened above, widest in the middle; mesothorax not depressed, slightly compressed, higher and narrower than the prothorax ; metathorax still narrower, sloping gra- dually to the pedicle; scale vertical, thin, wedge-shaped; abdomen ovate, obtuse. Ilab. — Michigan, (Norton). S. B. Buckley on North, American FormicidsB. 161 II. Formica septentrionale. n. sp. Worker. Length 0.25 inch. — Head and abdomen black ; thorax, legs and scale reddish-brown, with piceous spots ; head broad, oval or subquadrate, the front, back of the mandibles, as broad as the occiput, the sides, posterior angles and upper surface rounded, under surface -innate; antennae long, filiform, and but slightly enlarged towards the apical joints; eyes lateral, circular, and a little back of the middle; mandibles small, curved inwards, acute; prothorax one-third narrower than the head, round above and in front, slightly compressed at the sides, widest in the middle; mesothorax not depressed, slightly round- ed above, compressed at sides, narrowed behind, having a triangular outline, with its apex back seen from above; m eta thorax narrow, short, compressed, subtruncate; scale thin, wedge-shaped, vertical; abdomen round-ovate; margins of the segments hyaline; whole ant smooth, without hairs, and shining. Female. Length 0.3(1 inch. — Wings extend 0.05 inch beyond the abdomen, with one marginal and two submarginal cells, discoidal cell obsolete; a very few scattering hairs on the abdomen; otherwise like the worker. Jlab. — Michigan and Illinois, (Norton). 15. Formica Floridana, n. sp. Worker. Length 0.28 inch. — Abdomen black, the rest yellowish- red ; head subcordate. rounded above, occiput emarginate, with the posterior angles rounded ; two short channels a little diverging extend back from the clypeus to the vertex ; antennas inserted a little in front of the vertex; long, filiform, and but little enlarged towards the apical joint ; eyes of medium size, circular, placed on top near the sides and little back of the middle, prominent ; mandibles reddish-brown, curv- ed inwards and toothed, apical tooth long, acute; under surface of the head sinuate; prothorax narrower than the head, rounded above, in front and at the sides, widest near the frout • mesothorax compressed, narrowed backwards, Dot depressed ; metathorax narrowed behind, and descends gradually to the pedicle; scale large, vertical and wedge- shaped ; abdomen broad, ovate, subacute, margins of its segments slightly hyaline ; legs long, slender; thorax throughout rather thickly sprinkled with long gray hairs. Hub.— Florida, | Norton). L6. Formica Tejonia. n. >p. Male. Length 0.39 inch. — Black; tarsi dark reddish-brown; head -mall ovate, rounded above, at sides aud behind; eyes large, promi- PUOCEKDINGS EST. SOC. PHILAD. JULY, L866. 162 S. B. Buckley on North American Formicidse. nent, sublateral, and placed about midway of the head on the upper surface; antennae inserted in front a little back of the base of the cly- peus; mandibles slender, widened anteriorly, toothed on the inner margins; ocelli prominent and on tup of the occiput; under surface of the head somewhat flattened, not sinuate; prothorax one-fourth wider than the head, rounded above, at the sides and in front, widest in the middle ; mesothorax not depressed, about as wide as the protho- rax and rounded at the sides ; metathorax a little depressed and a little narrower than the mesothorax, subtruncate; scale incrassate, thick, wedge-shaped ; abdomen truncate in front, oblong ovate, acute ; legs slender ; upper surface of the head, back part of the thorax and abdo- men thinly sprinkled with hairs ; whole surface smooth and shining ; wings extend 0.12 inch beyond the abdomen, with one marginal and two submarginal cells, no discoidal cell. Ihib. — Fort Tejon, California, (Norton). 17. Formica tenuissima, n. sp. Worker. Length 0.09 inch. — Reddish-yellow; legs pale yellow; head triangular, rounded above and behind, and slightly so on the sides ; eyes large, circular, lateral, and placed in front of the middle ; antennae long, filiform and not clavate; mandibles small, slender, curv- ed inwards and downwards, acute; under surface of head longitudinal- ly sinuate; prothorax narrower than the head, round and smooth above and in front, where it is widest, a slight depression between the rneso- and metathorax ; metathorax nearly as high as the prothorax, but narrower; pedicle short; scale large, erect, wedge.shapecl, and slightly inclined forwards; abdomen ovate, obtuse; legs long, slender; whole ant smooth, with a few scattering hairs on its upper surface. Hob. — Central Texas, in ground beneath stones. Rare. 18. Formica perminuta, n. sp. Worker. Length 0.08 inch — Yellow or reddish-yellow; legs and abdomen yellowish-brown ; head subtriangular, rounded above, occput emarginate, the posterior angles slightly rounded ; eyes large, circular, in front of the middle, and on top of the head near the lateral margins; mandibles slender, somewhat projected in front, curved near the apex, with five minute teeth ; club of the antennae equal in length to the fla- gellura, which is short-jointed; prothorax narrower than the head, smooth and rounded in front, above, aud largest about one-third dis- tance back to the mesothorax, which is depressed or slightly strangu- lated at its junction with the metathorax ; metathorax round and smooth above, slopes gradually to the pedicle, which is short and in- S. B. Buckley on North American Formiculse. 1G3 serted in the base of the abdomen a little in front of the middle; scale small, wedge-shaped and inclined towards the front; abdomen ovate; upper surface of the thorax and abdomen sprinkled with hairs. Bab. — Central Texas, in the ground near the surface. 19. Formica picea, n. sp. Worker. Length 0.06 inch. — Head and abdomen pitchy-black, the rest smoky-yellow ; head quadrangular, seen from above, its sides near- ly straight; posterior angles slightly rounded and also its posterior margin, which is also nearly straight; antennae long, clavate, inserted near the base of the clypeus ; clypeus oval, with a small depression at its base; eyes large, subcircular, prominent, and placed in the upper surface of the head near the sides, about midway; mandibles small, subti iangular and curved inwards ; prothorax narrower than the head, rounded above, in front and at the sides, largest posteriorly; mesotho- rax narrower than either the pro- or metathorax and slightly depress- ed; metathorax raised, rounded and smooth above, subcompressed at its sides, subtruncate ; pedicle short, and inserted in the base of the ab- domen a little in front of the middle ; scale large, sub-wedge-shaped, vertical; abdomen broad ovate, subobtuse, its upper surface thickly sprinkled with hairs ; legs long, slender. Active ; dwells beneath rocks in the vicinity of Austin, Texas. Rare. 20. Formica Lincecumii, n. ap. Female. Length 0.35 inch. — Black; wings of a reddish-brown color, extending 0.12 inch beyond the abdomen, with one marginal, two sub- marginal and one discoidal cell ; head a little narrower than the pro- thorax, ovate, round at occiput and sides; antennae inserted at base of the clypeus. long, filiform, and slightly enlarged towards their apical joints ; eyes subeliptical, prominent, and placed near the top of the posterior angles; a small channel extends from the base of the clypeus to the occiput ; mandibles subtriangular and toothed on their inner margins ; prothorax flattened at its sides, but little rounded at the top, a broad band, thickly sprinkled with short white hairs, in front and ex- tending around to the sides; mesothorax not depressed, as wide as the prothorax; metathorax depressed, short aud subtruncate; pedicle short; scale thin, wedge-shaped, vertical; abdomen large, round ovate, obtuse, and thickly sprinkled with hairs posteriorly; legs short, slender. Worker. Length 0.20 inch. — Under side of thorax and legs spot- ted with dark reddish-brown, black predominating; under surface of head smooth and rounded; head one-fourth wider than the prothorax; 164 S. B. Buckley on North American Formicidse. pro-thorax round above, in front and at the sides, widest in the middle; rnesothorax narrowed behind, a small strangulation betweeu it and the metathorax; metathorax raised, widened behind, truncate; abdomen small ovate; legs long, slender; otherwise like the female. Male. Length 0.34 inch. — Trochanters, tibiae and tarsi pale yellow; head very small aud one-third narrower than prothorax ; eyes very prominent, large, lateral, and gray; abdomen oblong-ovate; the rest like the female. Dwells in trees. Texas. 21. Formica festinata. n. sp. Female. Length 0.50 inch. — Honey-yellow, with dark brown on the abdomen, thorax and head ; wings projecting but little beyond the abdomen, with one marginal and two submarginal cells; head oblong- subtriangular, rounded and smooth above, emarginate behind, posterior angles rounded; eyes black, large, prominent, placed on the sides of the head near the anterior portion of the occiput; ocelli situated back of the vertex on the upper part of the occiput; antenna long, filiform; mandibles brownish-black, short, large, curved inwards, having each seven blunt teeth on the inner margins; thorax about equal in width to the head, its sides compressed and narrowed posteriorly; posterior margin of the prothorax and entire upper margin of the rnesothorax, blackish-brown, the margins being slightly raised, metathorax lower, oval, smooth and rounded; pedicle short, scale large, erect and some- what compressed; abdomen oblong-ovate, with a few scattering hairs on the margins of the segments which are brown or brownish-black; legs long, slender. The entire insect is smooth and shining. Worker. Length 0.jJ8 inch. — Honey-yellow, or colored like the fe- male; ocelli none; head wider than the thorax; thorax smooth, with the divisions well marked; abdomen ovate, pointed; the remainder like the female. The workers of this species vary in size and somewhat in color, the largest being often tinged with brownish-black like the females. Those tinged are probably the oldest, and this may be the cause of the ditfer- ance. The length given is that of on 3 of the smallest. Both sizes work in common. They are very active, travelling beneath rocks or sticks where they have cells and galleries in the earth to the depth of twelve or eighteen inches. They are not war-like, and rarely bite when caught, nor are they often seen in the open air, hence they prubably seek food by night. Common in Central Texas. Winged females caught in September. *\ S. B. Buckley on North American Fonnicidse. 165 22. Formica insana. n. sp. ("Crazy Ant.") Worker. Length 0.1-1 inch — Color black or brownish-black, smooth and shining throughout; head sub-quadrate, the lateral margins slight- ly curved inwards; below oval, and rounded above; eyes large, sub- ellipticai, and placed on the anterior portion of the head near its lateral margins; antennae long, filiform ; mandibles large, curved inwards, the truncated apical ends sharply toothed; head sub-channelled beneath, with the anterior and posterior parts deeply depressed ; prothorax about half the width of the head, rounded above; mesothorax some- what depressed : metathorax has a rudimentary spine or sharp protu- berance on its upper posterior surface, pedicle short, inserted near the base of the anterior part of the abdomen ; scale small, wedge-shaped, and inclined forwards; abdomen broad-ovate, subacute; legs small, slender, and rather short. Female. Length 0.20 inch. — Head small, narrower than the tho- rax ; abdomen broad, oblong and ovate ; color black-bronze, with the margins of the segments of the abdomen hyaline ; thorax raised above the head ; wings not seen ; the remainder like the worker. Dwells in the ground but a few inches deep, having numerous holes scattered over a large surface of fifty or more feet in diame- ter. It goes now here and now there, without order, from one abode to another, sometimes moving the larvae from one place to another ; large colonies dwelling in common. It is very active and war-like, can conquer most other ants, boldly seizing the larger species by the legs. If a large ant is so unfortunate as to run among the "crazy ants,'' he hastens to escape, but rarely does so without being severely bitten. Common in Central Texas. 23. Formica masonia, n. sp. Worker. Length 0.11 inch. — Color brownish-black, paler beneath ; head cordate, with its upper surface subrotuud ; ocelli absent; eyes large, prominent and lateral, placed in the anterior portion of the head; occiput emarginate, with its posterior angles rounded; antennae long, filiform ; mandibles small and of nearly uniform width, curved inwards, with two teeth at the apex ; under surface of head round, with a slight, depression at the men turn and the occiput ; prothorax about one-third narrower than the head, compressed and narrowed posteriorly, rounded and smooth above ; mesothorax slightly depressed ; pedicle short and inserted in the anterior portion of the base of the abdomen ; scale small, subnodose ; legs long, slender; whole ant smooth and glossy. Female unknown. /^""r*^ 166 S. B. Buckley on North American Formicidx. Dwells in the ground near the surface, in the vicinity of Fort Ma- son, in Western Texas. 24. Formica saxicola. n. sp. Female. Length 0.17 inch. — Head and ahdomen subpiceous or brownish-black ; thorax and legs reddish-brown ; head small, triangu- lar, about half the width of the thorax, rounded and smooth above ; ocelli placed near the vertex ; eyes large, placed about midway of the upper portion of the sides of the head ; antenna3 filiform and slightly enlarged towards the apical joint; mandibles small, flattened and nar- rower in the middle portion, curved inwards, and with four small teeth on the inner apical margin ; thorax large, raised above the head, with the principal divisions slightly marked; pedicle short; scale small, erect and compressed; abdomen large, oblong-ovate; legs slender and rather short; whole ant smooth and shining; wings not seen. Worker. Length 0.11 inch. — Color yellowish-brown; head trian- gular, wider than the thorax; eyes small; ocelli absent; mandibles small ; thorax with the divisions strongly marked ; mesothorax some- what depressed; abdomen ovate; legs long and slender; legs and un- der surface of the whole body honey-yellow ; otherwise like the fe- male. Hah. — Beneath rocks in Buchanan County in Northern Texas. 25. Formica discolor, n. sp. Female. Length 0.30 inch. — Anterior wings extending about 0.10 inch beyond the abdomen, with one marginal and two submarginal cells, discoidal cells obsolete; head, thorax and legs reddish-brown, ex- cepting the upper portion of the mesothorax which is black; abdomen black; eyes small, circular, black, lateral, placed near the upper sur- face, a little behind the middle part of the head ; antennae inserted in front, filiform; mandibles widened and curved inwards anteriorly, with their inner apical margins 5-toothed ; head broader than the thorax, subquadrate, rounded above, a deep cavity beneath the occiput; pro- thorax raised above the head, rounded above; meso- and metathorax small, with the divisions well marked; pedicle short; scale large, ver- tical and compressed, with edges somewhat sharp ; abdomen oblong- ovate, subobtuse, with a few scattering short hairs in the margins of the posterior segments ; legs somewhat short and slender; tibiae and tarsi of a darker shade than the coxa) and trochanters. Worker. Length 0.26 inch. — Head thorax and legs reddish-brown ; abdomen ovate, black ; mandibles brownish-black; thorax compressed aud narrowed posteriorly; prothorax about half the width of the head; S. B. Buckley on North American Formiculse. 1G7 epistoma and posterior part of the abdomen somewhat hairy, the rest smooth and shilling; legs long and slender; otherwise like the fe- male. Winged females caught about the middle of April. Dwell beneath stones and logs, having cells a few inches beneath the surface of the ground. Hob. — Central Texas, where it is not very common, being rarely seen in the open air. 26. Formica San Sabeana, n. sp. Female. Length 0.62 inch. — Wings extend but a little beyond the abdomen, and having one marginal and two submarginal cells, discoi- dal cells absent. Color: head and thorax black; abdomen yellowish- brown, the upper surface of the three last segments brownish-black; legs chestnut or yellowish-red; head subtriangnlar, depressed in front, vertex slightly convex ; occiput emarginate, with the posterior angles rounded; eyes small, circular, and placed a little behind the middle of head on the upper margins of its sides; mandibles flattened, curved inwards, widened anteriorly, each with five teeth on their apical margins; antennae filiform, and not enlarged towards the apical joints; prothorax large and of nearly ecpual width to the head, rounded above and raised higher than the mesothorax, a small depression between the meso- and metathorax; pedicle short; scale large, vertical and wedge-shaped; ab- domen oblong-ovate; legs slender and short; whole ant smooth and shining, sprinkled with a very few short white hairs. Male. Length 0.32 inch. — Abdomen very slender and oblong-ovate ; color black, segments of abdomen hyaline; legs dark-brown or brown- ish-black ; otherwise like the female. Caught in the winged state about the 1st of October. Worker. Length 0.46 inch. Head black or brownish-black, trian- gular, about twice the width of the thorax ; thorax yellowish-brown or piceous on its upper surface, its divisions strongly marked ; otherwise like the female. Found in an old decaying stump, in which it had many cells with intervening passages. Is very quick in its movements. Habits little known. Hah. — Burnet and San Saba Counties, Texas. Bare. 27. Formica foetida. n. sp. Fanale. Leugth 0.19 inch. — Smooth throughout; honey-yellow, with brownish bands on the segments of the abdomen ; head small, subtriangular, curved above and a little rounded beneath, concave be- 168 S. B. Buckley on North American Formicidse. low the occiput which is slightly emarginate; eyes large, lateral, and placed in the anterior portion of the head ; antennas long, filiform ; mandibles small, subtriangular, curved, and inner margins toothed near the apex ; thorax wider than the head, compressed and narrowed pos- teriorly, divisions well marked, rounded and smooth above; pedicle short; scale small, vertical or slightly inclined forwards and obtuse; abdomen oblong-ovate, with the upper portion of the segments banded with reddish-brown, margins hyaline; last segment somewhat hairy; antennae, upper part of the head and thorax sprinkled with short grey hairs ; wings not seen. Worker. Length 0.07 inch. — Head and thorax reddish-brown or yellowish-brown ; abdomen honey-yellow, smooth throughout ; head wider than the thorax; pedicle very short; scale small, and near the abdomen; eyes small; abdomen elliptical; the rest like the female. Very active in its movements. Lives in the ground beneath stones, or excavates holes in open spaces, throwing its dirt crater-form; has many homes in the vicinity of each other. Lives principally on vege- table food. I have seen some seeds of weeds and grass in its cells be- neath rocks, late in autumn. It is seen in the open air at all times during the day ; has regular paths in the vicinity of its dwellings, along which it goes in single file, or in ranks; it is also seen frequent- ly going up and down trees. It is not warlike, and is seen most in the vicinity of water near a river or stream. When touched it emits a very disagreeable odor, somewhat resembling rotten cocoanut, and very dif- ferent from the formic-acid smell of some other species. I have often seen ten or twelve wingless females in one family beneath an upturned rock, and there were probably as many more in the cells below. These females were without any body-guard, nor does one seem to be needed when they are among friends. I have never seen the female ants re- ceive any special attention from the workers, except when families are mif the male. Tn either sex the diaphanous portion of the wings pre- sents, in certain lights, a faint pale-blue reflection. Exp., % 9 , 0.90 inch. Length of body, % , 0.45, 9 , 0.35 inch. Habitat.— Cuba, (Poey). Coll. Ent. Soc, Philad. Number 595, Poey's MS. Catalogue. To my dear friend, Harry D. W. Burt, of New York City, I dedi- cate this exquisite little genus. EUNOMIA, Htibner. Antennae, rather long, closely plumose iu the male ; in the female the pectinations are much shorter, decreasing to the antenna! base, which is simple. Terminally, the antennae in either sex are reflected and pointed. Head, small, narrowed behind. Palpi, prominent, por- rect, third article exceeding the front, slender, closely scaled. Protho- racic pieces narrow ; tlvrax, globose, stout, shortly and finely scaled, as are all the corporal ports in this geuus, being evenly dusted with squammse without hirsuties. Abdomen, plump, short, and rather ob- tuse in either sex; a little slenderer and more tapering in the male. Primaries, large and mostly vitreous, or free from scales. Costa, a little depressed at about the middle; apices moderately produced; ex- ternal margin roundedly oblique, slightly excavate before internal angle; internal margin short. A prominent discal fold, running longitudinal- ly and dividing the discal cell, beyond which it borders the first me- dian nervule, joiuing the external margin at the extremity of the 4th sub-costal nervure. This fold arises at a little before the middle of the cell, at a point about the inception of the 4th m. nervule. Interspaces, wide ; nervules, divergent. Secondaries, reduced, narrow, rounded at the apices, excavate along external margin. Legs, slender and finely scaled; armature, feebly developed. The coloration of this genus is black, with scarlet abdominal valves, 188 A. R. G-rote's Notes on the Zj/yxnidse of Cuba. and scarlet scales on the under surface of abdomen, and laterally on the legs, and with neat corporal white Hues. The wings are clear, with broad, distinct, black borders along the external and internal mar- gins. The Laemocharis fasciatella, Minetri&s, from Brazil, seems to belong to this genus, while it differs by its slenderer body and more acute wings. Eunomia insularis, n. s. Head, clothed with dull blackish scales ; eyes, narrowly margined behind with white scales; some white scales on the vertex in front of the antennae, and also a few behind, forming a central spot. Protho- racic pieces, dull black, neatly margined with white. Thorax, dull black ; a longitudinal, narrow, white line, crossed at right angles by the narrow white edging of the metathorax. Tegulae, narrowly lined with white. Abdomen, dull black; first segment, with the abdominal pouches intense red or dark scarlet, which color extends across the segment superiorly, which, elsewhere, dorsally is white, with two later- al, black, arcuate lines. The remaining segmeuts are narrowly edged with white posteriorly; the second and fourth are more broadly band- ed laterally with white. Beneath, the palpi are whitish ; prothorax and anterior femora, white ; the thoracic surface is covered with scar- let scales, which extend over the coxae and on the outside of the hind femora, as well as over the first abdominal segment; legs, dull black- ish, shaded with whitish; abdomen, dull blackish in the 9 , hi the % , striped with white, except on the anal segments. Antennas, blackish. Wings, vitreous, having in certain lights a pale blue reflection. Costa of primaries covered with blackish scales; a square, black, terminate, discal blotch. Terminally, a broad black border, widest at apices, thence constricting rapidly towards internal angle. Along the internal mar- gin, the space below the s. m. nervure is filled iu with blackish scales, except for a narrow portion, immediately below the vein centrally. Costa of secondaries with pale whitish scales. A broad, black, termi- nal border, widest at apex and anal angle, and extending along inter- nal margin to base of the wing. Under surface, resembling upper. Exp. % 9 , 1.10 to 1.20 inch. Length of body, 0.45 inch, Habitat. — Cuba, (Poey). Coll. Ent. Soc. Philad. Number 143, Poci/'s MS. Catalogue. Eunomia columbina, Hiibner, Zutr. 1, Hund., figs 9 — 10 appears to be nearly allied to E. insularis, and to be congenerical. E. colum- bina, Fabr. sp., is the type of Hubner's genus iu the " Verzeichniss." Dr. Brendel's Descriptions of New Paelaphidx. 189 COSMOSOMA, Hiibner. Cosmosoma omphale. Cosmosoma omphale, Hiibner, Samml. Ex. Sch. Vol. 2, Lep. II, Sph. I, Tap. III. Glauc. P. Hyal. :',. figs. 1—4. (1806.) JE'/cria omphale, Say, Am. Entom. Vol. 2, p. 42, PI. 19, lower figure. (1825.) Id. ed. Lee. (1859.) Ghwcopis (Cosmosoma) omphale, Harris, Cat. N. A. Sph. Sill. Journ. Vol. 36, p. 317. (1839.) Glaucopis omphale, Walker, C. B. M. Part I, p. 168. (1854.) Cosmosoma omphale, Clemens, Proc. Acad. N. S. Phil. p. 544. (1860.) The specimens from Cuba agree with Hiibner's and Say's figures. I have also received specimens of this species from Mexico. Say, Har- ris and Walker record their material of C. omphale from Florida. In addition, Dr. Clemens gives " Mexico, near Jalapa." The validity of the genus Cosmosoma seems to me indisputable, and Dr. Clemens (loc. cit.) has given a thorough diagnosis of its characters. Habitat— Cuba, (Poey). Coll. Eut. Soc. Phil. Number 132, Poey's J\IS. Catalogue. Under the Number 521, and with the determination "Laemocharis seleeta," Prof Poey sends several specimens of a species which difi'ers structurally from Cosmosoma, by the abseuce of the discal fold of the primaries, but is otherwise closely allied to that genus. The species is variable, judging from this material, and none of the specimens ac- curately agree with Dr. Herrich-Schaifler's figure (Exot. Sch. fig. 256) under this specific name. In the present arrangement of the Cuban genera, this form should precede Cosmosoma, following Eunomia. For the moment, I leave these specimens undetermined. Descriptions of some New Species of Pselaphidae. BY EMIL BRENDEL, M. D. FUSTIGER Lee., n. gen. The description of the genus Art torus shows us an insect of the family of Clavigeridre differing from Olaoiger by having eyes, and the antenna; consisting of but one joint, and even that joint was said to stick in the head without any articulation. Subsequently, several spe- cies of Articerus were described, which have not only a true articula- tion, but even two joints. These are A. brazeliensis, A. syriacus, and a new species from East Tennessee. As all these do not agree with the original Articerus, it was right to define them more properly. Ac- cordingly Dr. John L. LeConte separated the genus Fustiger from Ar- ticerus. 190 Dr. Brendel's Descriptions of New Pselaphidse. The new species from Tennessee is 1. Fustiger Fuchsii, n. sp. — Testaceus, translucens, variolatus, pubeseens, ca- pite obconato, antennis 2-articulatis in fossa magna sub frontis margine insert- is, articulo secundo obeonico, oculis parvis lateraliter insertis, oeellis binis in occipite dispositis. Tborace rotundato, variolate, elytris truncatis, abdomine fovea magna ad basin impresso. Long- 2.0 m. m. The stature of this insect resembles most that of Adranes coecus Lee. The head is conical, widest between the eyes ; the front is slightly im- pressed in the middle ; the antennas are inserted in large grooves be- low the lateral margins of the front, which extend to the middle of the face, leaving only a small ridge running from the clypeus to the front- al impression; the vertex is variolate, thinly pubescent; the eyes are situated laterally near the base and consist of but eight facets ; ou the occiput are two ocelli consisting of but three small facets. The anten- nae are 2-jointed, the first joint small, cylindrical, of equal dimensions, the second is obconical, 1J times as long as the head, and at the end four times as wide as at the base, consisting of six false connate joints. The maxillary palpi are apparently two-jointed. The thorax is round- ed, not longer than wide, variolate, pubescent, slightly depressed above, with a variolate scar at the base. The elytra are a little truncate at the posterior, exterior angles, variolate, pubescent, the sutural striae distinct. The abdomen consists of three dorsal and five ventral segments; the first dorsal segment is very large and has a deep groove at the base, extending from side to side, in the depth of which are the coxal arti- culations shining through ; behind the groove the segment is convex, smooth, thinly pubescent. The margin of the first segment is broad and shows beautiful convolutions and folds near the base. The ante- rior coxae are conical, the intermediate more globose, the posterior transverse ; the trochanters are half as long as the femur, the tibiae are strongly pubescent ; the tarsi are two-jointed and have but one claw. This specimen seems to be a female. It was presented to me by Mr. Henry Ulke, and was discovered by Mr. Fuchs, of East Tennessee, to whose honor and for instigating him to work more in that line, it was named after him. 2. Ctenistes monilicornis, n. sp. — Castaneus, pubescens, minutissime punctu- latus, capite 4-foveato, fronte elongata, antennis moniJiforraibus ; palpis minu- tissimis appendiculatis, thorace obcordato trifoveato, elytris latis, tibiis posticis dilatatis. Long. 2.8 m. m. The insect before me seems to be in every respect a Ctenistes. The general form agrees entirely with that genus ; the palpi, though so very small that they cannot be seen but by a magnifier of 200 diame- Dr. Brendcl's Descriptions of New Pselaphidse. 191 ters, arc appendicular with small seta). The second palpal joint seems to be pedunculate, the third rounded, appendiculate, the fourth the largest, oval, not transverse, appendiculate. The head is broadest across the eves, with two grooves before and between the eyes and two small punctures near the base of the occiput ; the front is much elon- gated, split or sulcate in the middle and notched laterally behind the insertion of the antennae. The antennae are half as long as the body, the first joint emarginate at the base, obconical, and obliquely truncate at the end, the two following ones are more or less oblong, the 4th — 8th are equal, rounded, nearly transverse, shorter than long, the 9th and 10th are equal, little larger than the preceding, the 11th is not thicker but more oblong. The thorax is rounded, obcordate, with the usual three impressions near the base, common to all Ctenis- tes. The elytra are broader than in other Ctenistes and somewhat more convex. The abdomen presents nothing unusual. The posterior tibia) are dilated behind the middle ; the second joint of the tarsi is rather intlated, thicker than usual. The ventral parts are entirely those of Ctenistes. The specimen before me is undoubtedly a male. It is still doubtful] whether it is not a new genus, which will only be apparent by sacrificing a specimen for dissection. This insect was kindly presented to me by Mr. Henry Ulke, who found two specimens near Washington City. 3. Bryaxis intermedia is another elimatical variety of B. abdominalis, taking range between the true B. abdominalis and B. floridana. Long. 1.9 m. m. It will be only necessary to describe the abdominal dorsal segments, as it agrees in all other respects with B. abdominalis and B. jiori- dana. The first segment presents those cakes of B. abdominalis deminutif, leaving as large an excavation between them as in B. floridana.; the second segment is but little emarginate in the middle, so that it pre- sents only one lobe, the spaces each side of the median line are con- cave, while the middle part is elevated from behind the usual punctur- ed groove near the base down to that slight emargiuation on the tip ; the third segment is entire, one-lobed and overhanging the rest of the segments.* * I do not regard all those as the present species and B. floridana as strictly true species, but as elimatical abberrations of the most extreme form, that of B. abdominalis. Both B. abdominalis and floridana are truly ma- ratime. There was till now none of them found in inland countries, while II- linoiensis, which could perhaps with more right be regarded as a true species, 192 Dr. Brendel's Descriptions of JVeic PselapMdse. Two specimens have been found ; one in Tennessee and the other in Washington, P. C., the latter kindly presented to rue by Mr. Henry Ulke. 4. Bryaxis perforata, n. sp. — Nigro-picea. polita, pubescens, capite 3-foveato, antennis breviusculis, thorace lsevi, 3-foveato, foveis cequalibus magnis, ely- tris striis dorsalibus integris, abdomine segmento dorsali primo maximo striis abbreviatis distantibus, postice medio elevato, segmento secundo in medio ad basin foveato. Long. 1.5 in. m. Hub. — Nov. Eboraeum (New York). This species^ belong to the neighborhood of B. dentata. It is much smaller, dark, shining. The head and thorax are smooth, pu- bescent, 3-grooved, the grooves are large and equal, the thorax is of equal dimensions, convex, subangulate, rounded. The elytra are pi- ceous, shining, the striae are all entire, the dorsal striae converging. The abdomen is short, the first segment behind in the middle elevated nearly angulated, not overhanging the next segment ; the abbreviated striae are distant, well impressed. The secoud segment is deeply groov- ed in the middle of the base, somewhat depressed each side. The first ventral segment is very large. The antenna? are short, the first joint is cylindrical, equal in thickness with the second, which is oblong, rounded, the 3 — 5 equal, smaller, nearly globular, the 6th is a little larger, 7 — 8 the smallest, globular, 9 — 10 gradually thicker, uot long- could never have tasted salt water. The present species comes from East Ten- nessee and approaches nearer to B. abdominalis than to floridana. This series of varieties reminds me very much of the standard series of Cic- indelicke in the beautifully arranged collection of my friend Ulke, who takes so many varieties in his collection that nobody would find out the difference between the two next neighbors, but it' you follow them up, you have at the end of the series a different species, which is nothing but a climatical variety. Mr. Henry Ulke's collection is a truly scientific work, and the envied posses- sor and creator of it should give us. who are far from him. at least a slow of his Cicindela-series by writing an Essay on climatical varieties and species, or something like it, for he is the only man in Columbia, who has the material to do it. Other Bryaxes, as the rubibunda, shows just as many, but not so decided va- rieties. Bryaxis puncticollis and propinqua run into each other by varieties. The Batrisus-series of scabriceps, globosus, etc. up to md even ens and spretus, though they present a very different aspect, might in future be connected by apparent varieties. Batrisus monstri ox and cristatus differ too little for clear species. Of others I need only mention the Northern and Southern form of Ctenis ijus and Zimmermanni) and Pselapkus Erichsoni and longiclavus.) l>ut notwith- standing, those rarieth - should be carefully designated and described. Dr. Brendel's Descrip(io7is of New Psclaphidx. 193 er, transverse, the 11th oval, large. The antennae, legs and palpi are testaceous. Presented to me by Mr. Henry Ulke. 5. Bryaxis clavata. To correct an error, I mention this insect again, which was reported as a variety of conjuncta and proved to be a true species inasmuch as it differs not only by the form of the antennae, but more by having the anterior trochanters triangular and armed with a short, strong spine; further, the metasternum terminates in two acuminate tubercles, which is not the case in conjuncta. 6. Bryaxis atlantica, n. sp. — Elongata.contanea.nitida, capito trifoveato, occi- pite leviter sulcato, thorace longitudine latiore, lateribus rotundatis, fovea in- termedia vix conspieua, elytris minutissime haud dense punctutalis, antennis brevibus, articulis "mo, 8vo et 9no transversis. Long. 1.5 m. in. This insect conies near to B. rvincunda, having; the abbreviated striae on the base of the first abdominal segment approximate and diverging, but differs in the thorax being rather depressed, transverse, the middle basal groove is hardly visible. The elytra are not densely and but slightly punctuated. The head is more uneven, very slightly and broadly sulcate at the base. The antennae, which agree with those of rubicund a from the first to sixth joint, have the seventh smaller, glo- bular, the eight and ninth not longer, transverse, the tenth of equal dimensions, larger, little connate, the last largest, oval. The whole length of the antennae not exceeding the length of the head and tho- rax conjointed. Finally, the whole stature of the insect is more elon- gated than in rubicunda. The specimens before me are a female from South Carolina and a male from Louisiana, which differs by the larger fifth joint of the an- tenna}. 7. Bryaxis TTlkei, n. pp. — Picea, minutissime pubescens, capite trifoveatn, an- tennis longiusculis, thorace punctulato, foveis tribus sequalibus, elytris striis dorsalibus minus impressis, abdomine striis abbreviatis distantibus, tibiis pos- ticis curvatis. Long. 1.0 m. m. This interesting insect, belonging to the first section of Bryaxis, presents an entirely new form. The stature resembles that of B. Illi- noiensh and takes its place between the latter and B. floridana. The bead is broader than long, trifoveate, the frontal groove smaller than the vertical ones, the antennal tubercles are elongate, the eyes promi- nent. The antennse are nearly half as long as the body, the joints are cylindrical, from the first to the eighth gradually smaller, the ninth is again larger, the tenth obconical, the last largest, ovate. The thorax PHO< BBDESGS KNT. SOC. PillLAD. JULY, 1868. 194 Dr. Brendel's Descriptions of New Pselapliidae. is punctulate, the grooves equal in size, the exterior ones connected by dilated, slightly impressed sulcus. The abdomen has the two first seg- ments overlapping the rest; the first segment is 4-spinous and 5-sinu- ate, the emargination next to the parietal margin is the largest, the me- dian notch the deepest, consequently the two median spines are very long, acuminate ; the second segment is sinuous on each side, the hind margin nearly rectilinear, with three impressions corresponding to the three intermediate sinuses of the first segment. The posterior tibia? are curved in the same manner as in all those species belonging to this section. This is a male, the only specimen known, and was discovered near Washington, D. C. by my friend Mr. Henry Ulke, to whose memory I dedicate this valuable addition. Comparison of the females of Bryaxis abdominalis, floridana, in- termedia, lllinoisensis, Ulkei, denfata and perforata. 1. B. abdominalis : — Body convex, capital fovese smaller, not very deeply im- pressed. The thoracical foveas smaller in comparison to the size of the thoraci- cal disk, the basal sulcus faintly impressed near the middle. 2. B. floridana: — Body depressed, elongated, smaller than abdominalis, capital and thoracical grooves well impressed, except the frontal groove, which is ample and very sightly impressed. The thoracical sulcus the same as in abdomi- nalis. 3. B. intermedia: — The supposed form of the 9 comes nearer to B. dentata, is more convex than floridana, the frontal groove small, well impressed. 4. B. Illinoiensis : — Smaller than B. dentata, the capital and thoracical grooves ample, well impressed; the basal thoracical sulcus well impressed, nearly touch- ing the intermediate groove. The thorax is more rounded than in the prece- ding and in dentata. The whole stature favors more B. rubicunda than any of this series. 5. B. Ulkei: — The supposed form of the 9 favors most B. dentata. According tn the % , the thorax is smaller in proportion, and the sides near the base are more emarginate than in B. dentata. 6. B. perforata: — The supposed form of the 9 must come near B. lllinoisen- sis, but it is only one millimetre long, shining, black, somewhat depressed, the anterior tibiae are not curved even in the % . 7. B. dentata: — The stature is musculous, strong in comparison to the prece- ding, convex, favors most a small specimen of abdominalis, the grooves are well impressed, the basal thoracical sulcus is not very ample, but obvious and even near the middle well impressed. The elytra are very visibly punctulate. 8. B. clavata: — This and conjuneta are hardly to be confounded with the pre- ceding. B. clavata is smaller, black, legs testaceous. 9. B. conjuneta: — This differs in the 9 chiefly by the size and color. W. II. Edwards on certain N. A. species of Satyrus. 105 ON CERTAIN NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF SATYRUS. BY W. II. EDWARDS, Newburgh, N. Y. 1. Satyrus Pegala, Fabrieius, III, 494. Morris, Synopsis, &c. Var. Alopc 9 , Boisd. and Lcc. In the collection of Mr. John Akhurst, of Brooklyn, are two speci- mens, part of an invoice of twelve, that were received some years since from Northern Georgia, and which, I have no doubt, are the Pegala, of Fabrieius, a species that has been lost sight of or considered as only a variety of Alopc. Both these are females and differ from Alope 9 principally in bav- in": but one ocellus on the fore wings, and in size, measuring 2 -A inches in expanse, while the largest Alope I have been able to obtain measured but 2 T 5 . The baud on fore wings is broad, light buff in color. The hind wings have one ocellus above and six below, and in these and in other respects, these specimens closely agree with the de- scription of Pegala. Mr. Akhurst tells me that all the twelve showed but the one ocellus on the fore-wing. He regarded them at the time as a distinct species, and therefore, carefully preserved the two that fell to his collection. The others were sent to Europe by the collector. (Since the foregoing paragraphs were read before the Society, I have been able to see the male of Pegala by the kindness of Mr. Grote. Several fine males are in his collection, taken this season by Mr. Hi- dings, in Georgia, which State appears to be the home of the species. These males are all of large size, 1 T 5 inch in expanse, similar to the females above mentioned, having one ocellus on the fore wing, one on the hind wing above, and six beneath on the latter. These last cha- racterize all the specimens of both sexes that I have seen, and are well developed, divided always into two groups of three, of each of which the middle ocellus is large. On one of the males is a black dot upon the fore wings, in position corresponding to the second ocellus of Aloj>< and Nephele. The under surfaces of these specimens are beautifully reticulated, and the brown ground color is more or less washed with grey.) 2. Satyrus Alope, Boisd. and Lee. 3. Erebia Nephele, Kirby, vol. IV. Yar. Alope, Weidemeyer's Catalogue. 196 W. H. Edwards on certain N. A. species of Satyrus. 4. Satyrus Boopis, Behr. Annals of Cal. Acad. Nat. Sciences. (1864.) Dr. Behr, in a paper upon the Satyrides of California, (Annals &c. 186-4) speaks of Ariane, Alope, Nephele and Pegala, "as possibly local aberrations of one far spread species," and again, of S. Bo'upis as "only distinguishable from Nephele by the absence of eyes on the under side of the hind wings," and that "it may perhaps prove a local variety or aberration of that most polymorphous and far spread species Alope." "In the meantime, until the connecting forms are found " he " considers it to be specifically distinct." In nearly all cases, Nephele % has six spots on the under side of the hind wings, but occasionally one, two or more are wanting. If, in Cali- fornia, a form of Satyrus appears usually having no eyes on the under side of the hind wind's, although otherwise not distinguishable from Nephele, it appears to me it is properly regarded as a distinct species, and not as a local variety. As to Nephele and Alope, the connecting forms are wanting, and, all allowance being made for ordinary variations in size, shade of color, size or number of certain spots or markings, one of these species does not run into or approach the other so as to make it uncertain to which of the two any given specimen belongs. The most that can be said is, that in some specimens of Nephele, of both sexes, there is a tendency in certain characteristics to vary in the direction of Alope. I have taken Alope and Nphele often and in many localities, and I have brought together every shade of variation I was able to procure, having had in mind this question of identity for some years. And I have received specimens of one or other from collections in widely separated parts of the country. I find that Nephele prevails in the Northern and Eastern States among the highlands, in Northern Illinois, and in California and Ore- gon. Alope prevails in the lowlands of New York and New England, is the only species in New Jersey, Eastern Pennsylvania, on the Ka- nawha River, in West Virginia, in Southern Ohio and the southern states next the Ohio River. How far south it is found I do not know. It is not enumerated by Dr. Behr as found in California, nor have I met with it in collections from that region. Mr. Walsh has never seen it in Northern Illinois, while Nphele is there abundant. In the Catskill Mountains Nephele is a very common species. Liter- ally hundreds of specimens may be taken in a morning. Alope is found there very rarely, but on the Hudson River, immediately be- W. II. Edwards on certain X. A. species of Sati/rus. 197 low those mountains. Alope is common and Nephele not seen. Mr. Liutuer mentions Alope as the species found in Schoharie, in the val- leys next west of the Catskills, but says nothing of Nepliele. Mr. Saunders writing from London, C. TV. says "Alope does not occur in this neighborhood. Nephele does rarely." Mr. Beadle, of St. Catha- rine, C. TV. ''finds Nephele common, A/ope only occasionally." Alope then is a Southern species just as Argynnis Ci/bele is South- ern and Nephele a Northern species as A. Aphrodite is Northern, but both meet, as do those, on common ground in the upper Middle States, though there Nephele occupies the highlands and Alope the valleys. The western limit of Alope we do. not know, but of the two, Nephele alone has found its way to the mountains of California and to the Pa- cific coast. The most evident difference between these two species are as follows : — 1st. Alope % is of larger size than Nephele % , the form measure- ing 2 to 2, 2 inches in expanse of wing, the latter 1 , 8 to 2 inches. Alope 9 differs less in size, but is the larger, being 2, 3 to 2j 5 while Nephele 9 is 2,' to 2^. (These measurements are based upon 12 £ , 12 9 Alope, 42 % , 42 9 Nephele. .) 2nd. Nephele is usually darker colored than Alope, the males es- pecially being darker by several shades, in fact being almost black. 3rd. Alope % has a yellow band on the fore wings, above and be- low, enclosing two black ocelli with small bluish-white pupils. Nephele % has no such band, but the whole wing is usually dark, and there are two ocelli of much larger size below than above, with similar pupils to those of Alope % , each of which ocelli is surrounded below by a pale yellow- ish narrow ring, but not above, though sometimes there is a faint tin«j;e about the ocellus above as if the ring was seen through the wing. But occasionally, in Eastern specimens, each of the ocelli is sur- rounded by a pale nimbus that fades insensibly into the ground color. This nimbus is sometimes yellowish, and extends so as to unite the ocelli, both above and below, in a space shaped like a figure 8. I have not noticed this peculiarity in any Western specimens, which are wholly dark. 4th. Alope 9 has a broader band on primaries, above and below, and of paler color, than the band of the male. The ocelli also are larger. Nephele 9 has no such band. Sometimes the whole wing is dark as in the male, but, more often, there is a slightly paler shade than the ground color on the space that would be occupied by a band. The 198 W. H. Edwards on certain N. A. species of Sati/rus. ocelli on the fore-wings are similar to those of Alope $ , and are usual- ly surrounded by a yellow ring, but sometimes, in Eastern specimens, by a nimbus, as described in the male. In the Catskills, T took two pairs of Nephele in coitti. In both cases the males were dark. In one of the females there is a yellowish nimbus shaped like the figure 8. In two other cases, and the most extreme out of 135 specimens taken by me, the nimbus above has developed into a band more like that of Alope, but narrower, while on the under surface of each the yellow space keeps the shape of a double ring, figure or 8, and is by no means a band. Out of 42 specimens of Nephele % now before me, each one has one small ocellus on the hind wing above; in one instance there are two, and in three instances there are three. In 12 Alope % , 5 have an ocellus on the hind wing above, 7 have none. Of 42 Nephele 9 , 23 have one such ocellus, 19 have none. Of 12 Alope 9 , 5 have one such ocellus. 7 have none. On the under side of hind wings of 42 Nephele % , 33 or more than 1 have G ocelli, 4 have 5, 1 has 4, 2 have 3, 1 has 1, 1 has 0. Of 12 Alope % , 4 only have 6 ocelli on the under side of hind wings, 2 have 5, 4 have 1, 2 have 0. Of 42 Nephele $ , 6 have 6 ocelli, 2 have 4, 12 have 3, 5 have 2, 8 8 have 1, 9 have 0. Of 12 Alope 9 , 3 have 6 ocelli, 4 have 2, 1 has 4, 4 have 0. Therefore, in the number and constancy of the ocelli in the hind wings above and below, the females of the two species are not very dif- ferent, but the males differ materially. And the most evident distinc- tion between the species is to be found in this difference in the num- ber of ocelli of the males, and in the size, color, and presence or ab- sence of the yellow band in both sexes. Nephele % varies much more than Alope % , but by no means so much as Nphele 9 , which varies remarkably. In looking over a large number of the latter, it is difficult to find two alike. Some- times the ocelli of the fore-wings are round, sometimes oval, or round with a prominence on one side. They are nearer or farther apart, larger or smaller, differing on the same wing, either ocellus lieing the larger. Some have a white spot in the centre, with or without a blue shadow, some have one spot, and occasionally there are two spots with a double shadow. The ocelli are surrounded by clear , ■ ■ W. II. Edwards on certain iV. A. species of Satyrus. 199 or hazy rings, or by a nimbus which varies in shape, in extent and in color, and by its phases increases the general variation exceedingly. The limb of Alope being occupied by the yellow band, so much va- riation is not possible, there being simply a black ocellus and its pupil, which indeed vary in a similar manner to Nephele. In every species of butterfly there is a certain range of variation. In many it is very great, as in Culias Philodice, Pieris oleracea, An- ihocaris Genutia and J.. Sara. The color may be lighter or darker, the bands broader or narrower, spots larger or smaller, or more numer- ous or altogether wanting. One species will vary in the direction of another. Philodice may be tiuted with orange, thus approaching Eu- rytheme or Christina, Terias Nicippe may be canary yellow like T. Lisa, instead of orange. But in such cases there is usually no diffi- culty in determining to which species the varying individual belongs, for there are other characteristics that remain fixed. If an occasional Terias should be found varying from Nicippe in so many respects as to make it uncertain whether it was Nicippe or Lisa, we should call it a hybrid, though really it might be an extreme of variation. But if we constantly found such individuals and others connecting them on one side with Nicippe and on the other with Lisa, with regular intermediate grades of variation, we should pronounce the two species identical. Occasionally an Alope may appear with but one ocellus on the fore-wings, and, in that respect, resembling Pegala, The species may be expected to vary in that direction. Certainly Ncjihele should not be taken to be an aberration of Alope. Nep>hele is the dominant species, having the most unrestricted range, and being vastly more numerous in individuals. The types differ as much as any other two allied species, and are indeed a long ways apart. Alope varies comparatively little, and very little in the direction of N>- phele. The variation of Nephele is extreme and in the direction of Alope, but with the greater number of variations close to the type. Occasionally one individual more aberrant than the rest reaches farther towards Alope. That is the most that can be said. There is no regular gradation of connecting forms. If, here and there, an individual should appear that could be referred with certainty to neither, it might be either an extreme of variation, or possibly a hybrid, and would not bridge over the distance between two species like these. Nephele, Ari- inir and Bobpis form one group. Pegala and Alope another. If ori- ginally all the five were represented by one species, it is probable that Nephelt is nearest to it and Pegala farthest. ^:?~s» 200 W. H. Edward's Descriptions of Diurnal Lepidoptera. We may suppose Alope to have sprung from Nepliele, but its char- acteristics have become so fixed that its rank as a species cannot be called in question. From Xephele might naturally spring Ariane and Boopis, and from Alope, Pegala. Whether the two former are entitled to rank as species future observations will determine. If they are found to preserve and perpetuate their fixed characteristics, no matter how restricted their range, they will be regarded as true species. I believe Pegala to have fulfilled these conditions. Naturalists cannot be influenced by a conjectural element in determining species. They must be guided by the specific characters as they find them. Any other mode leads only to confusion, especially so long as we are igno- rant of the preparatory stages of the butterfly, as is the case with these species of Satyrus. oo Description of certain species of DIURNAL LEPIDOPTERA found within the limits of the United States and British America. No. 5. BY WM. II. EDWARDS, Newburgh, New York. 5. Lycosna Mertila, n. sp. 6. Si/richtus Alba, n. sp. 7. Ilesperia Ottoe, n. sp. 8. " Mingo, n. sp. 9. " Yreka, n. sp. 1. Papilio Bairdii, n. sp. 2. Colias Behrii, n. sp. 3. Lycxzna Violacea, n. sp. 4. " Pseudargiolus, Boisd. and LeConte. Papilio Bairdii, nov. sp. Allied to Asterias; primaries more produced and narrower, and se- condaries more rounded than in that species. Male. Expands -4 inches. Upper side black ; both wings crossed by yellow bands as in Asterias, the spots being similarly shaped, but larger than in that species, and fading gradually into the black ground on the inner side; at the anal angle a rounder black spot within a spot that is fulvous above, yellow below; there is no trace of blue be- tween the yellow bands on secondaries as there is in Asterias. Under side black, marked as above, the yellow paler; the end of the cell on primaries a little yellow ; the outer ends only of the spots beyond the cell on secondaries very slightly fulvous ; each of the black spaces between the yellow bands on secondaries a little sprinkled with blue scales. Body black ; shoulders brown-yellow; two dorsal and a lateral row of yellow spots on the abdomen. From one male ft'oni Arizona. I have named this species in honor of Professor 8. F. Baird, whose example and influence have done so much to excite and foster a love for the study of Natural History. W. II. Edward's Descriptions of Diurnal Lrpidoptcra. 201 Colt as Beiikii, nov. sp. Male. Expands 1 \ inch. Upper side greenish -yellow, much sprin- kled with minute black scales, especially on primaries; base of wings black; bind margin of primaries broadly edged with black, which is covered with greenish-yellow scales and not clearly defined on the inner side; the marginal border of secondaries is clear black, of in. .bum width, well defined on inner side, curving regularly, with no prominent projections, and terminating a little short of the anal angle, costa of primaries rose-colored; discal spot a in i mite yellow streak edged with black scales; discal spot of secondaries small, round and yellow; fringes greenish-yellow. Under side greenish-yellow, paler than secondaries above, entirely specked with black scales, except on inner margin of primaries, where the color is whitish ; discal spot of primaries a yellow streak, of second- aries minute, yellow, edged with a few rosy scales ; costa of each wing rose-colored; abdomen and palpi greenish-yellow; legs and antennae rose-colored. Female. A little larger than the male, paler green, the marginal black border less distinct and more expanded at apex of primaries ; fringes both above and below roseate, in contrast to the fringes of the male, which are yellow. From 2 % , 1 9 , received from Dr. Behr, and taken among the Yo Semite mountains at an elevation of about 10,000 feet above the sea. IjYCJENA VIOLACEA, UOV. sp. Males. Expand from T 9 to 1,'^ inch. Upper side usually deep glossy violet-blue, but sometimes with a pink tinge; costal margin of pri- maries silvery ; bind margins of both wings edged by a black line which is expanded on the apical half of primaries into a border ; on this part of the wing the fringe is black, but on the lower half, and on secondaries, it is white, with black at the ends of the nervules; oc- casionally on secondaries it is entirely white; in many cases the black marginal line turns the anal angle and there thickens, so as to make a noticeable spot; as often there is a black elongated spot at the outer angle, and sometimes five or six dots between these along the margin. Under side of both wings greyish-white, of uniform color entirely to the margin ; primaries have a dark grey discal streak, a submarginal transverse row of six rather broad, mostly elongated black spots, the first next costa in advance of the line, the others parallel to the mar- gin, the 3rd, 4th. 5th standing obliquely; along the margin a row of PROCEEDINGS BNT. SMC. IMIILAD. OCTOBER, 1866. 202 W. H. Edward's Descriptions of Diurnal Lepidoptera. six points, often partly obsolete, each preceded by a distinct dark-grey crescent, these last uniting so as to make a crenated line. Secondaries have a discal streak ; three black spots in a row half way between the streak and base, one being on either margin, the third midway between them ; a transverse row of eight clear black spots across the disc, the two next costa largest, much in advance of the others, and over against the streak, with which and the 8th spot they form a direct line; the 3rd is separated from the 2ud by a considerable space, the 4th is turned obliquely ; the 7th is long and lunular aud back of the line ; the 8th very near the margin, elongate ; along the margin is a row of six blackish dots, palest at outer angle, that next anal angle double, the one preceding largest and conspicuous; each spot sur- mounted by a crescent as on primaries. Body above blue, beneath white ; palpi white ; antennae black ring- ed with white ; club black, tipped with ferruginous. From upwards of 100 males taken on the Kanawha River, March and April, 1865 and April, 18G6. Female. Paler and dull-colored, the hind margin and apex of pri- maries with a broad blackish border ; costa of both wings a little ob- scured by same color. From two 9 taken near Philadelphia. These resemble the $ of Lucia on the upper side, but are unicolored below. I have myself taken but one female of this species, and this is ab- normal, resembling the male almost exactly in color as well as mark- ings, the only difference being that the disc of secondaries is paler than the margin. The under side is almost white, and the spots are large and clear colored. The second and third terminal segments of the ab- domen are black above. Unfortunately, in both seasons, I left the Ka- nawha before the females would naturally be flying, which would be two weeks or more after the first appearance of the males. Probably they are equally abundant with the males, as is the case with the females of pseudargiolus, but like the latter they may be found in dif- ferent localities from the males. Violacea appears in the first warm days of spring. I took it in 1865 on the 17th March. It is gregarious, frequenting in great numbers the edges of the creeks and wet places in the road. I have thrown the net over a dozen or more at once, and have attracted them by the decoy of a dead specimen pinned to the ground. Occasionally one or two may be seen about the flowers of the peach tree, which blooms at the same season, but they are not partial to flowers. W. H. Edward's Descriptions of Diurnal Lcpidoptera. 203 I have noticed this species for several years, and was struck from the first by its deep shade of color as well as its habits and its early appear- ance, but was inclined to consider it a variety of Lucia, Kirby, a spe- cies wide spread, though apparently nowhere common, in the northern parts of the continent. But after comparing large numbers of them with undoubted L-ucias from many localities, lam satisfied it is a distinct spe- cies. As the description of Lucia is not copied in full in Morris's sy- nopsis, I give it here for the purpose of comparison. "Primaries (below) cinerascent, with four (4) indistinct eyelets iu the margin; secondaries brownish ash color, spotted with black and white, with five (5) eyelets in the margin. '■Wings above silvery-blue, terminating, especially at the posterior margin, in a slender black line; fringe white barred with black; pri- maries underneath ash-colored, mottled with white; on the disc is a black crescent and a curved macular band, consisting mostly of oblique black crescents edged with white, especially on their under side ; the wing terminates posteriorly in a broadish brown band, formed chiefly by obsolete eyelets; the secondaries are brown, spotted, and striped with black and white; towards the posterior margin the white spots are ar- ranged in a transverse band parallel with it, and as in the primaries; the wing terminates in several obsolete eyelets." The present species is of a very different blue from Lucia, which is whitish, and perhaps might be called " silvery," (though that term would seem to imply a metallic shade, which Lucia has not,) and the apical portion of the hind margin of primaries bears a conspicuous black border. The entire surface of the under side of violacea is grey- ish-white, of the other the primaries are "ash-colored mottled with white," the secondaries "brown, spotted and striped with black and white," each wing terminating in a "brown baud" co-extensive with the eyelets. The figure given by Kirby represents a large, triangular patch of brown upon secondaries in addition to the brown margins. There is nothing of these features or of mottling in the Kanawha spe- cimens. From Maine, I have three £ of Lucia, one of which displays the patch exactly as in the figure of Kirby, the other two want this, but all have the brown borders. One % from London, C. W. has both patch and borders. A pair taken by Mr. Hidings, at Pike's Peak, show the same. Of four % and one $ , taken at Fort Simpson, all have the brown borders and mottled surface, the $ only the triangular patch. Three $ 204 W. H. Edward's Descriptions of Diurnal Lepidoptera. taken at Newburgh have the borders, but not the patch, and both are mottled with white. (The period of Lucia is probably considerably later relatively than violacea. Those from Newburgh were taken about the 25th May, some weeks after the blooming of the peach trees, with which, in Kanawha, violacea is cotemporary. The latter is the earliest butterfly of the sjiring. The former is preceded by several species.) I think, therefore, it will not be doubted that violacea is a distinct species. How widely it may be distributed I have not yet the means of knowing. Probably it will be found in Ohio and the lower Middle States. LYCiENA Psetjdargiolus, Bois'l. and LeConte. Argiolus, Abbot and Smith. Male. Expands 1 T 4 (7 inch. Upper side delicate pale blue, with a pink tinge; costa of primaries silvery ; hind margins edged by a black line, which rarely is expanded on the apical half of primaries into a border ; fringes black and white on primaries, white on secondaries. Under side white, sometimes pure but oftener with a greyish tinge ; the spots and markings are pale black or brown, and often nearly or quite wanting; when distinct, primaries have a discal streak, a trans- verse row of six spots, mostly elongated, the 3rd, 4th aud 5th turned obliquely, the 6th frequently wanting; a marginal row of dots, each preceded by a serrated tooth. Secondaries have three dots in a transverse row near the base ; a dis- cal streak ; a row of eight minute spots across the disc, the two next costa much in advance of the others, the next four and the 8th nearly parallel to the margin, the 7th back of the line ; the margin border- ed by a row of black points, each preceded by a serrated tooth as on primaries. Body above blue, below white ; palpi black above, white below, tipped with white ; antennae black, ringed with white ; club black tipped with ferruginous. Female. Same size. The apical half of costal margin and the whole of hind margin of primaries and costal of secondaries broadly, and basal half of primaries narrowly, edged with blackish ; the rest of primaries metallic violet-blue, (sometimes lilac or green), except a large whitish patch on the disc; secondaries a duller blue, not metal- lic, the hind margin edged iwith a row of small, rounded, blackish spots. Under side purer white than the average of males. Found occasionally in great numbers on the Kanawha River, West Virginia, in the mouths of May and June, (after violacea has disap- W. II. Edward's Descriptions of Diurnal Lepidoptera. 205 peared,) the mules usually along the mad or edges of woods; tlie females in the woods about the flowers of the '-rattle weed." I have re-described pseudargiolus, as the description in Boisduval and LeConte is imperfect, and may apply equally well to this species, or to neglecta or to violacea, and the figure of the male is not pseudar- giolns, hut nearer violacea, being same size, very like it beneath, but not well colored on the upper side. Neglecta I described in the Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei., Phil., 18(52. It is a Northern species, closely allied to pseudargiolus and replacing it, of smaller size, with primaries azure blue, pale in the disc, and secondaries grey-blue, with azure margin, mbling the other in the color of under side and in markings, ex- cept that they are less delicate. Pseudargiolus was first described by Abbot and Smith, and regarded as identical with argiolus of Europe and so named. It does closely resemble that species in size and color above. The name and mention of identity with argiolus would be enough to determine the true pseudargiolus to be the one I have de- scribed above, although Abbot's figure is not drawn or colored with sufficient delicacy to make it reliable where nice differences exist. Certainly neither neglecta nor violacea could be spoken of as identical in "size and color" with argiolus. My attention has been called to some remarks of Mr. Edward Doubleday, in the "Entomologist," No. 14, December, 1841, page 209, appended to his description of Poli/om- matus ( Lycsend) L>j;/damas, which description, by the way, is not copied into Morris' Synopsis. Mr. Doubleday says, "now that I am on the subject of the North American Polyommati, I may just ex- press my opinion that two species are confounded under the name pseudargiolus, one a Northern species, with the markings of the under surface very distinct and coarse, the other a southern one, in which all the markings below are beautifully delicate; but having taken few specimens in the North, and these all females, I dare not speak posi- tively on this head." Neglecta is fouud here and there over the Northern States and Ca- nada, and is regarded by collectors, as a not very common species. So far as my own experience went, before the present year (1866) but two or three specimens were likely to be seen upon a June day. The best locality, I knew of, for taking them, was near the "Fawn's Leap," in the Catskill ■• Clove," where a few may always be found, on a sunny morning, flying about the wet spots by the road-side. But, last June, in Kanawha, near Coalburgh, this species appeared in as great numbers as did violacea two mouths previous, and as did pseudargiolus, in June, 206 W. IT. Edward's Descriptions of Diurnal Lepidoptera. 1865. What surprised me was, that not one of the latter, either % or 9 , was seen by me that season. Nor did I see a $ of Nefflecta, al- though the males were to be seen everywhere along the roads, where there was a moist spot for them to gather on. The £ of pseud argiolus I took in 1865, on the flowers of the rattle weed, as stated above, and they were more numerous, if anything, than the males. But, although in 1866 I watched these flowers carefully, not a neglecta of either sex was seen about them. Where the 9 was to be found I did not discover. Every out-door collector knows that this disappearance or replacing of one species by another, is not unusual. Lycvena Mertila, nov. sp. Female. Expands 1 T \ inch. Primaries long and narrow ; both wins;s brown, with slate-colored hairs at base and alona; inner margin of primaries. Under side clear cineraceous ; bluish at base; primaries have a sin- gle transverse sinuous row of round black spots, each circled with white, as also in the luuule in the arc; from the arc a whitish ray runs toward the base. Secondaries have a row of eight small black spots in points, each circled with white; of these, two are on central margin, four nearly parallel with the hind margin ; the seventh below the others and ge- minate; the eighth minute, nearly concealed in the marginal hairs; be- tween the 2nd and 3rd and the 6th and 7th the spaces are wide ; on the arc a streak, and midway between this and the base a black point; on the costa above this one slightly larger, all circled with white. From California. The male of this distinct species I have not seen. Syrichtus alba, nov. sp. Male. Expands 1 T 5 inch. Upper side of both wings white, the bases and basal half of the abdominal margin of secondaries bluish-grey; hind margins edged with a dark line, on which rests a series of blackish serrat- ed spots, the two next the apex of primaries small and double, the 3rd and 4th smaller than the 2nd, with a few dark scales preceding; the 5th double; the ends of all the nervules black; the four apical ner- vules black at their insertion, making a conspicuous triangular spot, the inner of the four nervules projecting a spur half way to the hind maruin, under the end of which spur are a few black scales indicating an obsolete rounded spot; fringe white, but on primaries with a dark line running through it. Under side white; an indistinct soiled patch at apex of primaries; W. II. Edward's Descriptions of Diurnal Lepidoptera. 207 a pale-brown spot on the costa, with projecting spur, corresponding with the spot of upper surface. Secondaries have the anterior two-thirds clouded with a faint yellow- ish-brown shade, which is deepest on the costa and in the middle of the disc ; the same shade colors the margin. Body blue-grey, beneath white ; legs and palpi white ; antennae white below and black above, annulated with white; club ferruginous. From 2 % taken in Arizona. Hesperia Ottoe, nov. sp. Male. Expands 1 T 3 inch. Primaries long and narrow, and the form of both wings similar to // uncas and IT. napa. Upper side uniform ochrey -yellow ; hind margins and costa of se- condaries slightly edged with blackish ; abdominal margin and the sub- median interspace sprinkled with black ; stigma straight and rather broad ; fringes ochrey-yellow. Under side paler ; without spots, except a blackish patch at base of primaries below the sub-costal. Body above ochrey-yellow ; below pale ; palpi yellow-white. In the specimen described, the antennae are wanting. From one % taken in Kansas. Hesperia Mingo, nov. sp. Male. Expands 1 inch. Upper side brown, much marked with bright fulvous, which covers the central margin of primaries from the base to near the end of the cell and back to the median nervure, ex- cepting a brown streak in the cell from the base ; a submarginal, ob- lique row of confluent spots extends from the costa to the inner mar- gin, broken opposite the cell, two small spots ranging outside the line, with a space between them and the costal spot; edge of inner margin also fulvous. Secondaries have a similar row, or rather, one long spot across the wing, and two spots in the disc and on costa; fringes fulvous. Under side pale-brown washed with fulvous, which last color prevails on the apical part of primaries and the anterior half of secondaries; the spots of upper surface re-appear enlarged, and the two spots near apex of primaries are connected with the costal spots. Antennae black; club black above, fulvous below. Taken in Kanawha County, W. Ya. Hesperia Yreka, nov. sp. Male. Expands 1 inch. Upper side russet-brown; primaries have the costa next base and the cell fulvous; three minute, semi-trauspa- 208 Dr. Behr's Description of a New Clirysoplianus. rent spots depend from the costa beyond the cell ; an oblique row of similar spots back of the stigma; this last is narrow, nearly straight, edged on either side with black scales. Secondaries have the disc fulvous obscured with brown, clearest to- wards the margin ; a clear fulvous spot in the cell ; fringes grey, but pale-reddish at the anal angle. Under side ochrey-yellow ; on primaries a black mark, forked at the extremity, represents the stigma; sometimes there is a black shade at the inner angle of primaries, but often it is wanting; all the semi- transparent spots reappear. Secondaries without spot or mark, a slighr- ly paler shade indicates the fulvous space of upper side. Body above brown; the extremity of the abdomen ferruginous. San Francisco. The following species were received from Arizona : — Papillo Bairdii, Pierls Protodice, Golias Ewrytheme, Terias Nicippe, Nathalis Iole, Danais Berenice, Argynnis Columbina, Vanessa Gardui, Yenessa Garye, Libythea Garinenta, Lycsena exilis, Nemeobms venus- ta, Uesperia alba. -oo- Description of a new species of CHRYSOPHANUS. BY H. BEHR, M. D. Chrysophanus rubidus, nov. sp. Male. Expands ly 2 ^ inch. Upper side uniform bright copper-red, secondaries having a narrow border along the hind margin of lighter color ; both wings edged by a black line ; fringes grey, several of the spots of under side of primaries show faintly through the wing; on se- condaries a faint discal streak. Under side white, with a faint tinge of orange ; no spots on second- aries; primaries have a marginal row of not very distinct brownish spots, wanting on the upper half of the wing ; a sinuous row of six clear, black, rounded spots across the disc, the 6th spot double ; a long spot on the arc ; two round spots in the cell and one below. Antennae black above, ringed w T ith white, whitish below; tips ferru- ginous. One % received from the interior of Oregon. A. S. Packard, Jr. on certain Entomological Speculations. 200 ON CERTAIN ENTOMOLOGICAL SPECULATIONS.— A REVIEW. BY A. S. PACKARD, JR., M. D. Tn the Proceedings of this Society for August, 1864, Mr. B. P. Walsh, in the course of his remarks '• On certain Entomological Speculations of the New England School of Naturalists," discusses snine points of common interest to all zoologists. The discoveries of embryologists proving that the winged insect, in the course of its growth, successively passes through stages (the larva and pupa) which are analogous in form, to the adult state of the Worm and Crustacean, respectively, are ridiculed by our author as a matter of pure fancy. Oken in 1821 said. " Every fly creeps as a worm out of the egg; then, by changing into the pupa, it becomes a crab, and lastly, a perfect fly."* These words it remained for Yon Baer+ to prove, when in 1828 he laid down the general law of embryology, that all animals in starting from the egg state, must, in order to reach maturity, pass through forms which resemble the adult state of those beneath them in the scale of life. The subject is abundantly enforced in mauy receut works, especially those of Rathke, Newport. Miiller, Agassiz, Milne Kdwards, Pana. and others, and is so familiar to the well-informed naturalist, that it need not detain us farther. In the first place, Mr. Walsh disputes the statement that the larva of an insect is like a worm, considering the phrase "worm-like" as '-loose and indefinite." Put what is a worm ? Our author provides us with no definition. We are simply led to infer from a paragraph on page 233, that every worm must be necessarily more than twice as long as broad, as he states that the larva of Limacodes. which is elliptical in shape. is • anything but worm-like." Hence our author consigns to oblivion all those members of the class Vermes which do not come up to his mathematical standard of what a worm ought to be. He rejects from his rolls every unfortunate Annelid which is not more than twice as long as broad. It would appear as if Mr. Walsh had before him a figure of the ■ earth-worm, a very long, cylindrical and slender-bodied form. This we admit to be the typical form of the class. Put this form will not answer as a guage for the entire class. Where would he place in his New System of Annelids, such obsti- Naturgeschichte fur Schulen, p. ."> 7 7 a- quoted by K. Owen. Lectures on ■ omparative Anatomy ami Physiology of the [n vertebrate Animals. Lon- don. 1st::, p. 24 7. t Oeber Entwickelungeschichte, etc. Theil, I, p. 230. 1828. PROCEEDINGS ENT. -■•«'. 11I1LAD. NOVEMBER, 1866. ) )) 210 A. S. Packard, Jr. on certain Entomological Speculations. nate forms as Euphrosyne, Cryptonota, Polynoe, and some twenty additional genera closely allied, and which are among the most typical of their class, though all are elliptical, flat, and scarcely twice as long as broad? Would he exclude from his "System," the flat-worms, Leptoplana, Typholepta, Polyscelis, Mesnstomum, Planocera, Thy- sanozoon, and a host of other flattened, cylindrical, " unworm-like" forms, most strangely unlike our author's typical attenuated theoretical " worm ?" Surely, to bridge over the immense gaps between an adult Glordius and an elliptical, flattened, worm-like Leptoplana, demands " ' that highest faith'" of which Mr. Walsh quite apparently " 'falls short In the writings of Leuckart, Siebold, Quatrefages, Milne Edwards, Desor, Grirard, Sars and Grrube, who have ably expounded the laws of the development and classification of Aunelids, may our author, if he be " 'content trustfully to follow the evidence, whithersoever it leads," learn that even the Hair-worm (Gfordius) " ' harmonizes'" in structure with the Leptoplana and other flattened elliptical " unworm-like" aunelids. Mr. Walsh, for the same reason, on page 233, contends that the larva of the Katydid (Platyphyllum concavum Harr.) cannot be worm- like, because it is " only about one-half longer than wide," and is not " curled up in its egg." This statement may be offset by the observa- tion of Mr. Andrew Murray,* that the young Blatta is " vermiform." In alluding to the erroneous statement that the larval and pupal states of some Orthoptera are passed within the egg before hatching, Mr. Walsh is probably unaware that the statement of Mr. Murray, that the Phyllium passes the larval and pupal stages in the egg, has by Mr. Murray himself, in the article above referred to (Linnaean Pro- ceedings), been very candidly stated to have been the result of imperfect observations; and as it proved, are quite erroneous. Mr. Murray distinctly avows, however, his belief that the so-called larva and pupa of many Orthoptera and Hemiptera, are but adult forms, as was also maintained by Prof. R. Owen in his lecture on the Invertebrate Animals, in 1843. We are glad to agree with Mr. Walsh, in maintaining that what geuerally are considered as larval and pupal forms of Hemiptera and Orthoptera, are really such, though it is well-known that immature Hemiptera have been found sexually united, as has been observed in regard to some Orthoptera. The statement of Prof. Owen, that the " apodal," " acephalous" embryo of Blatta, corresponds to the larva * Proceedings Liuneean Society, vol. vii, 1862. A. S. Packard, Jr. on certain Entomological Speculations. 211 and pupa of insects generally, we do not feel prepared to accept. The works of Herold,* Siebohl.-j- Claparede,J and Weismann,§ show in a most convincing manner, that the apodal, acephalous form, is com- mon in the embryonic ur ante-larval life of those insects whose me- tamorphosis is most complete. The terms larva and pupa are useful as conventional terms among naturalists, but they are by no means fixed, immutable shapes in the majority of insects. Though these stages are less transient in the Lepidoptera and Diptera and Coleoptera, from special ends in their economy ; Mr. Lubbock has shown that the Ephemera (Chloeon ) , moults twenty times, which involves a succession of twenty-one dis- tinct forms before the insect reaches maturity. In the development of the Humble Bee (Bombus), we have shown that it is difficult to draw a definite line, in life, between the embryo just before leaving the egg. and the recently hatched larva; between the larva and semi-pupa, and between the so-called pupa and adult bee, so gradual are the changes which lead from one stage to the other. By no means, then, can we subscribe to the astounding state- ment made in another place, || that " Authors are perpetually forget- ting that Annulate animals pass from one state to another only by suddenly moulting their skeletons, while vertebrate animals retain the same skeleton throughout, and pass from one state to another by the slow and gradual accretion of new matter," p. 563. Are we to be again troubled by comparisons between the crust (arthruderm) of articulates, and the skeletons of vertebrate animals'/ Why dig up from their graves these long-buried notions of Gr. St. Hilaire and other writers of that school, who suggested such views, brilliant as at first sight they seemed, though now confessedly obsolete? Again, hear our objector — "I am also very skeptical as to certain assertions of Harris and Fitch, that the larva of Cecidomyia trans- forms gradually into the pupa state, by a kind of budding process, without moulting the larval integument, instead of suddenly moulting into the pupa state, as in all other insects. This theory seems to have been devised in order to harmonize with the erroneous hypothesis already referred to. viz : that the cocoon of the Hessian Fly is made out of the external integument of the larva, and so prevent the Exercitationes de animalium vertebfis carentiura in ovo formatione. 1824. f Observations de primo insectorum genesi. 1842. + De devolution des Araignees. 1865. , Die Entwicklung der Dipteren. 1864. On the Insects, Coleopterous, Eymenopterous and Dipterous, inhabiting the galls of certain species of willow. Tart 1st. — Diptera. By B. D. AVulsh, M. A. Proe. Eut. Soc. Phil., Dec. 1864, p. 543. 212 A. S. Packard, Jr. on certain Entomological Speculations. necessity of assuming that the larva moulted twice over to pass into the pupa state. [See Harris' Insects, etc., p. 577.] Thus, perhaps, as often happens, one mistake has given truth to another, and in stopping one leak, another has been opened."* Here Mr. Walsh terms as " certain assertions" what are matters of pure observation with these two authors. He shows that he has never carefully observed an insect through its transformations. He evinces an utter ignorance of the mode of growth of animals, i. e. by the formation of new cells. He contends that insects suddenly moult into the pupa state, as if by a kaleidoscopic process, or by the sudden shifting of theatrical scenery. He denies a well-known fact, , that the Hessian Fly and two other species of Cecidomyia have co- arctate pupae. He forces upon the authors just mentioned, the awk- ward necessity of assuming " that the larva moulted twice over, to pass into the pupa state," which is by no means the case. And finally, ''as often happens" in the theoretical writings of our author, " one mistake has given birth to another, and in stopping one leak another has been opened !" Listen first to the statement of Dr. Harris. " From the foregoing passages,! lt appears that the transition of the insect, within the flaxseed case, from the form of a larva or maggot, to that of a mature pupa, takes place only a short time before its final transformation to a fly, that is, towards the end of April or beginning of May ; and that the scarf or proper skiu of this pupa is the same as that wherein the body of the insect had been previously enveloped. In this respect, the Hessian fly agrees in its transformations with the willow gall-fly ; and doubtless the transition in question is affected in the same way as in that insect. But the larva of the Hessian fly does not spin a silken web or cocoon like that of the willow gall-fly and some other Cecidomyians ; and it differs from these insects, also, in being finally invested with two skins, the outer one, when detached, serving instead of a cocoon for the included insect, while the inner * Loc. eit. p. 562. fin which he quotes the direct observation of that most accurate and pains- taking observer, Mr. E. C. Herrick, as follows :—" The process of growth goes on, and. by and L.v. on opening the leathery maggot skin, now a puparium, you find th.' pupa so far advanced thai some of the members of the future Fly are discernable through the scarf which envelopes and fetters it on all sides." In a letter to Harris. Again in his article in the Patent office report. ls-U. p. 163, as quoted by Harris on p. 577, Mr. Herrick states: " Within this shell (the flax seed case) the pupa gradually advances towards the winged state ; it contracts in length, hut not in' breadth ; and its skin appears covered with minute elevations. Just before evolution (of the fly), we iind the pupa invested in a delicate membrane or scarf, which not long previous was its outer skin, through which many parts of the future fly may be distinctly seen." The italic are ours. A. S. Packard. Jr. on certain Entomological Speculations. 213 one, of a much thinner and more delicate texture, becomes the true skin of the matured pupa," p. 577. Second. Hear Dr. A. Fitch* in regard to the semi-pupa state of Cecidomyia, who has been the first, as far as we are aware, up to the date of this article, to observe aud plainly designate this state in the Diptera. terming it the embryo-pupa. "Thus, from these observations we obtain a pretty full and distinct view of the processes whereby the insects of this genus Cecidomyia become changed from larvae to pupfe, by this transformation losing the mouth and jaws of the worm and acquiring the rudimentary wings and legs of the fly. As the first step of this change, at the anterior end of the larva the cutis or opake inner skin be- 'comes wholly broken up and dissolved into a watery fluid, whereby the thin transparent outer skin or cuticle is elevated like a vesicle or blister, which occu- pies about a fourth of the length of the worm on its under side, but is much shorter on its hack. The insect is now in its embryo-pupa state, having lost its larva form and having not yet assumed its pupa form. In the fluid contained in this vesicle the wings, le^s and antennae of the future fly now begin to be de- veloped whereby the sheaths of the wings at length come to be discerned im- mediately under the skin. This skin is exceedingly thin, delicate and transparent, like the tunica arachnoides of the human brain, a mere film as thin as a spider's web. Eventually, the insect by gently writhing ruptures this film at its anterior end and gradually crowds it off downward to the lower end of the vesicle, carrying the minute black jaws of the larva with it. It there remains, becoming dry and torn into shreds which flake and fall off by the continued motions of the insect. At the same time, from the remainder of the surface not occupied by this vesicle, a still more slight and delicate film, appearing as though the worm had been wet in milk which dried upon it, forming an ex- ceedingly thin pellicle or scurf, becomes separated by the same motions of the insect and drops off in minute scales scarcely to be perceived with a magnify- ing glass. And now the insect has accptired its perfect pupa form, the moulting which occurs in this change being, not a throwing off of an entire skin like that which the larva often parts with when it is done feeding, and that which the pupa always leaves when it changes to a fly, but only a slight scurf-like exfoliation from the surface — so slight that in a small delicate species like the wheat midge it is doubtful whether any indications of it can be perceived, p. 807." Newport also briefly describes a similar process in the same period of life, in the Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera, as regai-ds the changes of the body-walls of the insect, with a detailed and richly illustrated account of the nervous system, in the Philosophical Transactions, London, 1832— 36. This semi-pupa stage is. then, precisely similar to that which we have observed in Bombus,* in alcoholic specimens, but which Dr. Fitch, by an ingenious device whereby he caused the Cecidomyia to * Sixth Report on the Xoxious and other insects of the State of New York, by A-a Filch. M. D. Transactions of the New York State Agricultural Society, 18(50. Albany, 1801, p. 806 and SU'J. 214 A. S. Packard, Jr. on certain Entomological Speculations. assume this state in the day-time instead of at night, has actually ob- served in life. We have shown that the semi-pupa skin of Bombus comes oif in shreds, like that of Cecidomyia, and especially how slow and gradual is the process. We should also add, that we have ob- served the inception of this state, when the semi-pupa skin is forming beneath the larva skin, in several Ichneumons, in two species of Ten- thredinidae, in a species of a Micro-lepidopterous larva which had been paralyzed by the sting of an Odyuerus, though still alive, and in which these remarkable changes of form could be observed at leisure; and that we have hastily noted, with a view to future more extended study, these changes in the living larvae of Polistes and Vespa, and in alcoholic specimens of Clisiocampa collected for that express purpose. From these unpublished observations which confirm those already published and above referred to, we feel quite confident in asserting that the larvae of insects as a general rule, transform gradually by the normal process of growth, i. e. increase by cell-growth or a budding process, and the consequent formation of new tissues, " instead of sud- denly moulting" into the pupa state. We would prefer, then, to call semi-pupa what Westwood, Harris and other authors call "larva," i. e. the insect, half larva and half pupa, which lies within the puparium. That the larva exists in its normal condition inside the "flax-seed" envelope, is nowhere stated by Dr. Harris, for the context would not imply it; and this state is by Dr. Fitch, distinctly termed the "embryo-pupa." • "The very mature larva and the true pupa states," then, scarcely appear so "radically distinct" as insisted on by our author; and this "utterly anomalous" " Harris- ian theory" " that the change from the larva to the pupa state is gra- dually and sloicly effected, " will hold its own against the "utterly anomalous theory" set up to oppose it. In the same article just cited, Mr. Walsh proposes the "utterly anomalous theory" " that the cocoon of the gall-gnats is exuded, and not spun," adding that "It must, therefore, be either blown like a bubble, or be daubed on the walls of the cell by the body of the insect," — p. 560. Now, everybody knows that the silk spun by insects is exuded through the mouth from the silk glands, and that in reaching the air, the secretion, from being gummy, changes to the nature of silk. But very satisfactorily to himself, our author sets aside any such facts, and without first attempting to demonstrate by dissection the existence * Proceedings Boston Society Natural History, X, p. 279. We should here -i. iii' that we were unaware of the observations of Dr. Fitch, not having read, until a few days since, either Fitch's remarks or Mr. Walsh's criticism on it. A. S. Packard, Jr. on certain Entomological Speculations. 215 of any special "lands for the secretion, other than those emptying into the mouth ; or to seek for special outlets on the " general surface of the body" of the larva, proposes what might be well termed "The Walshian theory of the Smearing and Daubing process observed in the Construction of the Cocoons of all Cecidomyia /"* One scarcely knows at what point to attack this theory, so "utterly anomalous" are the author's premises, and so strange his conclusions. When it comes to this, that such gentle, quiet natures, as those of the immature Gall-fly, assume suddenly the fierce brusqueness of the Bombardier beetle, (Brachinus), and by a sudden discharge of its pent-up gases — from what secret reservoirs, our author deigns not to point out to us — blows out like a bubble, the mass of viscidity about it. we actually doubt whether our author in discussing this point, has shown his usual acumen, or better, we will "get over the difficulty by supposing some abnormal affection of the larva," p. 566. "j" Our observations on the cocoon of an undescribed species of Ceci- domyia, which closely resembles in its habits C. pint inopis of Osten- Sacken, and which transforms on the terminal shoots of the common yellow pine (Pinus rigida) lead us to agree with Harris, that the thin> exceedingly delicate cocoon is spun, being neither exuded other than through the mouth, nor a true puparium formed by the old larva skin. We have before us several cocoons which have been soaking several days in alcohol. The pitch has dissolved off, leaving a thin, delicate cocoon, like tissue paper, and in all respects closely resembling the thin cocoons of Pelopoeus and many other hymenopters of the families Apidse, Andrenidse, Vespidae, and Ichneumonidae. We therefore fail to deduce the conclusion that the embryo of the Katydid is not worm-like, because it is not, owing to the form of the Ion" - , slender egg itself, curved within the egg. The fact that most lepidopterous larvae are " worm-like," seems to follow from the reasoning of our author, who states that they are curved upon themselves in their spherical eggs. Twice, on pp. 233 *"I believe that it is in this manner that the pupal cocoon of all Cecidomvia is formed, i. e. that it is not spun by the larva, but secreted in a glutinous form from the general surface of its body." L. c. p. 560. f'Froin the careful study of the phenomena presented by the cocoons of the Willow Gall-gnats, I have arrived at the conclusion, that after secreting the glutinous matter from the general surface of their bodies, they must then dis- charge something of a gaseous nature probably from the same pores which se- creted the glutinous matter, so as to detach the adhesive material from their external integument, and blow it up into a kind of bubble. We know that the imago of the Coleopterous Brachinus has the power of discharging a very acrid gas from its anus, and that most plant-feeding Heteroptera in all their states discharge a fetid gas from a large opening like a spiracle on the inferior sur- face of their bodies." L. c. p. 565. 216 A. S. Packard. Jr. on certain Entomological Speculations. and 234, does Mr. Walsh in self-contradiction of his main proposition, tacitly admit that most lepidopterons larvae, and some coleopterous lar- vae, are worm-like, even according to his mathematical definition of a worm. The apparent exceptions to a typical worm-like form are, then, no violations of a general law. The idea that the pupa of an insect hears a resemblance to a Crustacean, is combatted with much vigor. Mr. Walsh states that in the pupae of most insects, namely, in the " Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera and the true Neuroptera . . . the head is con- nected with the thorax by a very distinct connate suture, and in many Coleoptera, especially Tetramera, and most Hymenoptera and Neurop- tera, there is, in addition, a very distiuct constriction or neck at this suture, thus offering not the faintest resemblance to the Crustacean Cephalothorax," p. 235. In the sentence preceding that from which this quotation is taken, we are informed that a Crustacean differs from an Insect in having a "head soldered to the thorax without any sutures." We cannot right- ly conceive of a "head" in distinction from the rest of the body among the Crustaceans. The researches of Rathke on the Development of Astacus, and the statement of Prof. Dana* that the development of the cephalothorax proceeds from a single centre, show plainly that there are in this class but two centres of development, i. e. the cephalotho- rax and abdomen. In the pupa of the Mosquito, Corethra, and allied genera, where the head is closely united with the large thorax, we have the strongest re- semblance to some of the Stomapods and young Decapods, and especi- ally the Amphipodous Hyperia, and if such comparisons as these seem too vague and remote, we would inquire what are Analogies and lie- semblances in nature, if these striking recurrences of homomorphous forms are not? We would remind our author of his owu quotations to this effect from Latreille, (p. 244), that "Nature seems to work after a certain limited number of patterns, which she reproduces with modi- fications in widely distinct classes and orders," which is quoted with much satisfaction, when our writer discourses on the origin of his •■ Phytophagic species." Latreille's statement that an insect may resemble class-forms, quite remote in their natural scries, is discarded when our author scouts one of the prime laws of animal growth ; but is adopted most illogically when he so glibly talks of the origin of his so-called " species." The general analogy of the pupa of Insects to the Order of Aiaeh- * Crustacea of the I". S. Exploring Expedition. A. S. Packard, Jr. on certain Entomological Speculations. 217 nida, and of the larva to the Myriapods, also denied by Mr. Walsh, is grounded on the same principles as the Class resemblances, and need not detain us here. Tn fact there is a common, typical, worm-like form, of which all ar- ticulates, whether they be Insects or Crustacea, Myriapods or Arachni- . Some cocoons were pent to Entomological Society from London Grove, ( 'heater county, Pennsylvania, found suspended from the small branches of the Norway Fir about the first week in August. The larvae were about 1 inch lung, varying in color from brown to nearly black; the head and three [succeeding?] rings were whitish mottled with black or dark olive. The first imagos came out on the 10th of October. The cocoons are covered exteriorly with the diverging terminal leaves of the Norway Fir. In order to name this insect we find ourselves compelled to ask a ques- tion propounded by Mr. Stephens in the Transactions of London Entomo- logical Society as long ago as 1834, viz : " What is Sphinx ephemerse- formis of Haworth ?'' It appears that the insect so named was originally in the collection of Drury and when this was sold it passed into the possession of Haworth and thence into the care of his friend Stephens, at which time it was in a state of considerable mutilation. Stephens records that it was captured in England fifty years before his article was written. But this must have been an error, for it has never been found there since the reported capture, and is not now recorded as a British species. Being really an American insect, the writings of our American en- tomologists have occasioned no little confusion, and made a reply diffi- cult to the question answered by Stephens in 18b4, very clearly and satisfactorily, notwithstanding the mutilated condition of his specimen. Mr. Stephens generic discription and the figure accompanying his article already refered to, leaves no doubt of the specific identity of the specimens sent by Mr. Wickersham and that to which he refers. The following is the generic diagnosis given subsequently in his " 111. Brit. Ent. Haust./' Vol. IV, which we select as preferable to that given in the " Trans. Ent. Society of London." "Antennae short, deeply pectinated on both sides at the base, and apparently simple at the apex; head small; eyes globose; rather promi- nent; thorax very robust; abdomen also robust at the base and gradually attenuated to the apex ; wings completely hyaline ; anterior 222 Dr. Clemens' Notes on Thyridopteryx ephemerseformis. elongate lanceolate, discoidal areolet closed, and with a longitudinal nervure; first and fourth marginal nervures furcate ; posterior wings small." Stephens gave to this genus the name Thyridopteryx. In the " Synopsis of the Bombycidse of the United States by Dr. A. S. Packard," another group is mistaken for this of Stephens and Thyridopteryx ephemerseformis of Haworth is tabulated as (Eceticus coniferarum Harris, MS. Mr. Grote in a subsequent paper, " Notes on the Bombycidae of Cuba," (Proc. Ent. Soc. Dec. 1865, p. 246), while very properly rejecting Dr. Packard's determination, places the insect in a new genus Hymenopsyche and upon rather unstable ground erects an addi- tional species. He gives an excellent description of the neuration of the species, but misnames the subcostal nerve of the hind wings the " cos- tal ;" the hind wings are without a costal nervure. He notices the peculiarity alluded to by Stephens that "the first and fourth marginal nervures are furcate," but this is merely an individual pecularity in some specimens, in which the medio-superior nervule is occasionally furcate at the extreme tip. Stephens specimen was doubtless nearly or quite denuded, the antennas were injured and the hind wings were almost entirely destroyed, and yet his generic description is sufficiently graphic, to- gether with the description and figure given, to identify it at once with Hymenopsyche of Grote. The synonymy of this species would therefore stand as follows : THYRIDOPTERYX EPHEMERSEFORMIS. Sphinx Ephemerseformis, Haw., Lep. Brit. 72. jEgeria Ephemerseformis, Haw., 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. 1. 145. Thyridopteryx Ephemerseformis Stephens, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. Vol. I, p. 76, pi. 10, f. 1. 111. Brit. Ent. Haust. Vol. IV. Doubleday, on some N. American Lep., Entomologist, p. 97. Grosse, Zool. II, 537. Walker, Cat. Brit. Mus. IV. 959, 60. (Eceticus coniferarum Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., Nov. 1864, p. 351. Hymenopsyche coniferarum and thoracicum? Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila. Dec. 1865, p. 248. Benj. D. Walsh on Insects inhabiting Willow Galls. 223 On the Insects, COLEOPTEROUS, HYMEITOPTEROUS and DIPTEROUS, in- habiting the Galls of certain species of Willow. — Part 2d and last. BY BENJ. D. WALSH, M. A. DIPTERA.— Supplement. GALLMAKERS.— Genus CECIDOMYIA, Subgenus CECLDOMYIA. No. 3. Gall S. strobiliscus Walsh. — I described this gall from a single dried specimen found by Mr. Bebb on Salix rostrata in North Illinois. I have since found very numerous specimens of what for the present I regard as the same gall on S. discolor near Rock Island, 111. Of 23 gathered March 23d one was undistinguishable from the S. rostrata gall ; the rest had the tips of the external leaves (except at the tip of the gall) not angulated, but more or less rounded with a subobsolete midrib outside which terminated in a minute tooth or beak. In other respects they did not differ, and especially in the veins on the inside of the leaves being obsolete or subobsolete. The general outline of this gall was ovate lanceolate, rarely ovate ; length — re- jecting one stunted specimen, which however contained a larva — 1.05 — 1.G5 inch, diameter .57 — .72 inch. The stunted specimen was not porrect, but deflected at an angle with the axis of the twig, and I sub- sequently found a few others varying in the same way. In one gall I met with 2 or 3 of the same rchelimum eggs which occur so copiously in S. strobiloides 0. S., and May 26th I bred several Orchelimum larvae from these galls. The larva and pupa, as well as the pupal integument, are undis- tinguishable from those of S. strobiloides 0. S., but the cocoon is shorter, being only lg — 2 times as long as the larva, instead of 2z — 3 times as long : 2 larvae and 2 pupae examined April 9. Imago. Cecidomyia s. strobiliscus n. sp. — Differs from Gee. 8. strobiloides,W alsh, only in the % antenna) being 23 — 24-joiuted, (not 21 — 22-jointed,) with 1 or 3 of the terminal joints sessile and the right aud left antenna varying iu the same S in the number of joints; and in the origin of the anterior branch of the 3rd longitudinal wing-vein being usually pretty distinct. Hence it can scarcely be separated from Gee. s. rhodoides Walsh, though the galls are quite different. One % . eleven $ , bred April 30 — May 8. No. 4. Gall S. unaplialioides Walsh. — I found a single specimen 224 Benj. D. Walsh on the Insects inhabiting the Galls on a bush of S. discolor growing among numerous S. humilis, on which last willow alone this gall had previously occurred. A very similar gall, but differing in the tips of the leaves not being beaked, was gathered on S. Candida by Dr. Geo. Vasey, in Illinois. I have 8 dried speci- mens of it from Mr. Bebb. No. 5. Cecidomyia s. rhodoides Walsh. — A % bred in 1865 had 24-jointed antennas, counted while recent. The other 8 % bred in 1864 had 23 — 25-jointed antennas. Within certain limits the num- ber of joints in the Cecidoinyidous % antenna seems to be constant, and to differ often in different species. No. 6. Gall S. coryloides Walsh. — I have since fouod two addi- tional specimens in a different locality, and as before on S. discolor. Thus, in addition to the occurrence of two very distinct but closelv allied bud-galls on the same species of Willow, S. humilis, viz : .S'. rhodoides and *S'. gnapltalioides, we find two very distinct but closely allied bud-galls on the same species of Willow, S. discolor, viz : S. strobiliscus and S. coryloides. Xo. 7. Cecidomyia s. cornu n. sp. — (The larva only known before.) % $ . Scarcely differ from Cec. s. batatas Walsh, except in the antennas % being rather shorter and 21-jointed (counted when recent) with the last joint sessile or connate with the preceding not 18 — 19 jointed. Two % , 3 9 , bred May 1-9. In the pupal in- tegument the tips of the antennal horns are scarcely, and the thoracic bristles not at all black, while they are conspicuously so in Gee. s. ba- tatas ; and the larva, as already shown, has a Y-shaped, not as in Gee. s. batatas, a clove-shaped breast-bone. No. 8. Gall S. siliqua Walsh. — Besides the single one found on S. discolor, I have since found about a dozen others on that Willow, and received through Mr. Bebb over a dozen gathered on that Willow in New Hampshire by the Rev. W. J. Blake. They can only be dis- tinguished from galls found on S. humilis by their uniformly larger size, which may be due to the rank growth of this species of Willow. Mr. Blake also sent me many specimens of this same gall gathered on S. rostrata in New Hampshire, which were about the same size as those found on S. cordata ; and I have a single dried specimen gathered in Illinois on S. petiolaris by Mr. Bebb. Thus we have what seems to be the same gall growing on six different Willows. S. humilis, S. discolor, S. rostrata, S. cordata, (=S. rigida), S. petiolaris. and according to Dr. Fitch on S. lucida. I said {Proc. etc. III. p. 592) that the terminal beak of this gall is never recurved in speei- of certain species of Willow. — Part 2nd. 225 mens growing on S. humilis; but in 1865 I found one such gall on S. humilis. In those growing on S. rostra ta this is particularly common. It is singular that some galls should be thus found on many Willows, ;md others apparently be restricted to one species; but the same phenomenon occurs in Cynipidx. In one of the public squares in Rock Island, 111., there grow 30 or 40 trees of the exotic S. alba, and interspersed among them many bushes of the indigenous S. longifolia covered with their peculiar gall, S. brassicoides Walsh. Yet not a gall either of that kind or of any other kind, whether Cecidomyidous or Tenthredinidous, can be seen on the S. alba trees, even ou the closest examination before and after the fall of the leaf. Imago. Cecidomyia s. siliqua Walsh. — In 1864 I had bred only 9 9 from galls found ou 8. humilis. I have since bred 3 % from galls found on S. humilis, 1 9 from one of the New Hampshire galls found on S. discolor, and 4 % 5 9 from Illinois galls found on S. cordata. They differ in no material respect except sexually ; the % % having 2U — 22-jointed antennas (counted when recent) con- structed as in (J. s. bixissicoides with the last joint sometimes sessile, and a single % having one antenna 21-jointed and the other 22- jointed. Hence, as I surmised, Dr. Fitch must have been mistaken in describing the 9 [ £ ] antennae as 10-jointed. On April 14 I com- pared a recent 9 from a S. discolor gall with a recent 9 from a S. humilis gall, and could see no difference; even the average size of the two insects being the same, though the S. discolor gall averages 1 larger every way. The pupal integuments are also colored in the same remarkable manner, no matter on what species of Willow the galls occur. No. 9. Gall S. triticoides Walsh. — The larva on April 11 is .09 — .10 inch long, about 3 times as long as wide, and fulvous with the usual whitish bowel-like markings. Breast-bone Y-shaped, as in Cec. s. brassicoides etc. Head very large, robustly conical, as long and as wide as an average segment is long, so that when it is retracted the anterior end of the body seems squarely truncate. The entire cell, including the beak formed by the bud, is .50 inch long and .05 inch wide, the cocoon nearly the size of the cell, but free throughout and nnt agglutinated to it. One cocoon extracted whole contained a larva lying with its head a little behind the central point of the cocoon. Two specimens. No. 12. Gall S. batatas Walsh.— Since 1864 I have found many more of these galls on 8. discolor, several of them of the smooth PROCEEDINGS EST. SOC. PHILAD. DECEMBER, 1866. 226 Benj. D. Walsh on the Insects inhabiting the Galls potato-like type, and bred from them, April 16 — 21, 33 9 without a single % among them, which differ in no wise from 9 9 bred from galls found on S. humilis. I observe that in this species there is an indistinct whitish-cinereous very narrow orbit behind the eye, repre- senting the broader and very conspicuous white orbit found in the inquilinous Cec. orbitalis Walsh. From these S. discolor galls I also bred the Decatoma reared in such abundance from the S. hu- milis galls. No. 13. GrALL S. verruca Walsh. — Oct. 11th I found several of these galls on S. discolor, undistinguishable from those found on the closely allied S. humilis. The larva was orange-color with the usual whitish bowel-like markings, .08 inch long, 2 J — 3 times as long as wide, depressed, with a large head. Breast-bone black, elongate-semi- oval and rather longer than wide. Two specimens. Thus we have no less than 4 species of Cecidomyidous galls common to the two closely- allied Willows, S. discolor and S. humilis, viz : S. gnaphalioides, S. siliqua, S. batatas and S. verruca. No. 14. GrALL S. semen Walsh. — This is not a Cecidomyidous, but an Acaridous gall, and is constructed on the same principle as 15 or 16 others with which I have become acquainted, all growing on the upper side for the most part of the leaf of various trees, and composed of a more or less elongate sack opening below by a more or less closed aper- ture, and on its interior surface covered with rough excrescences of dif- ferent shapes On the other hand, all Cecidomyidous galls known to me are smooth and free from excrescences inside. From most of these Acaridous galls the mites escape through the aperture below, but in some, e. g. Cerasi crumena Walsh MS, on Cerasus serotina, the gall always bursts open above as in Salicis semen. Similar, but not iden- tical, galls are found on several other Willows. On Aug. 25 I found in one of these S. semen galls, which was about .03 inch in diameter, as many as 40 or 50 hyaline-whitish young Acarus, which, as is usual, were much more elongate than the perfect Mite. Hence it may be readily understood how minute their size is, and how liable they are to be overlooked, except under a very powerful lens, especially as, un- like the perfect Mite, they are very dull and sluggish in their motions, which indeed seems to be the universal rule with all the larvge of the (Jail-making Mites. The perfect Mite, which was found 011 the same day in other galls, is hyaline-whitish with antenuifbrm front legs as long as its other legs, which front legs it elevates in the air and constantly vibrates up and down as it runs. Those found in galls on other trees of certain species of Willow. — Part 2nd. 227 differ but little in Bize, structure or color, some species however being spotted. In a few galls, e. g. Cratsegi vermiculus Walsh MS, which occurs abundantly both on Crataegus tomentosa and Cr. crus-galli, the larvae of the mite are of a pale pink color. No. 15. Gall S. 2ENIGMA Walsh. — I have little doubt that this gall also is a deformation produced by an Acarus. From its great scarcity in 1X06. 1 was unable to examine any green specimens, but on Aug. 27 I found among the crumpled exterior surface of a partly dried-up specimen a half-grown Acarus similar to those found in S. si men. It may be stated that on the tree from which this gall was procured there were no S. semen galls ; for this gall too, as well as S. senigma, though so exorbitantly abundant in 186-4 has been compara- tively quite scarce in 1866. Usually in Acaridous galls the larvae live in a hollow inside; but in one on the leaf-stalk of the Black Walnut — Juglandis cau/is Walsh MS — they reside among the brown external woolly pubescence, just as in S. senigma they probably reside in the crumpled external surface of that gall. The Cecidomyidous larva) that I found in June and August in S. senigma were most likely in- quilines. (Proc. etc. III. pp. .608 — 9.) I have received through Mr. Bebb from Cr. W. Clinton, Esq., Buffalo, N. Y., pressed specimens of this gall growing on the same Willow — S. nigra — on which I find it exclusively. Hence there are at least 3 W T illow-galls common to the Eastern and the Western States — $. strobiluidcs, S. siliqua, and *S'. senigma. IXQUILINES OR GUEST-FLIES. • Genus CECIDOMYIA, Subgenus CECIDOMYIA. A. Cecidomyia albovittata Walsh. On May 5 I bred a $ from the gall S. strobiliscus Walsh found on S. discolor. D. Cecidomyia orbitalis Walsh. One % , one 9, which may possibly belong to this species, and which must have come out since May 14, were found May 26 dead and dry in a jar containing many of the Tenthredinidous galls S. gemma n. sp. They are a little smaller than my smallest orbitalis, and the % has 17-jointed, not 18 — 19-jointed antennae, with the pedicels on their basal -, about as long as the globular part of each joint; otherwise, so far as can well be ascertained from the dried specimens, they do not differ materially, though I incline to believe them distinct from the difference in their pedicels. Genus CECIDOMYIA. Subgenus DIPLOSIS. D. DlPLOSIS atroctlaris Walsh. — I bred a single % Sept. 27th 228 Benj. D. Walsh on the Insects inhabiting the Galls from the Cynipidous gall Q. ficus Fitch of the same year's growth. From another Cynipidous gall of the last year's growth, Q. prunus Walsh, I bred May 26 1 % 1 9 of an undescribed Gecidomi/ia about the size of orbitalis Walsh. I believe that these two and a third already mentioned by me (Proc. etc. Ill, p. 549) are the only recorded cases of CecidomyidEe being inquilinous in Cynipidous galls. G. Diplosis septemmaculata Walsh. — I bred a single 9 August 23rd from recent Black -knot found on the wild plum. From the Coc- cidan gall Vitifolise Fitch (see the Practical Entomologist I. pp. Ill — 2, and II. p. 19.) I bred Aug. 12 — 20 3 % and very numerous 9 9 of this species. Hence, if I am correct as to the fungoid nature of Black-knot, (see Practical Entomologist I. pp. 48 — 51,) the same Guest Gall-gnat sometimes on the one hand breeds in Cecidomyidous or Coc- cidan galls, sometimes on the other hand breeds in a fungus, when, properly speaking, it ceases to be a Guest Gall-gnat. On p. 562 of the first part of the Paper, I called in question certain supposed assertions of Harris and Fitch, as to the larva of Gecidomyia transforming gradually into the pupa state, by a kind of budding pro- cess, without moulting the larval integument, quoting Harris's book as authority. It now appears that Dr. Fitch's views on this subject must have been misunderstood by Dr. Harris, or else that they have been subsequently modified. For in the 3rd volume of the A 7 ". Y. Reports (p. 65) all that Dr. Fitch asserts is, that the larval integu- ment in Gecidomyia is shuffled off towards the tail of the future pupa, and is there "broken into shreds and flakes which the motions of the pupa cause to separate and drop off," though on the back of the insect " he was unable to detect any exfoliation whatever.'' Thus nearly the whole peculiarity of the process reduces itself to this, that instead of the larval integument beins; moulted whole, as with almost all other insects, it is moulted piecemeal. I can readily believe this to be so with the Willow Gecidomyia, because I have never detected in their pupal cocoons any complete integument. But in the case of a large undescribed species of Diplosis (Z>. ludinnthi-bulla Walsh MS.,) which makes a globular sessile hollow gall about the size of a large pea on the leaves of Heliauthus, I have repeatedly found in the gall along with the pupa a complete larval integument, as large in com- parison with the size of the insect as that of any Lepidopterous pupa. In this particular case, therefore, the larval integument cannot be moulted piecemeal. of certain specie* of Willow. — Part 2nd. 229 On p 569 of the same Paper I also showed, that Harris must have heen mistaken in supposing, that the larva of the Wheat-midge formed no cocoon when it went underground. Dr. Fitch, on p. GO of the volume above referred to, explains how he made the interesting discovery, that these larvae really do inclose themselves in cocoons, agglutinated to the earth just as I had suggested ; and that " they do not remain naked in the ground, as he had all along supposed them to." The Wheat-midge, by the way, as is abundantly evident from Harris's and Fitch's descriptions and figures, is a true Diplosis, and consequently its correct name is Diplosis tritici, Kirby. In conse- quence partly of the S having been unknown to European authors, it is erroneously referred to the subgenus Cecidomyia, instead of to that of Diplosis, by all authors known to me, including Osten Sacken. {Dipt. X. A. p. 189.) The Hessian Fly, on the contrary, (C. de- structor Say) really does belong to the subgenus Cecidomyia. The "two small oval lamels" described by Winnertz as attached to the oviduct of a European Diplosis, aud suspected by me (Proc. &c. III. p. 556) to be nothing but two eggs protruding, I have since no- ticed in several Diplosis, when the oviduct is exserted to its utmost length ; and they are not eggs but true parts of the oviduct. HYMENOPTER A.— Family Tentiiredtnid.e. For the sake of scientific precision, it may be as well to touch upon a few points relative to the Natural History of this family. I. Authors originally described the Tenthredinidous abdomen as 9- jointed in both sexes. (Late. Gen. Or. Insect., III. p. 225.) West- wood first proved, that what had been previously considered as the 1st abdominal joint was in reality the metathoracic postscutellum, and consequently that the abdomen here was really not 9-jointed but 8- jointed. (Ittrod. II. p. 92.) And it is difficult to see how any one could come to any other conclusion, after examining a Cimbex, a Hy- lotoma, a Lyda, a Cephas, a Lophyrus, a Euura or a Nematus. For in all these genera there is a large surface of membrane between the so- called 1st aud 2nd abdominal joints, occupying the whole gaping suture in Cimbex and llylotoma, and a more or less transverse triangu- lar space on the dorsum in the other five genera; which membranous space I call everywhere '-the basal membrane.'' And besides, in other genera (Tenthredo, Dolerus, timjdiytus etc.) the so-called 1st joint is split along the dorsal line; and it is every where the ventral arc corres- ponding to this so-called 1st dorsal joint of the abdomen which bears the hind legs, and which must necessarily therefore be metathoracic. 230 Benj. D. Walsh on the Insects inhabiting the Galls Mr. Norton, although he fully recognizes the fact of the supposed 1st abdominal joint being metathoracic, and calls it in his descriptions sometimes the " basal plates" and sometimes the "basal membrane/' yet has assumed the existence of an imaginary 1st abdominal joint, " which is often concealed by the basal plates of the metathorax," so as to make up the full number of 9 abdominal joints.* Any one, how- ever, can readily see that this imaginary 1st joint is not found in nature ; and some of Mr. Norton's descriptions, in consequence of this recog- nition of a nonentity, are difficult to understand. For example, in Tenthredo W-punetata Nort. we read "a broad stripe through the middle of 7 basal segments of abdomen, and seven dots [one dot ?] on each side near the base of each, black." (Proc. Eat. Soc. Phil. I. p. 143.) Is the imaginary 1st abdominal joint included in these " 7 basal joints," or is it not? And if it is, does it bear a broad dorsal black stripe and a black dot on each side ? The truth of the matter. I suppose, is, that this author has mistaken what I call the " basal membrane" for a rudimental 1st abdominal joint. But as this " basal membrane" is no part of the external horny skeleton, and is always, so far as I have observed, of a homogeneous color, it can scarcely be marked in the manner inferred by the above description ; and most probably it is the 7 basal segments in the Westwoodian sense, not the 7 basal segments in the Nortonian sense, that are in reality striped and spotted with black in Tenthredo 14-pvnctata. Moreover not only does Mr. Norton somewhat incongruously use the terms •• basal plates," and "basal membrane" as synonymous, (Proc. B. S. N. II 1860, pp. 237, 240, 241, 242, 244, 246, 248, 250, 253, &c.,) but he repeatedly de- scribes the true "basal membrane" as a spot on the 1st abdominal joint; (ibid. 1861, pp. 159, 160, 161, &c.;) whereas in reality it forms no part whatever of any abdominal joint, but simply connects the metathorax with the abdomen, and like most other connecting membranes is not spotted, but of a uniform color. • Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1862, p. 117 note, and compare the description of Allantus dubius, ibid. 1860 p. 241, where he speaks of " the fifth, seventh, and two apical segments of the abdomen,'' and that of Tenthredo semiruf us, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. III. p. 12. Strictly speaking, these "basal plates" ought to be called ••terminal plates :" for they are placed at the tip, not at the base, of the metathorax, the anterior end of the mesothoracic scutel being generally in Insects considered as the centre nf polarity. But it is better to use an estab- lished phrase, even though it be somewhat incorrect, than to create confusion by changing it. Probably the original author of the term considered the ••basal plates" as appertaining to the abdomen : and of course, in regard to the abdomen, they are really basal. of certain species of Willow. — Port 2nd. 281 This so-called 1st abdominal joint in TenthreeHnidee and Uroceridxis manifestly homologous with the posterior subsegment of what is generally considered as the inetathorax in other Hymenoptera; and Latreille, Audouin and Schaum, believing that it was abdominal, main- tained that therefore the two were both of them abdominal and not thoracic, while Westwood rightly, in ray opinion, contended that both were thoracic. In a recent Paper {Proc. B. S. i\ r . H. 1866, pp. 279 — 295) Dr. Packard, although he endorses Westwood's theory on this matter, (p. 282.) asserts that during the development of the pupa of Bombus from the larva, and before the final moulting of the larval in- tegument " the basal ring of the abdomen is plainly seen to be trans- ferred from the abdomen to the thorax." (p. 282.)* He might as well assert that, during the process of pulling off a fine network glove from the hand of a lady, the fingers are plainly seen to be transferred to the palm of the hand. Because the metathorax of the future pupa is seen, through the transparent integument of the larva, to underlie at this particular time the basal ring of the larval abdomen, it by no means follows that the former originates and is developed from the latter. Dr. Packard himself allows, that at this particular time the head of the future pupa underlies conjointly the head and the 1st thoracic segment of the larva ; (p. 280 ;) yet he fully agrees with West- wood in repudiating the inference drawn therefrom by Dr. Ratzeburg, that the head of the pupa is formed conjointly out of the head and the 1st thoracic segment of the larva, (p. 280, note.) Surely, if such proof is good for nothing in the one case, it ought to be good for no- thing in the other case as well. But then, if Dr. Packard had been consistent in his reasoning here, he would have missed what he con- siders a notable exemplification of Prof. Dana's theory of cephalization. (pp. 282 and 286.) Unfortunately, however, he cannot be consistent with himself, even for a dozen consecutive pages. On page 283 he says, that the moult into the pupa state takes place in what he calls the 3rd stage ; on page 295 he says, that it takes place in what he calls the 2nd stage. It evidently takes place in passing from his so-called 1st stage to his so-called 2nd stage; and the 1st stage of what he calls the semi-pupa, (^fig. 1, Packard.) is the larva, and the stages 2 — 4 (figs. 2 — -i, Packard) are the pupa, in gradually progressive stages of develop- ment; and all his voluminous distinctions between the semi-pupa and pupa states, and the dogmatic assertion (p. 286) that "the terms larva, pupa and imago are not absolute terms," are merely darkening coun- * See also Proc. etc. VI. p. 44, where the same doctrines are re-asserted. 232 Benj. D. Walsh on the Insects inhabiting the Gulls sel. He might as well draw three or four pictures of the gradually progressive stages of development of the imago of a moth or a butter- fly, after it has emerged from the pupal integument, the wings, &c. be- ing gradually more and more developed in each successive stage, and then dignify these stages with the high-sounding names of the succes- sive stages of the semi-imago. In all those Orders where the pupa is quiescent (Coleoptera, Neuroptera in the Erichsouian sense, Hymen- optera, Lepidoptera and Diptera,) there are two grand and trenchant distinctions between the larva and the pupa : 1st, that the former has not yet moulted the larval integument and the latter has ; and 2nd, that — as has been well pointed out by Schauin {Ann. and Mai/. Nat. Hist., London, 1863, p. 178, note,) — the former has the mouth and anus externally open, and can consequently both eat and discharge fzeces, and the latter has the mouth and anus externally closed by the papal integument, and consequently can neither tat nor discharge faeces* Now, although we cannot apply the second of these two cri- teria to those Orders which have an active pupa, (Orthoptera, includ- ing Pseudoneuroptera, Heteroptera and Homoptera,) because in these the mouth and anus are never closed at all, yet here we may plainly distinguish the pupa state by the homology of the moultings with those of the Orders which have a quiescent pupa. For the pupa state here, is evidently the period intermediate between the penultimate and the ultimate moult, just as it is in the other case; the ultimate moult, how- ever, here, as in the other case, involving the rejection of two integu- ments, which are generally almost simultaneously rejected, but in Eph- emeridte are rejected at a considerable interval of time. It is sinou- lar that, in a Paper professing to treat of the development and morph- ology of Hymenoptera, this grand fundamental distinction of Dr. Schaum's and others, has not once been even alluded to by Dr. Packard. * In some of these Orders there is, in addition, a third criterion— which, how- ever, often admits of exceptions— namely, a difference in the legs of the larva and pupa. For example, in Lepidoptera the larval legs when present, which is not universally the case, are free; while the pupal legs are always present, and are usually soldered to the body, except in the leaf-mining genus Microp- teryx, where they are free. (Stainton's Entom. Annual, 1863, figs. 8 and 8*, Ac.) On the other hand, in Coleoptera and Hymenoptera the larval legs when pre- sent are free, and the pupal legs are always present and usually free, except in certain Brachelytrous Coleoptera and Chalcidian Hymenoptera, where the pu- pal legs are present, but the pupa is as much "obtected' - as that of any moth, us I have myself observed and as was long ago stated by Westwood. "(IntroJ. I, pp. 20 and ;',7 ; II, pp. 78— 0. J of certain species of ]Villow. — Pari 2nd. 233 T say nothing here of the manifestly erroneous assertion, made by Dr. Packard, on p. 282, of the Paper above referred to, in regard to Baron Oaten Sacken's belief on the subject of this so-called 1st abdo- minal segment, (where, by the way, the excellent Articles of that au- thor on Cynipidst are quoted as occurring in Vols. II and III of these Proceedings, instead of Vols. I, II and IV,) because the Baron is abundantly able to fight his own battles. The whole Paper indeed, like most of Dr. Packard's other writings, is full of sweeping generali- zations, which are utterly unsupported by facts, and which greatly de- tract from the value of his investigations. For example, it is asserted that in the Honey-bee "we find the head larger and the abdomen smaller in proportion than iu other insects." (p. 291.) As if Brachy- gaster, and Grabro, and Lyrops, and Chalet's, and Perilampus, and many other Hymenopterous genera,* to say nothing of the other Orders, had not much smaller abdomens in proportion to the size of their beads than Apis! Again, on p. 292, he asserts, that "Neu- roptera" [including in his sense of the t°rm Pseudoneuroptera,] "are, as a whole, water insects ;" when the fact is, that 1 of the 11 fami- lies into which Westwood divides the Order, (Sialidse,) is aquatic in the larva state only; 3 are aquatic in the larva and pupa states only. (viz: Perlidse, Ephemeridae and Libellulidse, ;) and the remaining 7 are not aquatic at all. And if we accept Dr. Hagen's arrangement, we find 1 family ( Siulidse) aquatic in the larva state only; 4 aquatic in the larva and pupa states only, (viz. : Perlidse, Ejdiemeridee, Libel- lulidse and Phryganeidx,) and the remaining 5 not aquatic at all. And if with Dr. Packard we add Thysanura to the Order, there will be no less than six out of 11 families that are not aquatic in any of their states. Again, on p. 292 he says, that the Bees, and Hymenoptera in general, are not carnivorous in their habits; whereas, whether we con- eider the number of genera or of species, much more than one half of the whole Order belongs to the parasitic families, Ichneumonidse, Chair cididse, <.Y.c. And on the very same page he asserts that Neuroptera. including Pseudoneuroptera, are all of them carnivorous; whereas Termitidse arc certainly not so. and, with a few exceptions, perhaps, /' rlidx and Ephemeridte and Pkryganeidse are all of them vegetable feeders. In the same manner in the Maine Scientific Report, (1863, p. 147,) he asserts it to be generally true of all insects, that the % has one abdominal joint more than the 9 , because, forsooth, this is gener- ally though not universally true of Hymenoptera Aculeata. Moreover, in the Practical Entomologist, (I, p. 75,) he asserts that in the Crab PROCEEDINGS ENT. SOC. PHILAD. DECEMBER, 1866. 234 Benj. D. Walsh on the Insects inhabiting the Galls and the Lobster, the gills are attached to the legs on the outside of the body, because, I suppose, he bad read that this was the case with cer- tain inferior Crustacea. And, on the same page, he asserts that Ephemeridse are among the hugest of insects and lay but few eggs ! ! And again, on the very same page, he asserts that small size is corre- lated with superiority of grade, apparently because a Bee is smaller than a Butterfly, Prof. Dana having asserted the very reverse, viz : that large size is correlated with superiority of grade, apparently because a Lobster is bigger than a Shrimp, and each author seeing only the ex- amples that make in favor of his own hypothesis, and blindly shutting his eyes to those which make against it ; the real truth being that size has nothing whatever to do with the matter. Such hasty and sweep- ing generalizations remind us of the philosopher quoted in one of Ma- caulay's Reviews, (p. 282, Amer. Ed.,) who inferred from a few ex- amples carelessly collated, that all men with two given or Christian names were necessarily Jacobins and Disorganizes, and all men with a single given name were inevitably, in spite of themselves, Tories and Conservatives. In both cases, we have but to take a large number of examples, in order to show the utter fallaciousness of the so-called laws. It is singular that, while Latreille described the Teuthredinidous ab- domen as 9-jointed, and Westwood as 8-jointed, neither author seems to have perceived that throughout the family, with one remarkable ex- ception, the % venter is not 8-joiuted, but 7-joiuted. Yet such is the fact, and we have but to open our eyes in order to perceive it. In % Tenthredo, JVematus, Trichiosoma, &c, there are typically 8 dorsal joints to the abdomen, 1 — 7 each bearing a spiracle on its lateral sur- face, and 8 being small, and usually so much retracted as to be in- visible, more especially in the dried specimen, so that the dorsum is often seemingly 7-jointed. As is almost universally the case in In- sects — though Cynipldse form a notable exception — the ventral joints in these groups lie opposite to the corresponding dorsal joints, and we find ventral joints 1--G lying exactly opposite to dorsal joints 1 — 6, while opposite the two dorsal joints 7 and 8, or the one joint 7, if 8 as usual be retracted, there lies only the one large terminal ventral joint 7.* On the contrary, in all % lhjlotomidcs. although there are the same number of dorsal joints as in the other Tenthredinidous groups, « This arrangement maybe seen most plainly in such species as have the tip of the abdomen differently colored from the rest of it, both above and be- low, e. g. Tenthredo (Allantus) vcrticalis, Say. of certain species of Willow. — Part 2nd. 235 iiiid similarly arranged, except that the 8th dorsal joint is larger and is scarcely ever retracted, yet there are always 8 complete ventral joints, i — 6, %S before, lying opposite to the dorsal joints 1 — G, while oppo- site 7 and 8 there lie, not one but two joints, viz: joint 7, which is nearly as large as those immediately preceding it, and joint 8. which is very much larger and nearly as large as the large terminal or 7th joint in % Tenthredo, kc. Evidently the typical number of ventral joints throughout the whole family is 8; but in % Tenthredo, &c. joints 7 and 8 are confluent, so as to become apparently one joint. In all 9 Tenthredinidse the abdominal dorsum is 8-jointed, 1 — 7 bearing a spiracle as in o . and 8 being rather small, yet very distinct; but, as in all other Terebrantia, the venter has only six complete joints. the ovipositor and its sheaths taking their origin from under the tip of joint 6, so as to obliterate more or less completely the remaining ven- tral joints, and being laterally fringed by the overlapping part of the dorsal joints 7 and 8. This overlapping part is found % 9 in every dorsal joint — being generally in Tenthredinidse distinctly separated by an acute angulation from the dorsal surface and bearing the spiracle in joints 1 — 7 — and has been called throughout in my descriptions u the lateral plate." In reality, this part, as I have observed in Pseudoneu- roptera, (Proc. &c, II. p. 250. &c.,) is homologous with the "pleura" of the thoracic segments. Westwoood indeed describes and figures a small piece (7- -), laterally attached to the tip of the Gth ventral in 9 Trichiosoma, as a true 7th ventral. (Jntrod. II, p. 94, figs. 12 and 13.) But on the most careful examination I can detect no such piece in 9 Cimbex or any other Tenthredinidous 9 . though in 9 Cimbex there is a hole or excavation in the spot occupied by his piece "7-j-." In Uro- ceridse, it is true, there is a very distiuct, small, transverse lateral piece corresponding to the Westwoodian u 7-j-," which is no doubt a rudi- mentary 7th ventral, and is figured but not numbered or lettered by Westwood. (Ibid. p. 115, fig. 13.) 13ut in the allied family Ichneu- wonidx he neither describes nor figures any such piece, nor can I dis- cover any such myself. Here, therefore, it might be inferred that this author would describe the 9 venter as 6-jointed. No such thing. In this family he obtains the additional 7th ventral in 9 j not at the tip. but at the base of the venter. For in describing and figuring the 9 venter of the Ichneumonidous genus Pimpla as 7-jointed, not 6-joint- ed, he has been deceived into considering the 1st ventral joint as two joints, because its basal portion is enwrapped by the horny dorsal joint 1 so as to form a short robust peduncle, the whole of which, both 236 Benj. D. Walsh on the Insects inhabiting the Galls above aud below, is of a much more horny consistence than the true ventral joiuts. And to carry out his error the more plausibly he figures the ventral joints as dislocated from the dorsal joints. (Jntrod. II, p. 138, fig. 8, and p. 139.) Whereas, we have but to recur to Nature to see that his so-called 7th ventral (the true 6th) is not dislocated from. but lies exactly opposite to the 6th dorsal ; his so-called 6th ventral (the true 5th) is not dislocated from, but lies exactly opposite to the 5th dorsal; and so on till we come to his so-called 2nd ventral, (the true 1st,) which lies with its tip opposite to the tip of the 1st dorsal, and in Pimpla is pretty long, but in such genera as have a moderate or a long peduncle (Cryptus, Ophion, &c.) is moderate or short. It may be added, that throughout Ichneumon id 'se precisely as in Tenthre- dinidse, the dorsal joints 1 — 7 bear a spiracle % 9 on their lateral sur- face. In one word in Ichneumon id se the $ venter is invariably 6-jointed, with its joints corresponding with joints 1 — 6 of the dorsum, while on the contrary the % venter is invariably 8-jointed, although in many genera the two terminal joints are more or less retracted, or overlapped and concealed by the "lateral plates" of the terminal joints of the dor- sum. Hence in species with a very short ovipositor, if we can count the ventral joints we can always distinguish the sex, and if there are more than 6 of them visible the specimen must be % . Of course, care must be taken not to count ventral joint 1 as two joints. I have dwelt at perhaps undue length upon these points, because they are not only in themselves of theoretical importance, but in De- scriptive Entomology it is of real practical moment, when it is stated that such and such abdominal joints are colored differently from the rest, to know which particular joints are designated by the describer as being thus colored. What Westwood and Norton consider as part of the metathorax in Tenthredinidx, other writers call the 1st joint of the abdominal dorsum; and what Norton generally calls the 2nd joint of the abdomen Westwood calls the first. For my own part, I agree with Westwood throughout upon this matter. There has been a simi- lar confusion in Pseudoneuroptera, where in Odonata and Ephemeri- dse some authors have described the abdomen as 10-jointed and some as 9-jointed; the truth being, as I have pointed out, (Proc. &c. II, pp. 190 — 1,) that the so-called 1st joint of the 10-jointed abdomen is in these two families really metathoracic. Moreover, in those Ichneumo- nidous genera that have very short ovipositors, authors have long re- cognised the difficulty of distinguishing the sexes; and I know of no of certain species of Willow. — Part 2nd. 237 way in which this can be so readily and conveniently done, as by as- certaining the number of the ventral joints, viz: S 8, 9 6. II. In Mr. Norton's earlier papers on this family, probably through some clerical or typographical error, he speaks of three recurrent ner- vures. while in reality there are never more than tiro in the Hymen- opterous wing. In his latest papers this is silently rectified. (Compare on the one hand Proc. B. S. N. II., 1861, G. Dosytheus p. 151, G. Emphytus p. 154, G. Nematus p. 157. and G. Selandria p. 219, with on the other hand Proc. B. S. X. II., 1862, G. Tenthredo, p. 116.) III. The number of legs and prolegs in the Tenthredinidous larva appears to be often inconstant in a given genus. For example, some Hylotoma larvae are 20-footed, some 18-footed; (Westw. Introd. II. p. 97 ;) some Tenthredo larvae are 22-footed, some 20-footed; (Ibid;) and Mr. Norton, probably on the authority of Hartig, asserts the same thing of the larva of the allied genus or rather sub-genus Selandria. (Proc. B. S. N. II, p. 219.) It has generally been stated that the larva of Nt mains is always 2U-footed ; but unless I have been deceived in my Nematus s.pisum, n. sp., the larva in this genus is occasionally 18-footed, the anal prolegs being obsolete. IV. Westwood, Dahlbom and Hartig, as quoted by Norton, divide the larv;>3 of the genus Nematus into three groups, a, Solitary, feeding on leaves, L, Social, feeding on leaves; c, Living in the galls of plants. (Proc. B. S. X. If., 1861, p. 157.) We may now, from the facts first ascertained by myself, sub-divide group c as follows : — c, Gall-makers, living in galls made by themselves; d, Inquilines or guest-flies, living in galls made by other species of Nematus <"r by Gecidomyia. As will be hereinafter shown, there are also gall-making Euura and inquiliuous Euura. In Cynipidx there are tolerably well-marked structural cha- racters, which, as a general though not perhaps as a universal rule, separate the Gall-makers from the Inquilines; (Proc. &c. II, pp. 477 — 8;) but I can detect none such either in the Tenthredinidous geue- T& Nematus and Euura or in the Oecidomyidous sub-genera Cecidomyia, Diplosis and Lasioph /<>. all five of which contain some species that are gall-makers and some that are guest-flies. It does not follow, how- ever, that a thing does not exist, because at present it has not been discovered. Observe that no Tenthredinidous genus, with the single exception of Pristophora (P. sycophanta, n. sp.) — a genus which is little mure than a subgeneric form of Nematus — and no Ceeido- myidous sub-genus is ever inquilinous, unless it also contains species that are true gall-makers. Now, if species were primordially created 238 Benj. D. Walsh on the Insects inhabiting the Galls with their present specific characters and specific habits, and if conse- quently the Inquilines were never aboriginally Gall-makers, it seems difficult to understand why there should not, for example, be inquili- nous Tenthredo, Selandria, Dolerus, Emphytus, Gimbex, Lyda, Ce- phus, Hylotoma , &c, &c, as well as inquilinous Nematus and inquili- nous Euura. Or, in Mr. Wallace's caustic language, must we simply "register the facts and wonder," (Trans. Linn. Soc. xxv, p. 31,) with- out attempting to explain or account for them ? The advocates of the Creative Theory, have, indeed, a very short and easy method of treat- ment in such cases as these. — ' ; I am right and vou are wrono-. When- CD %/ O ever a fact turns up that is apparently inconsistent with my hypothe- sis, I am not bound to explain it, because 1 am in the right. But when- ever a fact turns up that is apparently inconsistent with your hypothe- sis, you must explain it thoroughly and satisfactorily, under pain of being nonsuited in the Court of* Science, because you are in the wrong." V. As a general rule, Tenthredinidse are variable in their coloration, many species most astonishingly so. I may quote as notable examples Acordulecera dorsalis as described by Say, and Nematus s. pomum, n. sp., as described by myself. On the other hand the allied family lch- neumonidse, are generally very constant in their coloration. I have been in the habit here for many years of breeding and preserving large numbers of various species, and I am confident that this will hold good as a general rule, though of course there are certain exceptions. Now, assuming these facts to be as stated — and they are only a special ex- ample of what I have called elsewhere the Law of Equable Variability (Proc. &c. II, p. 213 and compare III, p. 424, note) — how can we satisfactorily account for them, on the hypothesis of each Tenthredini- dous and Ichneumonidous species having been separately created, and not derived from some primordially pre-existing species ? VI. There are often very remarkable sexual differences in the color- ation both of Tenthredinidse and of Ichneumonidse. As a general rule, when such differences exist in Tenthredinidse, the % body is much darker-colored than that of 9 . For example, when there are pale eye- orbits in both sexes they are uniformly narrower in the % than in the 9 ; again, the % thorax or the % abdomen, or both, will often be black or mostly black, and the $ thorax or 9 abdomen, or both, red, yellow or greenish, or mostly red, yellow or greenish. Contrariwise, the an- teniue, when sexual differences exist in their coloration, are generally paler in I than in 9 . being often, especially on the inferior surface. of certain species of Wifloio. — Part 2nd. 239 red or yellow or greenish in % , and black or brown-black, or nearly so. except at the extreme tip, in 9 .* On the other hand, in the allied fa- mily Ichneumonidse, when sexual distinctions prevail as to the colora- tion, the $ body is almost universally lighter-colored, instead of dark- er-colored, than that of 9 • For example, it is perpetually the case that the face of the % is white or yellow, and that of the 9 black, with only the orbits white or yellow; or that the % has long, broad orbits and the 9 short, narrow ones or none at all. There are certain species, too, where the S scutel is white or yellow, and that of 9 is but slightly or not at all marked with white or yellow. There are also very numerous species, where the % pectus is white and the 9 pectus red, or the % pectus and pleura red and only the pectus 9 red, or the £ pectus red and the 9 pectus black. In many Cryptus, again, as in the European C. sponsor, the hind tarsi % are mostly pure white and those of 9 dusky. And almost always, when, as often happens, each successive set of coxre and trochanters £ 9 is less white or less yellow than the preceding set, (the ground-color of the legs being rufous or black,) the coxse aud trochanters will be more extensively white or yellow, and of a paler hue, in % than in 9 . With regard to the an- * I may quote as conspicuous examples of these general rules, besides several undescribed species, Zarcca inflata, Norton, ( % undescribed) ; Acordulecera dor- salis Say, (which is erroneously described by Say as varying equally in both sexes, whereas out of 62 specimens examined by myself the % is always almost entirely black, and the 9 varies from almost entirely black — 4 9 out of 22 9 — to almost entirely yellow) ; Hylotoma scutellata Say, (% undescribed); H. cocci- nea? Fabr., (% undescribed;; II. calcanea Say, {% undescribed); //. dulciaria Say. ( ^ undescribed !: Atomacera debilis ^ , Say=Atomacera ruficollis 9 • Norton; Tenthr. (Taxonus) dubitata Norton; Macrophya bicincta Norton: Emphytus aper- tus Norton: Lophyrus abietis Harris; IVcmatus ventricosus Klug. (=Selandria ribis Winchell); and all the Xematus and Euura hereinafter described % 9; all from my own collection. Also from descriptions, where one or both sexes are absent in my collection, Tenthredo (Strongylogaster) mellosa Norton; Tenthr. (Strong.) abdominalis Nort. : Tenthr. semilutea Nort. ; Macrophya intermedia Nort.: Macr. albomaculata Nort.; Macr. pluricineta Nort.: and Macr. (AUaatus) cestus Say. The only conspicuous exceptions to these rules that are known to me are Tenthr. [Allantus) verticalis Say, in which species the % abdomen is rather less marked with black than that of 9? and Cimbcr americana Leach, if this last be, ae -Mr. Norton supposes, (Tror. &c. I, p. 201,) identical with C. LaPortci St. Farg., which latter has the % abdomen mostly red. I rather believe, however, that there are two distinct Phytophagic species here, one feeding on the elm and maturing in June, and another feeding on the willow and maturing late in Sep- tember, the larvae otherwise undistinguishaole. Unfortunately, however, my specimens of both these two forms all died in the larva state in their cocoons, so that I throw out the above merely as a conjecture. 240 Benj. D. Walsh on the Insects fnhaliting tJic Galls tennse a double law seems to prevail here ; for on the one hand there are several Ichneumon and Gryptus, where the flagellum % is black im- maculate and the flagellum 9 is broadly urn-annulate with white or yellow; and on the other hand it is very generally the case, that the % scape is white or yellow beneath, and the 9 scape black immacu- late.* In one apparently trivial sexual character that is not colorational but structural, the two families, Tenthredinidse and Ichneumon idee, agree universally, so far as I have observed, thus indicating their com- mon origin from a very remote source ; and as I do not know that it has been hitherto published, it may as well be stated here. Not only are the % antenna very generally longer than those of 9 — which is common almost every where in Insects — but they arc universally much more compressed or vertically dilated in proportion to their length. So that antennal joint 3, for example, though of the same proportional length with regard to the other antennal joints in both sexes, and therefore absolutely longer in a $ than in a 9 of the same size belong- ing to the same species, will be perhaps only twice as long as wide in % , while in 9 , from the compression or dilatation being proportionally so much less, it will be three or four times as long as wide. — I leave the believers in the Creative Theory to account for all these facts as they best can, or, if they prefer it, to repose calmly and blandly in the bo- som of the Shandean Philosophy, viz : that it has pleased God to make everything thus and so, and that is enough for us. * There are so many of our N. A. Ichneumonidce undescribed, or described in one sex only, or % 9 described as distinct species, or described without stating the sex, that I can only give the few following examples of the above rules; but I am sure, from the many hundred species examined by me, most of them undescribed, that these rules are very generally as stated. Pimpla pedalis Cres- son, (% only described); Pimpla [Cryptus] conquisitor Say {—plurivinctus Say); Pimpla [Ichneumon] inquisitor/ Say,( 9 only described); Ccralosoma apicalis Cres- son ; Cer.fasciata Cresson; Labena [Cryptus] grallator Say and Cresson, (=ilfe.so- chorus fuscipennis Brulle); Ichneumon morulas Say, ( % undescribed by Say, and = Trogus flavitarsis Cresson); Ichn. otiosus Say, ( 9 only described); Ichn. comes Cresson, (% only described); Ichn. grandis Brulle, ( % =ambiguus Cresson, 9 = regnatrix Cresson); Ichn. rufiventris Brulle ; Cryptus crassicornis % Cresson, ( 9 =robustus Cresson): Cryptus sponsor (England); and Mcsostenut, thoracicus Cres- son. The above all from my own collection. Also from descriptions, where one or both sexes are wanting in my collection, Ichneumon compt us Say; Ichn. na- nus Say ; Ichn. montanus Cresson ; Cryptus extrematis ( — mus?) Cresson; Hctni- ieles incerfus Cresson, (Cuba); Mesostenus semialbus Cresson, (Cuba); E.retustes scutellaris Cresson: Anomahn? recurvus Say; Peltastes pollinctorius Say ; and Arotes [Accenitus] decorus Say. of certain species of Willow. — Part 2nd. 241 VII. In common with preceding authors, I have described the veins in the Tenthredinidous wing as black, brown-black, &c., without taking any notice of the white "bulla?,'' which exist upon the veins throughout this family as I have shown them to exist throughout leh- neumonidse.* As is also the case in Ichneumonidse, we find here in each genus peculiar modifications of the typical system of bulla). For example, in Hylotoma the 1st submarginal cross-vein has one bulla much behind the middle; the 2nd submarginal cross-vein has two bul- lae, either confluent (7/. scutellata Say) or separated by a more or less considerable space; (II. calcanea Say, If. dulciaria Say, IJ. cocctnea ? Fabr. and M. McLeayi Leach;) the 3rd submarginal cross-vein has two bullae, placed one of them well forwards and the other well back- wards, aud separated by a wide space; and the 1st recurrent vein has one bulla placed at its extreme anterior end, and so as to extend on to and beyond the vein in front of it, besides the two universal bulla? which I have lettered F and G in Ichneumon — making in all eight bulla?. Contrary to the general rule, there are in this genus absolute- ly no bulla? whatever on the 2nd recurrent vein. The genus Tenthre- do, (including as sub-genera, in accordance with Hartig's opinion. Strongy/ogaster, Taxonus, AllantuS\ Jfacrophya, Pacltyprotuxis and Selandria) has the same eight bulla? as Hylutoma, except that the bul- la on the 1st submarginal cross-vein (iV, see below, fig. 1) is placed in the middle, instead of much behind the middle, and except also that the two bulla?, located respectively on the 2nd and 3rd submarginal cross- veins, are always widely confluent so as to cover nearly the whole vein; and in addition it possesses a bulla a little behiud the middle of the marginal cross-vein (M.) and two others, which are quite or nearly con- fluent, a little before the middle of the 2nd recurrent vein, correspond- in"; to those which I have lettered C and D in Ichneumon — making: in all eleven bulla?. In the genus Emphytus, on the other hand, where the 1st submarginal cross-vein is generically absent, the bulla on that vein is necessarily absent; aud as the bullar system is otherwise the same as in Tcnthrcdo, this genus has consequently ten bulla?. Finally, in the genus Dolerus (including Dosytheus), as the 2nd submarginal cross-vein is generically absent; the two bulla? found there in Tenthre- do are necessarily absent; and as the bullar system is otherwise the * Pror. etc. V, pp. 209 — 215. Since that Paper was written, I have examined numerous European species belonging to many different genera of Ichncumoni- dce, and ascertained that the bulke follow precisely the same laws in exotic as in indigenous species. riiOCEEDI.NGS BUT. S0C. PHILAB. DECEMBER, 1866. 242 Benj. D. Walsh on the Insects inhabiting the Galls same as in Tenthredo, except that B and B' are less obviously conflu- ent, there are consequently nine bullae. Thus it will be seen that the number of bullae in this family differs in different genera from eleven to eight. In Ichneumonidse it differs in different genera from seven to four, calling the spots F and G bullae, as they evidently are homolo- gous with A — E. As is also the case in Ichneumonidse, the bullae are most distinctly .seen in those species which have blackish wings; yet they are percep- tible in certain lights in all species, even in those which have perfectly hyaline wings. But in certain genera and subgenera, e. g. Hi/lot oma, Tenthredo {taxoims'), Tenthredo (selandria), Dolerus (= Dosytheus) and Emphytus, but not in Gimhex nor Tenthredo (pachyprotasis), there exist in species with blackish wings, in addition to the white bullae, white streaks running in a fixed and definite pattern, from one bulla to another, and always located in certain slender folds between the main veins, which folds are found equally in such genera and subge- nera as do not possess these streaks, and also in Ichneumonidse, tkc. The annexed Figure 1 shows the whole system of bullae and bullar streaks — magnified about six diameters — as it is exhibited in the front wing of Tenthredo in Taxonus tacitus Norton or Selandria fumipennis Norton. FIGURE 2, repre- Figure 1. Front wing of Tenthredo. senting the front wing of Ichneumon, is repeated here from Proc. etc. V, p. 209, the homologous bullae being lettered alike in both, so that the eye may catch at a glance the homologies of the two systems. Moreover, not only is there a definite system of bul- lae in the hind wing, as well as in the front wing, of Tenthredinidse, Figure 2. Front wing of Ichneumon. just as I have stated to be the case in Ichneumonidse, (Prvc. &c. V, p. 213,) but in those species which possess bullar streaks in the front wing, there is a corresponding system of bullar streaks in the hind wing also, passing through the bullae and and bifurcating as in the front wing. But to dwell in detail on all these points would be te- dious. j? E of certain species of Willow. — Part 2nd. 243 From the above facts it follows, I think, conclusively, that these co- lorational streaks exist typically throughout the whole family of the Sawflies, but that in certain genera and subgenera they are broken up into a series of spots which we call "bullae," located on the veins and that part of the membrane of the wings which immediately adjoins the veins. Similarly the typical black vittae on the Chrysonielidous elytra are broken up in Gerotoma caminea Fabr., Diabrotica Vl-punctata Fabr., Ghry&omela scripta Fabr., and Chr. interrupta Fabr., into several series of short, black, longitudinal lines or spots; and in one and the same species — Blepharida rhois Forster — some varieties occur with three uninterrupted vittae upon each elytrum, while ordinarily these vittae are broken up into a very variable number of minute dots, and are sometimes almost entirely obsolete. It further seems to follow, that the system of bullae in Ichneumonidse has been derived from that of Tenthredinidse, by omitting the bullar streaks, even in the darkest- winged species, (except the one passing through F and G, which in many genera, i. e. Tragus, is pretty distinct, and except also a vestige of the submarginal streak in certain species, which I have called a •■seiui-bulla," )* and by suppressing a few of the bullae themselves. For example, since both the marginal cross-vein and the 1st submarginal cross-vein are obsolete throughout Ichneumonidse — just as the former is obsolete in the Tenthredinidous genera Nematus, Euura, &c, and the latter in the Tenthredinidous genus Emphytus — the Tenthredinidous bullae M and N, which are located on those two cross-veins, are also necessarily obsolete in that family. Again, A' is never met with in Ichneumonidse, although in Pinipla and Ephialtes both B and B' are found, which I had wrongly supposed to be attributable to the trans- ference of A from one cross-vein to another. (Proc. etc., V, p. 211.) A Ve can now see, likewise, why the bullae C and D, which are sepa- rated by a wide space in the genus Ichneumon, (Fig. 2,) are in the Tchnemnonidous genus Glypta separated only by a dot and occasional- ly even confluent, and in the Ichneumonidous genus Crypfus are nor- mally confluent. Manifestly it is because the typical white bullar streak bifurcates, in the two first genera, on the basal side of the 2nd recurrent vein a little before it reaches that vein, while in Cryptns, as in Tenth'redo, (Fig. 1, CD,) it bifurcates on the vein itself. Although the locus of the bulla} and of the bullar streaks is always, as I have already stated, in certain slender folds of the wing, yet it is evi- dent that they are not caused mechanically by those folds, as a piece of * See Proc. etc. V. p. 212. 244 Benj. D. Walsh, on the Insects inhabiting the Gall* stiffly-gummed black buckram assumes a white streak in the place where it has been frequently folded. For, 1st, although there is the same kind of folds in the Ichneumonidous as in the Tenthredinidous wing, yet there are never any complete bullar streaks in that family, except the one passing through i^and G; 2nd, as Jurine has remark- ed, there are very many Hymenoptera that have no bullae at all, to say nothing of bullar streaks, though they have the same kind of folds to their wings as Tenthredinidse ; 3rd, even in Tenthredinidse there are certain folds in the wing which are not generally accompanied by a bullar streak, even in those species which have the normal bullar streaks fully developed ; e. g. a fold in the 1st discoidal cell, which bears indeed a bullar streak in Dolcrus, but not in any other Tenthre- diuous genus known to me, and the fold passing through the bulla M which never bears any bullar streak in any genus known to me; ith, in Eumi nidse and Vespidx, where the frout wing of each individual living wasp is doubled up upon itself and undoubled perhaps a thou- sand times a day, we generally find no bullar streak in the locus where the doubling takes place ; and although this fold passes through the bulla G, yet it passes through the vein on which F is placed, much higher up than F, and without causing thei'e the least appearance of any bulla, even in certain dark-winged Polistes (/meatus, Fabr. = pallipes, St. Farg., annularis Linn., and rubiginosus St. Farg.,) which possess a p 1 ale streak in the place where the folding takes place, and al- so a regular system of bullae and bullar streaks. — Westwood. by the way, has inadvertently asserted "that we look in vain throughout the whole Order Hymenoptera, for any other iustance" of the wings being dou- bled upon themselves, as they are well known to be in Diplopteryga. (Introd. II, p. 238.) They are doubled upon themselves precisely in the same manner in the Chalcidian genus Leucospis, and he had him- self previously adverted to the fact. (Ibid. p. 164.) And in Leucospis (ajfinis Say, 4 specimens,) we do meet with a pale streak, in the locus where the folding takes place, though from the defective neuration of the wing there is no visible bullar system. It does not follow, therefore, because the locus of the bulla? and of the bullar streaks is in certain folds of the Tenthredinidous wing, that consequently the folds cause the streaks and the bullae. Because in the typical Tenthredinide there is a pale vitta, the locus of which is immediately under the humeral suture, and because in the typical Ich- ueumonide there is, in addition, another pale vitta, the locus of which is immediately above the humeral suture, it by no means follows that of certain species of WiUow. — Part 2nd. 245 the humeral suture causes these vittae. Again, because iu the typical Gomphus (Pseudoneuroptera) there is a pale vitta, the locus of which is ou the dorsal carina of what is called the dorsum of the thorax, it does not at all follow that the dorsal carina causes this vitta. Lastly, because in the front wing of Noctuidx the loots of the '-orbicular spot" is in the wing-cell above the main stem of the median vein, it would be poor logic to infer that that wing-cell throughout this Lepidopterous family causes the spot. It might, as I formerly suggested, ( Proc. etc. V. p. 213,) be assum- ed, that the paleness of the bullae and of the bullar streaks is caused by ;t mere structural thinning out of the wing at these particular points. But an attentive examination of many hundred wings under a high power has satisfied me, so far as one can be satisfied without ac- tually measuring and weighing, that the wing-vein is as thick at the point where the bulla occurs as elsewhere, and that consequently this phenomenon is colorational and not structural, except so far as all color may be caused by difference in the microscopic texture of the surface of the parts. "When I discovered these bullae, " says Jurine, the first author who gave any account of them in print, though he entirely overlooked the bulla; F and G, "I presumed that they were apertures through which the air contained in the tracheae [wiug-veins] was forced between the double membrane composing the general surface of the wing. But upon examining them with more attention, and upon reflecting that a great number of Hymenoptera were deprived of them, I abandoned that idea, and considered them as a dilatation of the corneous substance of the tubes, caused by the folds of the wing ; (determines par les pit's de Vaile ;) and in fact it is always in the direction of these folds that the bullae are found."* * Xouvclle Methode, &c, I, Introd. p. VJ. I am indebted to Mr. Cresson for calling my attention to this passage in Jurine. The genera especially referred t'> by this writer, us having an obvious system of bullae, are Nomada and Andre- na. The bullae are tolerably plain also in Cerceris, Philanthus, Astata, Sphex, Priononyx, Zethus, Augochlora, Epeolus and Macrocera, and in many other Aeu- 1 iate genera there are more or less plain vestiges of them. It is singular that Jurine in his text states that the number of bullre in Hymenoptera varies from one to seven, (exclusive of course of F and G which he had entirely overlooked.) while iii the figure which he gives he correctly represents the bullae on the sub- marginal cross-veins and recurrent veins of Andrena and Nomada as eight in number. (Plate V. case 15.) He is incorrect in asserting that the continuity of the exterior t u 1 f the vein is interrupted at the point where the bulla oc- curs. The transverse striations on the exterior of the vein may be distinctly traced under a high power throughout the bulla. «-»Ti /h% a 246 Benj. D. "Walsh on the Insects inhabiting the Gulls It has been shown, I think, that the bullae cannot be caused by the folds of the wing, as Jurine imagined, in any other sense than that in which the teeth of a Mammal may be said to be caused by the gums. Neither can we accept the other hypothesis broached by this author, namely, that the bullae are connected with the respiratory system, be- cause the wing-veins are now generally supposed to be, not tracheae or air-conducting tubes, as he imagined, but true veins or blood-conduct- ino- tubes. But may it not be possible that the bullae and the bullar streaks are connected with the circulatory system ? Until microsco- pists are agreed on first principles, it is difficult to answer this question satisfactorily. On the one hand, Bowerbank and others, according to Westwood, have proved " the circulation of a cold, transparent, and nearly colorless fluid, not only in the larvae of Ephemera, Sec, but also in the reins of the wings of the perfect Hemerohius." (Introd. I, pp. 11 and 15.) On the other hand, according to our distinguished American microscopist, Prof. H. J. Clark, the blood, as seems to be inferred from his language, circulates in the wings of insects, not through what are usually called the veins, but through channels which have no determinate walls. "A careful examination," says this last author, "of some of the more transparent insects, such as the May-fly, (Ephemera^) Gall-fly, (Ci/nips,) Plant-louse, (Ajyhis.) Lace-winged Fly, (^Chrysopa^) Dragon-fly, (jEschna, Agrion, Libellula,) and the grub or worm of many more, has convinced me that, notwithstanding the apparent lack of w alls to the channels of circulation, the course of the blood is none the less definite; always passing in one set of channels going from the heart, and returning toward it in another set. This is particularly noticeable in the head, legs and wings." (Mind in Nature, p. 224.) There are three facts, however, which induce me to think, that the bullar streaks cannot perform the same function as the veins in Vertebrata, i. e. reconducting to the heart the blood distri- buted by the arteries, on the assumption that the wing-veins act as ar- teries, or vice versa. 1st. As may be sceu in Fig. 1, they cross the wing veins in all directions. 'Ind. As is also shown in Fig. 1, and as any one may easily satisfy himself to be really the case, by inspecting the natural wing, instead of the branching bullar streaks thickening as they unite with each other and approach the heart, they positively become slenderer, aud sometimes even become subobsolete, as they ap- proach either the costa or the base of the wing. 3rd. In the geuup Dolerus (= Dosytheus) in 27 specimens of 8 species that I have exam- ined, all of them with distinct bullar streaks, (including sericeus Say, of certain species of Willow. — Part 2nd. 247 unicolor? Beau v., collaris Say, arvensis Say, hicolor Beauv., similis Nort., and two others,) the anterior branch of the submarginal bullar streak, instead of unitingwith the posterior branch, as in Fig. 1, A A', fades out suddenly in the blackish or subhyaline membrane, which re- places in this genus the 2nd submarginal cross-vein A A', so as to form no connection whatever with the other branch ; though in a few specimens there is seen in certain lights an indistinct fold adumbrating the obsolete cross-vein, which fold, however, is not colored white like the streaks. Surely, if this anterior branch were a true vein or artery, it would form such a connection. What is very remarkable, though Dosytheus apricus Nort. (= J), aprilis Nort.) has wings no more hya- line than those of similis Nort. and sericeus Say, which exhibit dis- tinct bullar streaks, in all my eight specimens of this species there are no bullar streaks whatever perceptible, though the folds in the wing are as distinct as usual. "Without venturing the assertion, that the bullae and the bullar streaks have nothing whatever to do with the circulatory system in the wings, it becomes, I think, sufficiently evident that they cannot per- form the function of the veins in Vertebrata, the so-called wing-veins acting as arteries, or vice versa. More than this, in the present state of our knowledge upon this subject, it would be unsafe to assert. But even assuming that they form some of the definite channels for the cir- culatory system, spoken of by Prof. Clark as being without any appa- rent walls, yet this is quite a different fact from their being coloration- ally distinguished from the rest of the wing. If the bullar streaks form such channels, it is reasonable to infer that similar channels exist in all Hymenopterous genera, which have visible bullae but no bullar streaks, and again, in all Hymenopterous genera wdiich have neither visible bullae nor visible bullar streaks. Their supposed function as blood-conducting channels without determinate walls, is a structural fact; their being sometimes colored in a peculiar manner is a colora- tional fact; and the two facts, as is abundantly shown by the phenom- ena exhibited in the Hymenopterous wing, have no necessary connec- tion with each other. Hence, whatever views we may adopt as to the the circulatory system in the Hymenopterous wing, the peculiar color- ation of both the bulla: and the bullar streaks, in such species of cer- tain genera and subgenera as have blackish wings, (Fig. 1,) and even in a few species (Dolerus sericeus Say and D. si7nilis Norton) which have wings that are almost hyaline, the peculiar coloration of the bul- lae alone in other genera, (Fig. 2,) and the total absence of any such 248 Benj. D. Wahh on the Inserts inhabiting the Galls coloration in another large group of genera, will always remain as a curious example of what I have called Unity of Coloration. As in other such cases, there exists here a definite Colorational Pattern, dis- tinctly traceable through large groups of species, while in other large groups this Pattern is more or less subobsolete, and in still other groups the Pattern is entirely obsolete. The Teuthredinidous Willow-galls that are known to me may be thus tabulated, so as to form the complement of the Synopsis of Ceci- domyidous Willow-galls given in the former part of this Paper. fProc. (Sec. III. pp. 575 — 6.) SYNOPSIS OF THE TEXTHREDIXIDOTJS GALLS OF THE GENUS SALIX (WILLOW.) A. Gall always monothalamous, and evident]}- a deformation of a bud. III. Bud simply enlarged; its leaves obliterated. I 16 » S 'S?, mma » n - S P- on S - 1 * ° J huinilis. B. Gall a deformation, and swelling of the bud itself. "I IT, S. ovum, n. sp. on S. 4. Gall monothalamous, spongy, growing from J raata. the side of the twig. !' „ , ° I 18, S. ovulum, n. sp. on S. J humilis. 5. Gall a mere enlargement of the twig, poly- ") ln „ thalamous, pithy inside, with its cells all in- - t9 { 8 " n °? us ' n - ? P- ou s - ternal. J longifolia. C. Gall growing out of the leaf, the shape and structure of the leaf still plainly perceptible, monothalamous. f Quite large, and never, except very rarely, continent one with another. 3. Spherical or short-oval, sessile. [ 20 > S " P omilni ; "• B P- on &• J cordata and S. discolor. 4. Semicircular in outline, sessile. 1 21 > S " .fesmodioides.n. sp. J on to. humilis. 5. Spherical', with a very short peduncle. ] 21 l is \ . S " P isum - n - s l>- on 1 »i j g discolor. D. Xot represented. Genus EUTTRA. This genus differs from Nematus in having only 3, not 4, submar- ginal cells, the oue which is 3rd in Nematus being obsolete. Speci- mens of Nematus are occasionally found with one of the two front, wings like those of Euura ; e. g. 2 out of 10 N. s. desmodioides, n. sp., 1 out of 4 N. s. pisum, n. sp., and 4 out of 72 N. s. pomum, n. sp. In a bred % of Nematus ventricosus Klug, (= Selandria ribis Winchell,) both wings have only 3 submarginal cells, so that if captured at large the specimen would naturally be referred to Euura. In Tenthredo, Allantus } Selandria, &c, I notice many similar anomalies, proving of certain species of Wt'Iloir. — Part 2nd. 240 that the genera Emphytus and Dolerus cannot be separated from the former by any impassible barrier. Systematists are by no means pleas- ed with such cases as these, because they undermine the foundations of their theories; and such writers as are scientifically dishonest, often wilfully ignore and conceal them. But they are especially interesting to the philosophic naturalist, as showing how one genus gradually passes into another, and how genera have no real ever-permanent ex- istence in nature, but are mere contingent eventualities, dependent up- on the circumstance of whether a certain number of intermediate spe- cific forms have perished or not from off the face of the earth, or have escaped or not the researches of collectors. " The Coleopterous genus Brachys," says LeConte, "forms several distinct groups, which I should consider as genera, but that Lacordaire states that they merge impercep- tibly together." (Trans. Ann. Phil. Sue XI, p. 251.) On similar principles the very extensive old Geodephagous genera Agonum, Pla- tynus and Anchomenus, and the almost equally extensive old Hydrade- phagous genera Hydroporus and Hygrotus, have been amalgamated ; while, on the other baud, small genera, containing only a few species. are every day being cut up into new genera, each containing ouly one or two species, thus making the rich richer and the poor poorer still. In Lepidoptera, according to the Rev. Mr. Green, there is a biennial revolution in England in generic nomenclature ; and in Heuiiptera Amy- i»t and Serville expressly avow it as their plan, whenever they cau es- tablish any difference whatever between two species sufficient for a ge- neric subdivision, to found new genera wherein to place each differing species. ( Ilemipt. Introd. pp. vi — vii.) Where are now the old Linnaian genera ? Scarcely a single one remains in the old Linnaaan acceptation — all have been cut up into small fragments, and are being daily split up still finer, then, perhaps, re-united, and then once more split up in- to minute fragments ; while the Linnasan species — with a few excep- tions, due to misinformation or error on the part of the great founder of Natural History — stand like a rock, and will stand for indefinite ages. And yet we are gravely told, that genera have as real an exist- ence in nature as species! The genus Euura (anglice "well-tailed") takes its name from the unusual length of the anal styles or " cerci ;" (Westw. Introd. IT. p. 93, note;) but this character occurs only in the ? , the % % of both Euura and Nematus having very minute cerci. Why unusual length of 9 cerci should be invariably, so far as I am aware, correlated in PKO< EEDIKGS EST. SOC. THILAD. DECEMBER, 1S6(5. 250 Benj. D. Walsh on the Insects inhabiting the Galls this genus with the obsolescence of the 3rd submarginal cell % 9 , is as inexplicable a thing as wby blue eyes in the domestic cat should be invariably correlated with deafness. (Darwin, On'g. Spec. p. 18.) Judging from what Brulle says, (Hymen, p. 666,) Pteronus Jurine must be synonymous with Euura Newman ; although Westwood (#y- nops. p. 54.) gives Pteronus Jur. as the synonym of Loplujrus Latr., which last has multiarticulate, not 9-jointed antennae, and also of Gla- 1 stigma fuscous, dull luteous basally and behind. Length 9 -12 inch; front wing 9 .13 inch. % Differs from 9 only a? follows : — l-s£. The spot enclosing the ocelli is larger and separated from the eyes only by a very narrow orbit ; and the occiput is distinctly black, except the orbits. 2nd. The flagellum is dull rufous above on the terminal k and entirely bright rufo-luteous below. 3rd. The antennas are jf (not 3-5ths) as long as the body. &th. The entire tip of the venter is luteous, the lateral plates not concealing its tip in this sex. Length % .12 inch, front wing % .13 inch. One % , one 9 . The % came out May 5, the 9 May 20. Differs from Euura orbitalis Nort. (the only described N. A. species) by the antennae not having in both sexes, alike "the apical half pale beneath,'' and by the venter not being black immaculate. That species is describ- ed as having "a pale luteous spot on the 1st segment of the abdomen," but this probably refers to the basal membrane. Orbitalis is said to have been taken on "the willow," the particular species not being men- tioned. 2fo. 17. Gall s. ovum. n. sp. — On Salix cordata. An oval or roundish sessile monothalamous swelling, .30 — .50 inch long, placed lengthways on the side of small twigs, green wherever it is smooth, but mostly covered with shallow lon- gitudinal cracks and irregular rough scales which are pale opaque brown. Its internal substance fleshy in the summer like that of an apple, but with trans- verse internal fibres. When ripe in the autumn, filled with reddish-brown spongy matter, with close-set transverse internal fissures at right angles to the axis of the twig. On cutting down to the twig at any time, a longitudinal slit about -20 inch long becomes plainly visible. Particular twigs on badly infested bushes sometimes have one of these galls about on every half inch of their length, and not placed in a regular row, but indiscriminately on any side of the twig. Abundant but local. Described from very numerous specimens. Larva. By August 30 many larvse are already .10 — .12 inch long, and are then imbedded in the slit at the base of the gall ; but in many other galls the larvse are apparently not yet hatched. At this date the larva is pale-yellowish, with a very pale fuscous head and the usual dark eye-spots. Tips of the mandibles blackish. When removed from the. gall it uses its legs freely. On Oct. 2, many larva? were still in the gall, and many remain there all winter, and finish their transformations without going underground. From other galls the larvse had bored their way out, and no doubt gone underground, leaving their excrement behind them in the excavated gall. On Feb. 20, a larva (1 specimen) was .22 inch long, very pale dull greenish cinereous, the head darker, with a large, blackish, round spot on the face, ami the usual eye-spots. Mandibles blackish. Legs long, but porrect backwards and apparently functionally impotent. Pro- legs 14, tuberculiform and very short and fiat. Most probably, however, this larva must have been that of some unknown inquilinous species. A similar larva, probably that of the inquilinous Nem. hospes, n. sp., was found repeatedly in the spring in the Cecidomyidous gall S. strobiloides C. S., from which gall I subsequently hied 1 ^ , 2 9 of If. hospes, and also a single % of the inquilinous Euura perturbans, n. sp. A few galls, as late as March 6, were still solid and un- 252 Benj. D. Wakh on the Insects inhabiting the Galls bored, showing that in these the egg hail failed to hatch out. My 15 imagos all transformed in the gall, the galls having been gathered in March. Described from 7 specimens. Pupa unknown. Imago. Euura s. ovum, n. sp. — 9 Shining honey-yellow. Head with the eyes, a square spot enclosing the ocelli, but separated from the eyes by a pretty wide orbit, and also the tips of the mandibles, all black. Clypeus emarginate in a circular arc of about 90°. Labrum rounded -at tip. Occiput more or less clouded with black on the disk. Antenna? dull rufous above, with their basal i black, honey-yellow below, with the scape black, and more or less of the basal I of the flagellum dusky, three-fifths as long as the body, joints 3 — 5 subequal, ■1 Blightly the longest, 5 — S very slowly shorter and shorter, 9 full as long as 8. Thorax with an oblong spot on the anterior lobe of the mesonotum, generally ex- te tding from thecollare $ of the way to the hind angleof the lobe, rarely cover- ing almost its entire surface, the interior J of each'lateral lobe and sometimes its entire surface, base and tip of the scutel and rarely its entire surface, anteri- or disk of the metanotum, and the edges of the basal plate that border on the basal membrane, or rarely the entire surface of the basal plate, all black. Cen- chri whitish. A more or less distinct black cloud on the pectus, and another on the posterior disk of the pleura, the former occasionally obsolete. Abdomen with that part of the anterior edge of joint 1 that borders the whitish basal mem- brane, or rarely the basal h of joint 1, black. Ovipositor honey-yellow, its sheaths dusky. Cerci full as long as the last tarsal joint of the hind legs, honey-yellow, lightly tipped with dusky. Legs honey-yellow, the tarsal claws dusky. Wings hyaline; veins black; those on the costa, as well as the basal \ of the stigma, whitish or yellowish: the rest of the stigma dusky. Length J .17 — .22 inch ; front wing $> -18 — .24 inch. % Differs from the normal rbi!■, and a line on the superior margin of the collare which also extends downwards on its hind margin, all greenish-white. Cenchri whitish, bth. The venter is greenish-white untinged with yellow, the lateral plates black, but ter- minally a little clouded with pale. 9th. The legs are not tinged with yellow. 7th. The stigma is uniformly pale dusky. Length % .16 inch, front wing £, .17 inch. Two % , eight 9 , bred April 2 — 15. Distinct from the average specimens of S. pomum by the greenish-white (not honey-yellow | ground-color % 9 , by the brown-black flagellum of the antenna % , and the black thorax and abdominal dorsum 9 . Specimens however of ,$. pomum 9 which are abnormally dark are scarcely distinguishable from specimens of S. desmodioides 9 which are abnormally pale; so that, if captured at large, one could scarcely tell which species they belonged to. From certain described species it differs precisely as the preceding. T noticed the difference iu the ground color of the two species April 1(1 in recent specimens when placed side by side. No. 2lbis. Gall S. pisum, n. sp.— On S. discolor. A subspherical, pea-like, hol- low, pale yellowish-green gall, always growing on the under side of the leaf. and almost always from one of the side-veins, very rarely (1 specimen) from the mainrih, and attached to the leaf by only a minute portion of its surface, .IS — .28 inch in diameter, and a few, which were probably immature or abortive, only .08 inch in diameter. Almost invariably there is but one -nil to one leaf: but on 4 leaves there were two, and on 2 leaves three of them, and occasionally two are confluent. The surface of the gall is without pubescence, in some smooth and even, in others a little shrivelled, generally studded in the medium-sized ones with 4 — 12 small, robustly conical nipples, which in the larger ones have hurst into a scabrous brown scar. Only in :; out of 62 galls was there any rosy ckeek, as in S. pomum. The point of attachment is marked on the upper side of the leaf by a brown sub-hemispherical depression about .04 inch in diameter. Abundant butlocal. Deseribed Aug. 25 from 62 freshly-gathered emails. At the time the 1st partof this Paper was published I was unacquainted witli this fall, which accounts for the irregularity in the numbering, {2\bis.) On the same bush with the above there occurred 13 galls, mostly unbored, so identical in appearance with S. pomum that I did not think it worth while to attempt to breed from them. On Oct. 14, out of another lot of S. pisum on another bush of S. discolor, I found that about one-fourth to one-fifth had a slightly rosy cheek. On this bush also I met with 4 S. pomum in company with ,S'. pisum. but all empty and bored, but whether bored by the Gall-maker or by the inquilinous Anthonomus sycoph.am.ta. n. sp. (Coleoptera) is uncertain. In both the above two cases a few S. discolor bushes were growing in the mi7. 259 very large numbers of S. cordata, the species on which S. pomum is normally found. This gall is evidently allied to those produced by the European Niematus intercus and X. gallarum, which are described as "globose, spongy, pedunculated galls along the mainrib of the leaf;" i Westw. Jut ro bui the venter does not appear to be tipped with black as it does in 9> because in this sex the lateral plates do not conceal its tip. Length % .It — .13 inch; front wing % .13 — .14 inch. Two % , three 9 > bred April 27 — June 9. Distinct from the nor- mal S. pomum % 9 an d S. desmodioides % o by the darker colora- tion of the body % 9 > and S from S. desmodioides % by the flagelluni being pale below, which seems a pretty constant character in this fami- ly. From an undescribed, cabbage-like, polythalamous, Cecidomyidous gall on the White Oak ( Q. brassica Walsh MS.), the structure of which is analogous to that of Gecidomyia solidaginis Loew, I bred, May 18 — June 10, 2 % 7 9 °f an inquilinous species — Nematus quercicola, n. sp. — which cannot be distinguished from the galhnaking N. s. pisum % 9 . The habits, however, of the two insects differ remarkably in other respects also. For all my N. s. pisum went underground to pupize, and all my N. quercicola pupized in the gall. From certain described spe- cies N. s. pisum may be distinguished in the same manner as N. s. pomum. In the 9 venter being pale and apparently tipped with black from the blackness of the lateral plates, the 9 agrees with Nem. corni- ger 9 Nort., the % only of which species has been hitherto described, and differs from all other 9 Nematus known to me, with the exception of Nem. quercicola, n. sp. We find the same character in Euura s.- (jemma, n. sp. In a single % the 3rd submarginal cross-vein is repre- sented only by a stump. Genus NEMATUS.-— Inquilines or Guest-flies. Nematus inquilinus, n. sp. — 9 Shining honey-yellow. Head with the eyes, a quadrate spot enclosing the ocelli, not near attaining the antennse, and sepa- rated from the eyes by a pretty wide orbit, and also the tips of the mandibles, all black. Clypeus emarginate in a circular arc of about 120°. Labrum promi- nent and rounded at tip. Occiput generally with a discoidal black cloud. Ar*- tennre full h as long as the body, joints 3 — 5 subequal, 6 — 8 slowly shorter and shorter, 9 as long as 8, the scape black, the flagelluni brown-black. Thorax with a broad vitta on the anterior S'. pomum n. sp. of the preceding year's growth, and another 9 , Au- gust 5, troni the Cecidomyidous gall S. brassicoidcs Walsh of the same year's growth; the other 9 and the % captured at large. Most prob- ably the larvae already described (p. 255) as seen Sept. 9 in a jar of S. pomum galls belonged to meiidicus. Comes very near verfebratus Say (1 9 ) and integer Say (2 9 ), but differs in the antennae not being eu- tirely black or fuscous, and in the transverse carina behind the anten- nae being straight or nearly straight, while in vertebratus 9 it is in the form of a widely truncate angle of 60°, and in integer 9 it forms an an- gle of about 90° or 100° with its apes a little rounded so as to approxi- mate to a curve. I notice further that vertebratus 9 , which in extent of black markings is intermediate between mendicus 9 and integer 9 > differs from both in the clypeus being emarginate in a circular arc of only 45°, instead of 90° — 120°. But for the above differences, the three species might be considered as varieties, some more highly color- ed than the others, as in JV. s. pomum 9 • of certain species of Willow. — Part 2nd. 2G3 Nematus fur, n. sp. — % Black. Bead opaque, very minutely and closely punc- tato-rug<>se. Clypeus, labrum, the extreme tip of the cheek, and the base of the mandibles, all dull greenish-white. Clypeus emafginate in a circular arc of about 45°, with a small tubercle in the middle of its anterior margin. Labrum full as long as wide, its tip rounded. Antennae black, 4-5ths as long as the body, rather more compressed than is usual in £, joints 4 and 5 equal in length.: 1 , shorter by J, 6 — 9 very slowly shorter and shorter. Thorax opaque, very mi- nutely rugose, subpolished on the pectus; a pale subtriangular tubercle on the, lateral margin of the black subpolished basal plate. Cenchri pale, but not ob- viously so. Abdomen subpolished, bright fulvo-rufous, the basal edge of joint 1 next the basal membrane, which is whitish, clouded with black. Genitals ob- fuscated. Legs black. Wings subhyaline, slightly tinged with fuliginous; veins and stigma black. Length % .39 inch : front wing ^ .38 inch. One £ , bred March 29 from an old bored subpeduncled spherical gall, .57 inch in diameter, made by Cecidomyia s. batatas Walsh on S. huuiilis; 9 unknown. As the mother Saw-fly must have deposited her egg in this gall after the gall-maker had quit it or not long before, it is a question whether, if such be its general habits, this species can be properly considered as an Inquiline. On Feb. 20, however, I found in a recent gall of C. s. batatas a pale, greenish-white, Tenthredinidous larva, which may appertain to fur, unless it was the larva of Euura pertvrbans n. sp. which I bred from recent specimens of that gall. On April 14 — 23 I took on the same willow on which the above gall grows 3 % , which scarcely differ from fur, except in having the abdomen entirely black and the thorax subpolished, and also 299 apparently belonging to these % % , which had a rufous abdomen. Whether these o % 9 9 are varieties of fur or distinct species remains to be proved, but I incline to think them distinct. Nematus luteotergus % Norton has honey-yellow, not black legs, and besides it is only 2 the size of fur. Nematus erythrogaster 9 Nort. also has legs varied with white and rufous, and is only about | the size of fur. I know no other de- scribed species that approaches it. Genus PRISTIPHORA.— Inquiline or Guest- fly. Pristiphora sycophanta, n. sp. — % Black. Head polished, but sparsely and rather coarsely punctate. Face with a lofty but obtuse carina extending from between the antennae to the clypeal suture. Clypeus squarely truncate. La- brum twice as wide as long. Mouth entirely black. Antennae nearly as long as the body, black above, brown-black beneath, joints 3 — 5 subequal, (5 — 9 very slowly shorter and shorter. Thorax polished with fine shallow punctures. Te- gulas and cenchri dull yellowish. Abdomen polished with fine shallow punc- tures, sparse towards the base, more dense towards the tip. Basal membrane dull whitish. Legs whitish; coxae, except their extreme tips, femora, tarsal tips, and in the hind legs the terminal i of the tibiae and the entire tarsi, all black. Wings hyaline: veins black : costa and stigma dusky: first submargin- al cross-vein obsolete in both wings, the antepenultimate cell receiving both 264 Benj. D. Walsh, on the Insects inhabiting the Galls recurrent veins in the normal manner. Length % .16 inch; front wing % .16 inch. One % , bred August 9 from a cocoon found, July 27, inside the Ce- cidomyidous gall S. brassicoidcs Walsh of the same year's growth ; £ unknown. Distinct at once from Pristiphora rjrossularise Walsh, the the only other described X. A. species, by the 3rd joint of the anten- nae being as long as the 4th, and by the much darker legs. In the structure of the face and clypeus it agrees remarkably. COLEOPTERA. MAKERS OF PSEUDO-GALLS.— Family Cerambycid^. j\ t o. 22. Pseudo-gall inornata. — On Salix longifolia and also on Populus angulata or Cottonwood. A rather sudden swelling on such of the main stems as are .50 — 1.25 inch in diameter, cracking open in two or three deep, irregular, scabrous, brown, more or less transverse, gaping, thick-lipped fissures. This is the appearance presented as early as August and until the following spring- but July 19 nothing is seen but a smooth elongate swelling of the stem, pithy inside, and without any cracks or roughness outside, and undistinguishable externally from the Tenthredinidous gall S. nodus n. sp., in the form in which it oc- curs on the same willow later in the season. Very probably, however, as with many, if not with all Saperda, the larva is at least two seasons in arriving at maturity, and the normal appearance of the pseudo-gall is not assumed till the following season. The insect does not make its way out in spring through the deep cracks of this pseudo-gall, but each bores a hole for himself in the manner usual in this family. The gall on the Cottonwood is absolutely identical with the Willow-gall, and was recognized by myself as such at the first glance. It was found ex- clusively on young sapliugs. In both cases it was perfectly healthy plants that were attacked. Although this pseudo-gall weakens mechani- cally the stem upon which it grows, and to such an extent that it occa- sionally causes the stem to break in two with the wind, yet otherwise the stem never perishes, but on the contrary the wound is gradually healed and overgrown by fresh woody matter. Larva. July 19th the larva is .10 inch long, or less, and of a pale color. In the spring when it assumes the imago state it is much larger, and differs but little from other larvai belonging to this genus. Pupa unknown. Imago. Saperda inornata Say (=S. concolor Lee?) — May 20, 1864. I bred 5 specimens from the Willow pseudo-gall and many more subsequently. The following year from the Cottonwood pseudo-gall I it :» i of certain species of Willow. — Part 2nd. 2G5 bred, June 2 and subsequently, numerous specimens of the same insect. A pair sent to Mr. Ulke were pronounced by him to be S. concofor Lee. j but as the insert agrees exactly with Say's, description of S. in- omata, and as LeConte professes to be unacquainted with this last spe- cies. [Say's Works II, p. 100), I believe concohr to be a mere syno- nym. The most careful authors are sometimes liable to overlook spe- cies which have been already described. Many years ago I pointed out to Dr. LeConte that the Elater obesus of Say, which he had failed to identify, | Say's Works II, p. 100.) was nothing but a pretty com- mon species which, according to him, had been subsequently described by Germar as Diacanthus acutipennis, and which now forms the type of the new genus Oxygonus Lee. Here both Germar and LeConte failed to identify a species, which Say had circumscribed by a very re- markable character — the tooth on the middle of the tarsal ungues. INQUILINES. — Family Cryptophagid;e. Loberus impresstjs Lee. Bred a single specimen Sep. 12 from the Cecidomyidous gall S. bra ssicoides Walsh. This insect is consider- ed rare, but it occurs abundantly in Illinois in winter-gathered moss. The genus must be carefully distinguished from another bearing the same name iu TeUphoridx, I do not know which has the priority. Family MyCETOPHAGIDJE. LlTARGUS 4-SPILOTUS Lee. Bred a single specimen Aug. 30 from the Acaridous (?) gall S. senigma Walsh. (See above page 227.) Family Curculionid^E. Anthonomus sycophanta, n. sp. — Brown-black. Head finely and rather sparsely punctate, except on the vertex, and with short appressed white hairs. A large impressed shallow puncture behind a line connecting the upper curve of the eyes. Rostrum \ longer than the head and thorax together, curved in a circular arc of about 4J°, finely punctate and rarely with its tip rufo-sanguine- ous; antennae inserted 3-5ths of the way to its tip, rufous, the club obfuscated. Thorax with close-set larger punctures and long appressed white hairs, so as to appear opaque. Scutel rather longer than wide, generally white with appress- ed hairs, sometimes blackish or rufous. Elytra \'i times as long as the head and thorax together exclusive of the rostrum, punctate-striate with large punc- tures, the. interstices with fine rather sparse punctures and white hairs, so that the whole elytrum appears opaque; rufo-sanguineous, sometimes dark sanguine- ous, rarely verging on to luteo-sanguineous, sometimes with a cloud round the scutel and also the interior edges of the suture, brown-black. All beneath tinged with white from short appressed white hairs. Legs dark rufo-sanguine- ous, the knees and -onetimes the' entire leg, brown-black. Length exclusive of the rostrum .OS — .12 inch. 266 Benj. D. Walsh on the Insects inhabiting the Galls Eighteen specimens ; eleven bred from the Tenthredinidous gall *S'. pomum n. sp., five from the Tenthredinidous gall S. desmodioid.es n. sp., one cut out of the Tenthredinidous gall iS. nodus n. sp., and one captured at large. This species is the same shape and size as Antho- nomus scutellatus Sch'onh. determined by LeConte, (which does not seem to differ from A. erythropterus Say,)* but is distinguishable by the elytra being almost entirely red (not red only on the lateral tip) ami opaque (not subpolished) from the sculpture of the interstices. I for- merly considered sycophanta as a mere variety of scutellaftis* and have spoken of it under that name. (Proc. etc. Ill, pp. 547 and 619.) But not only do they differ constantly, as has been already showu, but scu- tellatus* is inquilinous in the Aphidian galls Caryseglobuli Walsh and Carysefolise Fitch, in which its imago occurs as early as June 20 — 26, shortly after which time those two galls dry up to nothing; whereas, out of hundreds of specimens that passed through my hands, the earliest sycophanta were met with July 30, and then only in the gall itself. There is still another Anthonomus, of the same size, shape, and near- ly of the same sculpture as sycophanta, but differing in the head, (ex- cept the extreme tip of the rostrum which is black,) the thorax and the legs being of the same rufous color as the elytra, and in the thorax having a conspicuous linear vitta of white hairs extending from the white scutel to the head. Also, instead of an impressed puncture be- hind the eyes, there is an impressed stria between the eyes; but some- times, just as in sycophanta, there is a blackish cloud round the white scutel, the blackish tint being occasionally prolonged along the suture. Of this species I dug (Aug. 9 — 18) four imagos and several larvae out of an undescribed Cecidomyidous gall — Cratsegi plica Walsh MS — on Crataegus crus-galli ; always finding them unaccompanied by the au- thor of the gall, and but a single Anthonomus in a single gall. And I have also 11 specimens of the same insect in my Cabinet, labelled as captured on the Thorn. In 1861 Dr. LeConte marked this species for me as "undetermined." Hence, if hitherto undescribed, it maybe named Anthonomus cratsegi. Thus it appears that the same genus An- thonomus is inquilinous in Hymenopterous galls made by Sawflies, in Homopterous galls made by Plant-lice, and in Dipterous galls made by * It appears by a letter which I have since received from Dr. LeConte, that by some clerical error this insect was named by him for me as " scutellatus SchOnh." instead of its proper designation " suturalis Lee." and that it is just as I have supposed in the text, identical with erythropterus Say. Suturalis (Lee. Ann. Lye. 1824) has the priority over erythropterus (Say, 1831), and scutellatus is a distinct species. of certain species of Willow. — Part 2nd. 267 Gall-gnats. A closet-naturalist, having any one of these calls contain- ing Anthonomus submitted to his notice, would be apt to conclude, that it was the Anihonomw that made the gall. On July 29 I found numerous larvae and two pupje of sycophant a in the Tcnthredinidous gall S. pomum n. sp., a single individual only iu a single gall, in every instance unaccompanied by any Tenthredinidous larva. Nearly one-half, out of a large lot of these calls opened at this date, were thus tenauted, most of them being bored fir the exit of the beetle ; but two days afterwards I found a single gall occupied by two Anthonomus larvae in distinct cells separated by a thin partition, one cell bored and the other not. Except a single one, none of the galls containing Nematus larvae were then bored. Juty 311 found about 12 imagos of sycophanta in the gall S. pomum, one only in each gall j and August 13 — 29 I bred large numbers of them from these galls. From these facts I infer that this curculio, while in the larva state, must destroy the egg or the very young larva of the gall-making Nematus, just as Anthonomus cratsegi n. sp. evidently does, and just as the larva of A. scutellatus* gradually destroys the young plant-lice among which it lives; otherwise the two larvae would coexist in the same gall. Westwood indeed records the fact, that a Balaninus "resides in the large and fleshy galls upon the leaves of Willows, occasionally in company with the larvae of Nematus intercus" (Intr. I, p. 342,) which last insect he afterwards names as the maker of the gall, stating further that the gall is monothalamous, not polythalamous. (II, p. 105.) But out of hundreds of S. pomum that I have opened, I never found the Antliono- mus larva "in company" with the Nematus larva, if by the phrase "in company" is to be understood, that the two insects occur together in the same individual gall, and not merely in the same lot of galls. On July 30 I found two sycophanta imagos in the Tenthredinidous galls S. desmodioides n. sp., and many others subsequently. And on Aug. 28 I found a single sycophanta imago still remaining in the Tenthredini- dous gall S. nodus n. sp., many of the other galls being bored and empty, from which no doubt the beetle had already made its exit. Anthonomus tessellatus, n. sp. Rufous, opaque and pulverulescent with nu- merous fine, short, appressed, white hairs or elongated scales. Head finely and densely punctured; a large puncture between the hind edges of the eyes, which is prolonged between the eyes in a longitudinal stria. Rostrum free from hairs, fully as long as the head and thorax together, arquated in a circular arc of 45°; antenna rufous, inserted 3 of the way to the tip of the rostrum. Thorax more coarsely punctured, i wider than long, its sides convex, but slightly constricted * See the note on page 266. 268 Benj. D. Walsh on the Insects inhabiting the Galls behind, much and suddenly constricted before, the hairs laterally so dense as to give a silvery-white appearance there. Scutel small and never white. Ely- tra 2£ times as long as the head and thorax together, exclusive of the rostrum, more finely punctate than the thorax, and with shallow rather acute strise ir- regularly punctate in common with the interstices, (which are flattish,) but not punctato-striate. Lateral margin whitish like that of the thorax: the remain- ing parts dotted with small irregular masses of white hairs arranged so as to appear almost tessellate. Beneath closely and more coarsely punctate with dense hairs. Legs with fine punctures and hairs. Length exclusive of the ros- trum .11 — .13 inch, with the rostrum .140 — .105 inch. Forty-four specimens, three of which I bred in July from the Ce- cidomyidous gall S. brassicoides Walsh of the same year's growth, and April 19 I noticed one or two more sitting on these galls where they grew, being then of last year's growth. April 20, on beating bushes full of these galls, I obtained prodigiously large numbers. Specimens sent to Dr. LeConte were thought by him to be uudescribed. Abun- dant as it was in April, I never met with it on any other occasion in the ordinary course of collecting, and I believe that the insect is not double-brooded, but that the July specimens were individuals that had attained maturity before the normal time, as with so many other insects, (e. g. the lepidopterous Batachedra salicipomonella Clem.; see below, and see also Proc &c. Ill, p. 5G9.) A very constant species and easily recognizable by the tessellate appearance of the elytra, which resembles that of Erirhinus mucidus Say. Differs from si/cophanta n. sp., scvtle- latus Schbnh. ( y =erythropterus Say ?),* musculus Say, nigrinus Schonh., quadrigibbus Say, signatus Say, (which I do not know), prunidda Walsh, and many other species, by the elytra nut being punctato-striate, except where the general punctation happens to lie in regular series in the elytral striae. It is also much more elongate than any described spe- cies known to me, except prunicida. Larva. — On July 26 I found burrowing in the heart of the gall S. brassicoides of the same year's growth a curculionidous larva, which I have little doubt be- longs to this species, or possibly to the following. Length .07 inch, the body usually curved in a semicircle and twice as long as wide. Color yellowish, but. above mostly curdy white. Head honey-yellow; mandibles brown-black, ro- bust, and almost equilaterally triangular with a subterminal tooth. Erirhinus ephippiattjs Say. It may be added to Say's rather brief description, that the rostrum is as long as the head and thorax together, and is so nearly straight as to describe a circular arc of 25 v '. Antenna} inserted on the rostrum -2 — 3-5ths of the way to the tip. Thorax and elytra shaped as in Anth. tesscllatus, but rather less elon- gate. The "slightly indented longitudinal line on the thorax" is an * See the note on page 260. of certain species of Willow. — Part 2nc7. 2G9 optica] illusion caused by the hair parting there, and appears and dis- appears as the light is changed. Besides the two bands on the elytra mentioned by Say, there is a third irregular more or less distinct ma- cular band near their tip. Length .08 — .11 inch, exclusive of the ros- trum, which in all my specimens is depressed; .10 inch according to Say, nothing being said about the rostrum. Ten specimens, one of them bred Aug. 11 from the Cecidomyidous gall X brctssicoidez Walsh, the rest captured at large. The size of the clytral bands varies slightly, but on the whole it is a pretty constant and well-marked species. Apion lanuginosum, n. sp. — %? Black. Head finely and closely punctate except on the glabrous vertex, and with fine, short, appreased, white hairs; ros- trum strongly punctate, except at the extreme tip, but without hairs, basally opaque terminally subpolished, aa long as the head and thorax together, cylin- drical throughout, arquated in a circular arc of 45°, thrice as long as wide when viewed laterally, the antennce inserted 2-5ths of the way to the tip. Thorax closely and more coarsely punctate, with very long, rather dense, partially erect, white hairs; as long as wide, its sides behind the middle parallel or scarce- ly converging towards the scutel, before the middle converging in a concave circular arc of about 30°, so that the thorax is J-5th narrower before than be- hind. Elytra about If times as long as the head and thorax together, exclu- sive of the rostrum, punetato-striate, the strise deep, the punctures large but not obvious, the interstices rounded and very finely punctato-rugose, with very long, rather dense, partially erect, white hairs. Legs and all beneath, black, with fine and short appressed white hairs. Length, exclusive of the rostrum, .07 inch. Two % (?) specimens, bred Aug. 22 and 29 from the Cecidomyidous gall S. strobiloides 0. S., and also 1 ( % ?) specimen captured at large in company with 2 out of 9 9 (?), all of which 9 differ from the de- scription only in the rostrum being \ longer than the head and thorax together, and 4 -J- (not 3) times as long as wide when viewed laterally, and in its having the antennae inserted scarcely l-3rd (not 2-5ths) of the way to the tip. I observe similar sexual differences, but much more obvious, in many Balaninus which I have taken in colt a belonging to nasicus Say and sparsus Schonh., and the same thing is well known to occur in Arrhenodes septentrionis % 9 Hbst. A. lanuginosum differs from A. rostrum Say, A. pensylvanicum Schonh. and 5 or G other species in my collection, by the white hairs giving the insect a distinctly gray ap- pearance, as in A. segnipes Say; from which species, however, it is separated at once by the rostrum not being basally thickened and by the legs not being partly rufous. From t lie description of A. porca- titm Schonh. it differs also in the cylindrical rostrum, and from that of A. recondition Schonh. in being black, not brassy-black. PROCEEDINGS EXT. S0C. P1IILAD. JANl.WtV, 1867. 270 Beaj. D. Walsh on the Insects inhabiting the Galls So far as I can judge at present, there are very numerous Phyto- phagic species of this genus, that cannot be satisfactorily separated without breeding large numbers of each from its peculiar food-plant. Dr. LeConte tells me that his collection comprises no less than 35 N. A. species of Apion. Family GALERUCIDvE. Haltica alternata Illig. Bred one specimen of the Phytopha- gic variety with the elytral vittte subobsolete, QProc. etc. Ill, p. 404,) Aug. 6. from the Cecidoinyidous gall S. brassicoides Walsh of the same season's growth, and captured another at large on that gall about the same date. The sis specimens with the elytral vittae distinct but nar- row, spoken of {ibid.) as captured on that gall, proved on a more careful examination to belong to H. punctigera Lee, a closely allied but very distinct species. Family Chrysomelid^E. Paria sex-notata Say. Bred one specimen, Aug. 14, from the Cecidomyidous gall S. brassicoides Walsh of the same season's growth. OBTHOPTEBA PSEUDONEUBOPTEBA.— INQUILINES. Family Psocid^e. Psocus RUFUS Walsh. A single specimen of this rare species was bred by me, Sep. 2. from the Cecidomyidous gall S. brassicoides Walsh of the same season's trrowth. &' LEPIDOPTEBA.— INQUILINES. Family JEgeriad^e. Trochilium hospes, n. sp. — % Blue-black. Head with wide interior orbits and also the lower part of the face, silvery-white. Antennae blue-black, with the 1st joint beneath, as also the palpi, except their last joint above, golden-yel- low. Thorax with the edges of the shoulder-covers, and the mesothoracic pleu- ra, golden-yellow. Abdomen above with a very narrow band i the way, and a rather wider one J way to the tip of the abdomen, and also the lateral edges of the caudal brush, all golden-yellow. Venter with the extreme base and a large spot in the middle occupying about 3 joints, golden-yellow. Legs golden-yel- low. Front legs with the outside of the femora, black on their basal §, and the tips of the tibiae and the tarsal incisures, all blackish in certain lights. Four hind legs with the coxae, except their extreme tips, the outside of the femora, the tips of the tibiae, and in the hind legs their extreme base also, and in certain lights the tarsal incisures, all blue-black. Wings hyaline ; front wings with a band on the arc and a broad terminal one, streaked with golden-yellow between the veins, blue-black; both wings with the costa partly golden-yellow and the fringe brown-black. Length % .28 inch. Expanse % .57 inch. of certain species of Willow. — Part 2nd. 271 One $ , bred June 2 from the Coleopterous Pseudo-gall S. inornata n. sp.; 9 unknown. On July 4 from a rough, black, woody, undescribed, polythalamoua twig-gall occurring sparingly and sparsely, (not abun- dantly and locally like Q. podayrse Walsh,) both on the Black and Bed Oaks, (being the same gall from which I bred the Gall-fly refer- red to by Osten Sacken, Proc. etc. IV, p. 3G5, note,) I bred a % dif- fering from the above only in having the collar slenderly yellow and the extreme tip of the central hairs of the caudal brush distinctly yel- low. From a very similar rough, black, woody gall (?), occurring locally and abundantly on the twigs of the Pignut Hickory — the origin of which gall (?) I cannot at present ascertain*- — -I also bred many years ago a damaged $ specimen, which agrees with tha^bred from the Oak-gall in the characters which separate it from hospes. Whether these two last be a mere variety of hospes or a distinct species, can only be shown by additional £ specimens.*}" Hospes differs from the description of pyri Harris by the silvery-white orbits and face, by the basal joint of the antenna? being yellow beneath, by the collar not being yellow, (though it is so in the Oak-gall specimen,) and by the yellow band on the mid- dle of the abdomen being as narrow as in tipuliforme, not -'broad," as it is described by Harris, or proportionally thrice as broad as in tipuli- forme as it is figured in Harris's Injurious Insects. (Plate V, fig. 5.) From the description of scitulum Harris it differs precisely in the same way, except that that species is described as having "the front and orbits covered with silvery-white hairs." I notice that tipuliforme has the interior orbits silvery-white, though Harris, as quoted by Mor- ris, (Synops. p. 140,) omits this character in his description. Possi- bly, therefore, he may have omitted it also in pyri. But, judging from tipuliforme % 9 and exitiosum 9 , the width of the abdominal yellow bands is in this genus a pretty constant character. Family NoctuadyE. A most surprisingly variable species, as yet undescribed, and ex- panding only .47 — .69 inch, which was originally thought by Dr. Cle- * Baron Osten Sacken, to win mi I have sent sj^ecimens, thinks that it is a fun- gus. f On Oct. 4, 1866 I bred what is- apparently the 9 of hospes from the woody excrescence on the Pignut Hickory of the same year's growth. It differs from the described % only as follows: — 1st. The orbits are narrow, not wide. 2nd. The first joint of the antennae is immaculate. 3rd. The yellow ventral spot is only about half as long. 4th. The lateral fasciculus of the caudal brush, as usual in 9 Trochilium, is much shorter and thinner, but it is still distinctly yel- low on its exterior half. Length 9—0 inch. Expanse 9-50 inch. 272 Benj. D. Walsh on the Insects inhabiting the Galls mens to belong to Tortricidse, but was finally decided by him to belong to JVoctuadse, was bred by me, Aug. 1 — 23 and subsequently, in pro- digious numbers from the Cecidomyidous gall S. brasslcoides Walsh, and a single specimen from the Acaridous (?) gall S. senigma Walsh,* both of the same season's growth. This is the insect referred to in the note Proc. etc. Ill, p. 609. f Family Tortricid^;. Hedya salicicolana Clems. Bred in very large numbers from the Cecidomyidous gall S. rhodoldes Walsh of the same season's growth, July 27 — Aug. 22 and subsequently. Dr. Clemens, following La- treille's example, never gives any dimensions in his descriptions, and I, therefore, here and elsewhere supply the deficiency. Alar expanse .33— .42 inch. ' Hedya saliciana Clem. Bred many from the Cecidomyidous gall *S'. brasslcoides Walsh, Aug. 1 — 18, and from the Cecidomyidous gall S. stroblloidcs 0. S., Aug. 1 — 13, both galls of the same season's growth. Expanse .37 — .44 inch. Crcesia gallivorana Clem. Two specimens ( % 9 ?) bred from *S'. brasslcoides of the same season's growth, Aug. 14 and 24. Expanse $ .77 inch, % considerably less. By some clerical or typographical error, the specific name is printed "gallicolana" twice over in Dr. Cle- mens's description. Peronea gallicolana Clem. Bred 12 specimens from 8. strobl- loldcs Aug. 27 — Sep. 11, and one from S. brasslcoides Sep. 11, both galls of the same season's growth. Expanse .50 — .62 inch. N. B. — Eninjpti/chla sallgneana Clem, (alar expanse .80 inch) is er- roneously stated in Dr. Clemens's description to have been bred by me from a Willow-gall, my letter containing the account of that species having been unfortunately mislaid, and is named accordingly. {Proc. *'tc. V, p. 141.) In reality it was bred in the middle of June from a gall on Solidago (Golden-rod), the same which is referred to by Osten Sacken Proc. etc. I, 369. The Trypcta gall which Osten Sacken de- scribes in this passage is well known to me, as well as the Dipterous * See alio vi-, page 227. f In the very last letter which I received from Dr. Clemens, previous to his la nted death, Jan. 11, 1867, he informed me that he had been working on a Synoptical Table of Guenee's Nodm '.elites, and had come to the conclusion that this insect belonged to an undescribed genus. It may assist in identifying it hereafter to state, that I had provisionally named it protcella, and it is probably BO labelled in the Clemens Collection. of certain sjwies of Willow. — Part 2nd. 273 insect which produces it, and it is quite different from the other gall, being roundish and filled, except a central cell, with white sponge, not elongate-oval and with thin walls like the other. But from a gall on the same plant, and also on the allied Compositous plant Vernonia fas- ciculata. which is externally like the Lepidopterous gall, but is inter- nally filled with brown sponge and numerous cells, I have bred many specimens of Lasioptera solidaginis 0. S., a minute Cecidomyidous fly. Whether this Dipteron is inquilinous in the Lepidopterous gall, or the Lepidopteron in the Dipterous gall, or whether the two galls are distinct and both the Dipteron and the Lepidopteron are gall- makers, I cannot say with any certainty ; but on mature consideration of all the facts now known to me, I incline to the last supposition. As to the burrows in the Tryprta galls noticed by Osten Sacken in the above passage, they are probably made by an inquilinous Sawfly ; for I found, Dec. 25, a living Tenthredinidous larva, .18 inch long, burrow- ing in one of these galls, without at all interfering with the health and prosperity of the obese tenant of the central cell. Family Tineid^:. GrELECHiA fungivorella Clem. Bred many from the gall S. brassicoides Walsh, Aug. 1 — 15, and a few from S. rhodoides Walsh, (not »S'. sfrobdoides 0. S. as erroneously stated by Clemens,) Aug. 14, both galls being Cecidomyidous and of the same season's growth. Ex- panse .38 — .49 inch. G-ELECHIA gall^genitella Clem. Two specimens were bred from S. brassicoides Aug. 7, and two more, pronounced by Dr. Clem- ens to be identical, were bred July 2 from the Cynipidous gall Q. spon- gifica 0. S., both galls of the same year's growth. Expanse .38 — .45 inch. I have since bred two more from last year's specimens of the Cynipidous gall Q.fcus Fitch (=Q. forticornis Walsh) April 18 and 26. Hence the species would seem to be double-brooded. GrELECHiA salicifungiella Clem. Bred six specimens from *S'. brassicoides of the same year's growth Aug. 3 — 13. Expanse .57 — .GO inch. Batraciiedra saltcipomoneeea Clem. Bred many from the Tenthredinidous gall S. pomum n. sp. May 8 — 20, one from the Ten- thredinidous gall S. desmodioides n. sp. April 9, and one from the Ce- cidomyidous gall S. rhodoides Walsh, May 11, all from galls of the preceding year's growth ; also a single specimen Aug. 28 from S. po- mum of the same year's growth. Expanse .35 — .15 inch. 274 Benj. D. Walsh on the Insects inhabiting the Galls HETEROPTERA.— INQUILINES. Family Lyg^id^. Anthocoris [Redvmus] insidiosus Say (= Anthocoris pseudo- chinche Fitch.) Both larva and imago occur very abundantly on S. bras- sicoides in the summer, and more sparingly on S. rhodoides and S. strobiloides, all three galls being Cecidomyidous and of the same year's growth. I have also noticed a few larvae and imagos on S. senigma, and a single larva, Aug. 1, on a leaf covered by S. semen; the above two galls being Acaridous and of the same year's growth. This insect is very common, and sometimes occurs under the husks of the ears of maize in the autumn, in company with the notorious Chinch-bug; CMi- cropus leucopterus Say;) for which, to my personal knowledge, it is sometimes mistaken by Agriculturists, although it is only half as large and very differently shaped. Dr. Fitch mentions that, in one instance, it had actually been sent him by a correspondent as the Chinch-bu?, whence his specific name. (N. Y. Rep. I, p. 29-4.) Say's descrip- tion is defective in not stating, that the hind legs are entirely brown- black. What Fitch calls the " variety semiclarus " of his pseudo-chinche, i. e. with the posterior half of the hemelytral membrane fuliginous, is possibly Anthocoris [reduvius] muscuhs Say, a very similar but larger and proportionally longer insect, with the hemelytral tips normally fuliginous, and with the tips of antennal joints 2 and 3 and the whole of joint 4. brown-black, the rest of the antenna being pale. The anten- nal joints, it may be added, are proportioned as in insidiosus. Say's spe- cimen of this last species had lost its antennae, and consequently they are as yet un described. The study of the various Families of gall-producing insects is pecu- liarly interesting and peculiarly important just now, because it throws considerable light upon the great questions of the day — What is a spe- cies ? Wherein, if at all, do species differ from varieties ? How is one species essentially distinguishable from another? And what was the origin of species ? Ordinarily, when we compare together two closely-allied animals, we can only compare them in regard to the dif- ferent states, that intervene between the earliest embryo and the com- pletely developed adult. This is a strictly zoological test. But in the case of the gall-making insects we have, in addition, a botanical test of the highest value ; for the characters of the gall are frequently of far more practical importance for the distinction of species, than those of the egg, larva, pupa and £ £ imago all put together. For example, of certain specks of Willow. — Part 2nd. 275 ls^. Certain Willow Gall-gnats, which can be readily distinguished by the galls produced by them, are undistinguishable, as I have shown at great length, in all states of the insects themselves. 2nd. The gall caryxcaulis, Fitch, grows on the upper surface of the leaf-stalk of a Hickory, (or sometimes, as is correctly stated by Fitch, upon the young succulent twigs of the same year's growth,) and opens above when ripe, to allow the Plant-lice which it contains to escape, by a slit that is usually decussated, or in the form of a 4- ; and this gall often attains quite a large size, say fully | inch in diameter. On the other hand the gall carj/seglobuli Walsh grows on the leaflet of the same Hickory, and when ripe, opens below, not above, and always by a simple longi- tudinal slit, as is the general, though not the universal rule in Aphidi- an galls, carysefolise, for instance, opening above at the apex of the conical figure which it presents on the upper surface of the leaflet; and this gall — carj/se globuli — never exceeds ?or| the extreme diame- ter of cari/secaulis. Yet the Phylloxera* produced from these two very distinct Hickory galls are absolutely undistinguishable, either by size, shape, structure or coloration, even when numerous specimens of each are placed side by side. (Proc. etc. II, p. 462.) It may be thought, perhaps, by those who do not know how constant and invariable a thing a Gall is, and how definitely all its characters are determined by the insect which gives origin to it, that the same insect produces in this particular case a different gall, according to the location of that gall, whether on the stem of the leaf or on the blade of the leaflet. But — not to rely exclusively on the fact, that carysecaidis galls located on the twig are precisely like those on the leaf-stalk — there is another remarkable example, which shows that this can scarcely be so. The Cynipidous gall Q. ficus Fitch is, not a bud-gall generated by the deformation of a bud or buds, but a true twig-gall, a mass of subglo- bular galls about the size of peas being clustered so densely round the infested twig, without in any wise interfering with the normal de- velopment of the buds, that, except on the outskirts of the mass, they usually press against one another so closely as to become each 3, 4 or 5-sided. In fact, to make use of Dr. Fitch's graphic comparison, from which he derived his specific name, they closely resemble a mass of round figs, pressed together in the box in which they are packed so as to become many-sided instead of mimd. Now I have noticed five or six instances, where the mother insect, when depositing her eggs with the accompanying drop of poison in November towards the tip of a - Respecting this genus, see the note a few pages below. 276 Berg. D. Walsh on the Insects inhabiting the Galls twig, had evidently "slopped over," so to speak, when she came to the terminal leaf-bud, and had laid a few eggs in the base of the embryo- leaves of that leaf-bud. The consequence was that, when the galls reached their full growth in the following August, there were a few strung along at considerable intervals on the base of one or two of those leaves, that had developed from the terminal leaf-bud since the es^s were laid in the preceding autumn. Here, then, if anywhere, we might expect to find a change in the characters of these wrongly-located galls, produced by mistake in a part of the tree where naturally they had no business to be. But what was the fact ? In every one of these five or six cases they were precisely like the outlying galls of a normally loca- ted mass of Q. ficus galls, differing only from the central ones in being round and not many-sided. They were alike in color, alike in texture, alike in containing internally a mass of very fine, woolly, interlaced fi- bres, with a central cell located close to the short peduncle of the gall; (for these galls are not " hollow," as is incorrectly stated by Fitch and re-stated by Osten Sacken ;) finally they were precisely alike in size. Yet, as the change in location in this example was the greatest possible, namely, from a twig to a leaf, here, if anywhere, we might have ex- pected some little variation in the aberrant gall. Is it likely, then, that when the change in location is merely from one part of a leaf to another, namely, from the footstalk to the leaflet, we should meet with fundamental differences in the structure and size of the same identical gall, as we must assume to be the case, if we assume that carysecaulis Fitch and caryee globuliWalah are produced by one and the same spe- cies of Aphidae? Moreover, carysecaulis is comparatively rare near Rock Island, Illinois, and caryee globuli very common, while on the contrary Dr. Fitch found carysecaulis very common and was en- tirely unacquainted with caryee globuli. 3rd, An iuquilinous Saw- fly — Nematus hosjies n. sp. — which inhabits a Willow-gall made by a Gall-gnat, is undistinguishable from a true gall-making Saw-fly — Ne- matus s. pomum n. sp. — which I have bred very extensively from a well-marked Willow-gall. (See above, p. 261.) 4th. Nematus quer- cicola, n. sp. (see above, p. 260), which is iuquilinous in a Cecido- myidous bud-gall on the White Oak, positively cannot be distinguish- ed, when the two are placed side by side, from Nematus s, pisum n. sp., which makes a leaf-gall on Salix discolor. 5th. Many specimens of another inquilinous Saw-fly — Euura perturbans n. sp. — which I have reared from a variety of different galls made by Gall-gnats, are abso- lutely undistinguishable from specimens bred by myself of the gall- of certain species of Willow. — Part 2nd. 277 making Euura s. ovum n. sp., which inhabits a certain well-characterized Willow-gall. (See above, p. 254). 6th and lastly. In the case of Cynips q. sponyifica 0. S. and C. q. inanis 0. S., the £ 9 gall-making irnagos, produced in the same month of the year from very distinct galls occur- ring exclusively on very distinct Oaks, cannot be distinguished in any way from one another when placed side by side, as both Osten Sacken and myself have clearly ascertained.* The general rule with all gall-making insects seems to be, that each particular species is confined to one particular species of the genus or genera of plauts, inhabited by the particular genus of insects to which it belongs. But there are very numerous exceptions to this rule; and those in the family Cynipiecific name. f In this genus, which may be called Mclaphis in allusion to the fruit-like ap- pearance of the gall, the typical two joints of the scape are soldered together so as to form one j"iut (the 1st), the typical joints land 2 of the flagellum are soldered together so as to make one joint (the 2nd) nearly half as long as the rest of the antenna, and the 4th or last joint is at least as long as the 3rd, and bears, as in Pemphigus, a minute, terminal unguiculus, fore-shadowing the typical 7th joint found fully developed in Aphis. Dr. Fitch has recently described one species of this genu-;, under the name of Byrsocrypta rhois, in the Jour. N. Y. State Ayr. Society, (Aug., 1866, p. 73.) referring it to Byrsocrypta rather than to Pemphigus, because, as he says, "out of five unmutilated specimens only two had hind wings with two oblique veins," the other three, I suppose, appearing to him to have but one oblique or discoidal vein in the hind wing. I have examined prob- ably over two hundred specimens of this species, and find that every one with- out exception has two discoidal veins in the hind wings. Hence I cannot but suspect that Dr. Fitch's eyes must have deceived him on this point. The an- tennal joints are normally proportioned nearly as 1£, 5, 2, 3; but out of 28 re- cent specimens, in which I carefully examined both antennas with a Codding- ton lens, I found that no less than 13 out of the 56 antennae were distinctly 5- jointed, the very long 2ml joint being resolved into one long and one short one ; thus proving that the 2nd joint is in reality, as stated above, formed by the con- fluence of joints 1 and 2 of the typical flagellum of Aphidce. It may be added that the same individual often had one antenna 4-jointed and the other 5- jointed. 282 Benj. D. Walsh on the Insects inhaliting the Galls knowledge, one undescribed gall growing on the flower-cymes probably of C stolonifera, the insect unknown to me, but the gall itself mani- festly Aphidian. Carya (^Hickory) has three galls, produced by a new genus closely allied to Phylloxera (Aphidse,)* and found almost exclu- Dr. Fitch's description of the winged $> of tnis species applies only to imma- ture specimens extracted from the gall. After they have been out some time, the legs and the whole body, except the collar which becomes very pale brown, turn to a decided black; and the stigma then is not "salt-white," but pale dus- ky with a whitish reflection. I am indebted to Dr. William Manlius Smith, of Manlius, N. Y., for my first acquaintance with this gall, which he has found abundantly in that locality for many years back on Rhus typhina. But I have since (Aug., 1866) met with numerous specimens myself near Eock Island, 111., on Rhus glabra. He assures me — which I can readily believe — that Dr. Fitch is altogether mistaken in saying, that in young galls the larvae are usually ac- companied by a single winged female. In all Aphidian galls known to me the mother-louse is apterous, and has probably hybernated either in the egg or lar- va state. There is another and a much larger and very distinct species of this genus Sfelaphis, of which Dr. Smith took a single female early in June on a sumac leaf in a clump of Sumacs. Soon after capture this individual gave birth on Dr. Smith's finger, to what was so completely enveloped in a thin membrane, that it seemed at first to be an egg under the lens, though it shortly afterwards de- veloped into a larva. He informs me that he has since repeatedly noticed the same phenomenon in winged specimens of Melaphis rhois freshly escaped from the gall ; and Curtis observed the same thing in England in the case of an Aph- is found on the turnip. (Farm Insects p. 65.) As this female captured in June, which through Dr. Smith's kindness is in my collection, differs from M. rhois, not only in being fully twice as large, but in the stigma being scarcely longer than wide, instead of 3 — 3J times as long as wide, I infer that it is a distinct species, inhabiting the Sumac and coming out in the winged form in June in- stead of September. It may possibly be an external feeder, or it may make a gall on Sumac distinct from that of M. rhois and probably a root-gall, as Dr. Smith was unable, on careful search in the open air, to find any other Sumac- o-alls than those of M. rhois in the vicinity of the spot where he captured the specimen. Dr. Smith has kindly referred me to an Article by Prof. Archer of England, reprinted in the American Journal of Pharmacy, April, 1S65, from which it 'ap- pears that there are two Chinese, one Japanese, and one Indian gall, growing on different species of Rhus, and apparently analogous in their structure to our American sumac-gall. In regard to one of the Chinese galls, supposed to grow on Rhus semialata, and called "Woo-pei-tze," it is stated that "Mr. Doubleday, the entomologist, has shown that it is caused by an Aphis and not by a Cynij)S ," and I have little doubt that all these exotic sumac-galls are Aphidian. It would be very interesting to know whether the Plant-lice found in them are generi- cally related to ours. The galls themselves are described as some of them like ■a radish-pod, some like an ox-horn and 2 — 2J inches long, and some "branched" and apparently like a stag's horn. Our species is a good deal like a common tomato, whence I had given it the MS. name of JR 'hois tomatas. * This genus differs from the European rhi/llo.ccra (which inhabits the Oak) of certain species of Willow. — Part 2nd. 288 sively on the Shell-bark (C. alba) in June ; besides an undescribed gall (Caryte pilula Walsh MS.), which I found, after the insects had deserted it, very abundant but local on the leaflets of the Pignut Hicko- ry (C. glabra) in July, and which is thought by Osten Sacken, to whom I communicated specimens, to be manifestly Aphidian; in all four galls. But besides the above four Aphidian galls, Carya possess- es at least two Coccidous galls, namely, carysevense Fitch, which I find exclusively on the Shell-bark Hickory in August, and which is de- scribed by Fitch as Aphidian, and doubtingly referred to the genus Pemphigus, and Curyse semen Walsh MS., a gall of the size and shape of a cabbage-seed, which I find in prodigious numbers on the leaflets of the Pignut Hickory in July.* Vitis (Grape) also bears at least one gall produced by Coccidse, namely, vitifoliee Fitch, which I find very abundantly in July, August and September, on a species of wild grape, V. cordifolia, and also on the cultivated variety of that species known as the Clinton grape, and in much smaller numbers on the cultivated Delaware grape, but not on any cultivated varieties of other species of wild grape, even when they grow promiscuously intertwined with Clin- in the two discoidal veins of the front wing uniting in a fork, instead of being perfectly separated. I propose for it the name of Xerophylla, which is composed of the same Greek elements as Phylloxera, but is rather better Greek. Accord- ing to Amyot as quoted by Fitch, {If. Y. Rep. II, $ 166), the European Phyllox- era differs also very remarkably from our Xerophylla, and from all other known Aphidians, by having no subcostal vein at all; but this, as Fitch suggests, is probably an error. Respecting our generic form Osten Sacken has remarked as follows: — -"It does not answer to the characters of any of the genera men- tioned in Ratzeburg or Kaltenbach ; (Koch I do not possess.) The antenna? are apparently 4-jointed : the 3rd joint occupies the greater part of the antenna; the last joint is very short and ends in two small bristles as in Psylla. Wings almost like those of Phylloxera, but the two first oblique veins unite in a distinct fork." (Stettin Entom. Zeitung, 1801. p. 421.) Fitch, by the way, observes, in the passage referred to above, that ■•none of the figures in Koch's works corres- pond with these insects, and the genus to which they pertain is evidently un- known to him." But in Koch's book, as Baron Osten Sacken informs me, the genus Phylloxera occurs in the list of genera at the beginning, though it is neither described nor figured, in consequence of the work having been published from the author's unfinished papers. *That these two galls are Coccidous, not Aphidian, may be inferred from the fact, that the tarsi of the mother-lice are 1-jointed, not 2-jointed. And be- sides, Dr. Fitch himself describes the mother-lice of caryozvenoz as laying eggs, and the same remark applies to those of Carya semen; whereas all true gall- making Aphidians that are known to me are viviparous so long as they live in the gall. Moreover, all gall-making Aphidians that are known to me remain in the gall, till they have reached maturity and most of them acquired wings; whereas in these two galls the young larvae, almost as soon as they have hatch- 284 Benj. D. Walsh on the Insects inhabiting the Galls ton vines swarming with these galls.* Amorpha (False indigo) has one gall, produced by a small moth (Lepidoptera) belonging to a new' genus which bears my unworthy name — Walshia amorphella Clemens. "j* Salix (Willow) has seven galls produced by Sawflies (Hymenoptera), namely, one bud-gall and three twig-galls produced by Euura, and three leaf-galls produced by Nematus, all described for the first time in this Paper. Rosa (Rose) has six, produced by the Hymenopterous genus Rhodites (Cynipidsep Rubus (Bramble) has two, produced by Diastrophus (Cynipidx). And finally Quercus (Oak) has no less than fifty-eight galls, according to Osten Sacken's latest revision, pro- duced by Cynips and its subgenera; and I am myself acquainted with numerous others, which are at present undescribed. The sum total of all these galls, found on fourteen different genera of N. A. trees and shrubs, is 96. On the other hand — always excepting, as before, galls made by those ed out, stray away to found new galls, leaving the mother-lice behind them to lay from time to time fresh eggs. Again, all gall-making Aphidians that are known to me secrete a sugary dust or liocculent matter while in the gall , while these gall-making Coccidce do no such thing. It is further remarkable that in a single caryozvenoz gall, two, three or even four mother-lice are often found, in company with numerous eggs, or freshly hatched larvse, or some eggs and some larvae; whereas I do not remember ever to have found more than a single mo- ther-louse in any single gall known to be produced by a Plant-louse. *Dr. Fitch supposed his vitifolioz gall to be Aphidian, and referred the wingless female which he met with inside it in June to the genus Pemphigus ; but it ap- pears to be in reality Coccidous, for precisely the same reasons as in the case of the Coccidous gall caryozvenoz found on Carya. What is very remarkable, the two or three winged males, obtained by Dr. Shimer of Illinois by opening many thousands of these galls, though they are described by him as having one-joint- ed tarsi, have four wings, (instead of the pair of wings and the pair of balancers, which are found in all described Coccidous genera,) the front wing, as I am in- formed by Mr. Cresson, with a subcostal and a basal discoidal vein almost pre- cisely as in Coccus, but no other distinct veins, the hind wing with an obscurelv denned subcostal only. Hence it becomes evident, that this insect cannot be re- ferred to any genus of Coccidce named and described by authors, and must be- come the type of a new and very aberrant genus. Although gall-making Coc- cidce are unknown in Europe and hitherto in America, yet Baron Osten Saeken has kindly informed me, that in the Transactions of the Vienna Zoological and Botanical Society there is an account of various galls produced by true Coccidce in Australia, '-some of which Coccidce are an inch long, the males producing galls of different shape from those of the females." f I am quite sure that this gall is really produced by the moth, of which I have bred scores of specimens and am well acquainted with the larva. Stain ton mentions the discovery by Grabow of a gall-producing Lepidopterous larva in Europe as of "extreme interest." {Entom. Ann.. 1856, p. 57.) And Osten Saeken has referred to another such case in Europe. (Proc. etc. I, p. 369.) of certain species of WiUoic. — Part 2nd. 285 cosmopolites, the Gall-gnats and the Mites — I know of no gall on Cle- Viatis (Virgin's-bower), on Fraxinus (Ash), on Betula (Birch), on Pla- tanus (Plane-tree), on Juglans (Walnut), on Pyrus (Apple, Pear, &c.), on Crataegus (Thorn), on Prunus (Plum), on Cerasus (Cherry), on Persica (Peach), on llibes (Currant and Gooseberry), on Syringa (Li- lac), on Corylus (Hazel), on Ostrya (Hop-hornbeam), on Morns (Mul- berry), on Madura (Osage-orange), on Robinia (Locust), on Gledit- schia (Honey-locust), on Cercis (Kedbud), on Gymnocladus (Coffee- tree), on Tilia (Basswood), on Viburnum (Black-haw, Snowball-tree or Guelder-rose, &c), on Lonicera (Honey-suckle), on Sambucus (Elder), on Cephalanthus (Button-bush), on Ceanothus (Red-root), on Euouymus (Burning-bush), on Ptelea (Hop-tree), on Ampe- lopsis (Virginia Creeper), on Xanthoxylum* (Prickly-ash), on Acer (Maple), on Negundo (Box-elder), or on Juniperus (Juniper). f I have enumerated here only those N. A. genera of Trees and Shrubs, with one or more species of which I am familiar— -which I have dili- gently searched for galls — -and in which, if galls existed on the species known to me other than Acaridous and Cecidomyidous galls, I think I should have found them, at all events in the great majority of cases. But even these genera foot up to 33. As illustrative of the comparatively general distribution of Acaridous and Cecidomyidous galls, it may be worth while to give the following- abstract of their occurrence, so far as known to me, among; the cenera of the above two lists. — In the first list, Celtis bears 5 Cecidomyidous galls belonging to new and undescribed species. Ulmus bears 3 Acari- dous galls n. sp. Populus bears I Acaridous gall n. sp. Pinus bears * Commonly, but incorrectly, spelt Zanthoxylum, though Dr. Gray in his Man- ual gives the correct derivation from the Greek. Evidently the botanist Colden mistook here a J for a (,, just as the entomologist Fitch, when he composed his Cynipidous new genus Philonix (properly Philonips) mistook a \p for a \. Incon- sistently enough, the botanical genus Xanthium, which is derived from the very same Greek root, is always spelt with an X and never with a Z. f The Red Cedar belongs to this genus, but I have shown in the Practical En- tomologist, (I, pp. 49 — 51,) that certain gall-like bodies which are attached by a very short peduncle to its twigs, are not Galls, but a congeries of Epiphytous Funguses. On April 8 these reddish-brown sub-globular bodies, which average i— J inch in diameter, had on their surface many circular depressions, often with a very flat central nipple, the specimens (hen cut into being whitish and fleshy inside, but not juicy. On April 28 filaments about & inch long and five times as long as wide, of a cylindrical shape and but slightly tapered at tip. had shot forth from these circular depressions, and were then covered with ferrugi- nous dust, supposed to be the spores. On May 15 these filaments were i inch long, and seven or eight times as long as wide: but already some had fallen off, PltOCEEDIXGS ENT. SOC. PHILAD. JANUARY, 1867. 28G Benj. D. Walsh on the Insects inhabiting the Galls 2 Cecidomyidous galls described by Osten Sacken. Cornus bears 2, Cecidomyidous galls n. sp. Carya bears 8 Cecidomyidous galls descri- bed by Osten Sacken and no less than 13 n. sp., besides 1 n. sp. which is apparently Acaridous. Vitis bears 2 Cecidomyidous galls described by Osten Sacken and 2 n. sp. Salix, as has been shown in this Paper, bears 13 Cecidomyidous galls (Nos. 1 — 13), and at least 2 Acaridous galls (Nos. 14 and 15) and probably several others. Rubus bears 1 Cecidomyidous gall described by Osten Sacken. And Quercus bears 4 Cecidomyidous galls described by Osten Sacken, 1 described by mis- take by myself as Cynipidous, (Q. jniu/se,) and 3 n. sp. ; besides many Acaridous semi-galls or mere woolly indented deformations of the leaf. — In the second list, Praxinus bears 1 Cecidomyidous gall described by Osten Sacken, and 2 Acaridous galls n. sp. Betula bears 1 Acari- dous gall n. sp., being that referred to above (Proc. &c. Ill, p. G08) as apparently Cecidomyidous. Juglaus (two species) bears 2 Acari- dous galls n. sp., but not a single Cecidomyidous one, although the closely allied Carya (two species) bears as many as 21 of them. Pyrus bears 1 Cecidomyidous (?) gall n. sp. Crataegus bears 4 Cecidomyi- dous galls n. sp. and 1 Acaridous gall n. sp. Prunus and Cerasus bear each 1 Acaridous gall n. sp. Corylus bears 1 Cecidomyidous gall n. sp. Robinia bears 2 Cecidomyidous galls described respectively by Ilaldenian and Pitch. Gleditschia bears 1 Cecidomyidous gall de- scribed by Osten Sacken. Tilia bears 3 Cecidomyidous galls n. sp., one of the three of doubtful origin, and 1 Acaridous gall n. sp. Cephalan- thus bears 1 Acaridous gall, being that referred to above, (Proc. &c. leaA r ing certain depressed round scars, which may always be seen on all the old dry specimens of last year's growth that still adhere to the twigs. These last may always up to this time be readily distinguished, by their being internally fer- ruginous, and of a hard, spongy, subligneous texture. Finally, by May 20 the apical A of the filaments had withered up and shed its ferruginous spores, short- ly after which they all fell off and disappeared entirely. It is to these funguses that, I suppose, Dr. Fitch alludes, when he speaks of "rounded galls on the leaves and twigs" of the Red Cedar in New York, which he infers to be produc- ed by Gall-flies (Cynipidcc). (See N. Y. Rep. II, g 285.) I find that in Kansas, and probably elsewhere, they are popularly known as "Cedar-apples." It is remarkable that in Europe, according to Fries and Berkley, the "savin-tree, (juniperus)," by which I understand our common Red Cedar to be intended, bears similar "cedar-apples" having "long orange-colored spurs formed by the spores." (Flagg on Fungi in Missouri Agr. Rep. 1865, append, p. 1S6.) It is said also by the same authors to be "attacked by a peculiar gum (podisoma), which bursts from its bark and swells under the influence of moisture to a gelatinous mass." I have repeatedly noticed the same phenomenon on our Red Cedar in the United States. of certain species of Willow. — Part 2nd. 287 III, p. COS,) as apparently Cecidomyidous. Ampelopsis boars 1 gall, evi- dently from its structure Cecidomyidous. Acer bears 1 Cecidomyidous gall described by Osten Sackeu and 1 n. sp., besides 2 Acaridous galls n. sp. And lastly Negundo bears 1 Acaridous gall n. sp. The sum total of Cecidomyidous galls is 56 in the first list on eight genera of plants and 10 in the second list on nine genera of plants, including two galls of doubtful origin j total 72 galls, occurring on seventeen differ- ent genera of woody plants. The sum total of Acaridous galls, exclud- ing some mere deformations, is 7 in the first list on four genera of plants, inclusive of one gall of doubtful origin, and 13 in the second list occurring on ten genera of plants; total 20 galls, occurring on four- teen different genera of woody plants. Grand total 92 galls, occurring on twenty-five different genera of woody plants, six out of the twenty- five bearing both kinds of galls. Now look at these statistics, to see if they will teach us anything. On the one hand we have 14 genera of woody plants producing fully 96 galls other than Acaridous and Cecidomyidous galls ; and on the other hand we have no less than 33 genera of the same group of plants, which on the most diligent search I have not found to produce any such galls ; and which, so far as I am aware, have not been recorded by North xVmerican authors as producing them. Why should this be so ? Why should 96 galls be distributed so unequally among 47 ge- nera of the same group of plants, that 33 out of the 47, or more than two- thirds of the whole number, have none at all, and a single genus, Quer- cus, monopolizes more than one-half of the whole number ? We can- not say that all these 33 genera are naturally incapable of producing galls; for at least 15 of the 33, and probably more, produce either Ac- aridous or Cecidomyidous galls or both. Why, then, do they not pro- duce other galls as well ? Why, as a general rule, is each gall-making genus of true insects, with the exception of Cecidomyia and its subge- nera, restricted to a single geuus of plants ? Why do so many species of the same genus often occur on the same genus of plants — 58 N. A. species of Cynips, for example, on the single genus Quercus, besides many undescribed N. A. species, and besides the 100 species of Cynips tbat infest the genus Quercus in Europe ? On the Creative Theory, all this is an inexplicable mystery. On the Derivative Theory, we see at once why it should be so.' For if our modern species were genetic- ally derived from pre-existing species, several new species being gene- rated from one old one, and wbole groups from time to time becoming extinct, the actual state of facts, as it has been presented above, is pre- -» ■ 288 Benj. D. Walsh on the Insects inhabiting the Galls cisely that which we should, reasoning a priori, expect to meet with. Surely, therefore, upon general principles, a hypothesis, which accounts clearly and satisfactorily for a great mass of phenomena, is more likely to be a correct one, than a hypothesis which accounts for nothing, and. while it mercifully spares our Seasoning powers, draws most largely and exorbitantly upon our Faith. And now, in conclusion, it is but fair dealing towards the American reader, as in the former part of this Paper I expressed considerable skepticism in regard to Wagner's supposed discovery of viviparous lar- vae, (pp. 571 — 4 and 641 — 4,) to take this opportunity of stating, that I am informed by Baron Osten Sacken that Wagner's facts have been verified by the German entomologist Gerstaecker and that they are generally believed in Germany ; and that Mr. Darwin writes me word that they are believed by the distinguished English naturalist, Sir J. Lubbock. It further appears, from what Baron Osten Sacken tells me, that the prolific Cecidomyidous larvae, instead of belonging to the genus Cecidomt/ia, as I had been originally led to suppose, (Proc. &c. Ill, pp. 571 — 2,) are now ascertained to belong in reality to a rather anomalous genus, which has been named Miastor, and which "has been found to be almost identical with Heteropcza Winnertz." Respecting this last genus Loew observes, that "it seems to harmonize in many points with the genera of the first section, [which includes Cecidomyia,~\ but differs very strikingly by the totally different structure of its tarsi." (Dipt. iV". A. p. 7.) Hence the principal stumbling-block which lay in my path — namely, that different species, belonging to one and the same genus Cecidomyia, should have such essentially different and he- terogeneous habits — is removed at once; and I beg leave hereby to recant and disavow my former skepticism as to Wagner's very re- markable and important discovery. Rock Island, III., August 31, 1866. ERRATA. Page 237, line 4 from bottom, for "Pristophora" read "Pristiphora. Page 268, lines 24 — 5, for "scutlelatus" read "scutellatus." Dr. Horn's Notes on the habits of Californian CoJeoptcra. 289 NOTES ON THE HABITS OF A FEW CALIFORNIA COLEOPTERA. BY GEO. II. HORN., M. D. AMPHIZOA IXSOLENS Lee. The knowledge of the habits of this insect has long been a desidera- tum to science. The locality from which it was obtained was not even known. The specimens from which the original description was made was obtained by Dr. LeConte from Mr. Rath von, of Lancaster, Pa., from whom no information could be obtained, except that they came from California. The first specimen sent me was from Fort Klamath, Oregon, immature and in a damaged condition. Shortly after receiv- ing this, I went to North-eastern California, near the head waters of Pit river — a tributary of the upper Sacramento. Near Fort Crook I saw the first living specimens, though so rare and difficult to be ob- tained, that I was satisfied with the securing of a few specimens, with- out risking the loss of any in the observation of their habits. From Fort Crook I went to Surprise Valley, on the boundary line between California and Nevada. Here I found them very abundant, as well as on the western slope of the Sierras, in the creeks forming the three head branches of Pit River. Amphizoa is as essentially sub-aquatic in its habits as any of the Par- nidoe, which it closely resembles in its terrestrial aud sub-aquatic mo- tions. They occur more abundantly in stony creeks, and preferably on stones of which some portion projects from the water. This enables them to come to the surface for fresh air without detaching themselves. They live in herds, so to speak. I have found eight or ten crowded closely together, adhering to one small stone. Living in swift currents, they naturally adhere to rough stones. I have found many, however, adhering to the under side of grass sods which project from the shore into the stream. "When placed on land, they run with moderate rapidity, though rather clumsily. They are very poor swimmers, being scarcely able to make any progress, even when thrown upon still water. The light- ness of their bodies keeps them from sinking, and they can only take position under water by lodging against a stone or root, and walking under. When under water, they move with much greater ease than on land, the peculiar shape of their bodies affording but little resistance even to strong currents. PROCEEDINGS EXT. SOC. I'lIILAD. JANUARY, 1867. 290 Pr. Horn's Notes on the habits of Californian Coleoptera. When caught, they exude a greenish, milky juice, having the odor of decaying wood. The sexes can be readily distinguished from each other. The male being narrower, and more convex. Amphizoa resembles, to a marked extent, the genus Nyctopetus of the Tenebrionidae, so much so, that, without a close examination, it has been pronounced a member of that genus. Some discussion has arisen regarding the relationships of this curi- ous insect. Specimens recently sent by me to Paris will undoubtedly elicit more discussion, and the proper status given the insect in rela- tion to families already recognized. Occurs during July and August. METRIUS CONTRACTUS Esch. This insect occurs under stones in shady places, or in woods at a considerable elevation. I have specimens from the Coast range, north and south, from Tejon, and from the high Sierras near the head waters of King's and Kern rivers. Promecognathus is found like Metritis, but appears to be confined to the Coast range. PSYDRUS PICEUS Lee. Occurs at Fort Crook, California, under pine bark. They emit from the anus, with a slight explosion, a liquid similar to that emitted by the Brachini. I noticed no offensive smell connected with it. The Cychri of California have a similar habit. Their liquid is, however, emitted without explosion, and is very irritating to the eyes should any of it, by accident, come in contact with them. ANCHOMMA COSTATUM Lee. This insect, until my return from California, remained represented by an unique in the Cabinet of Pr. LeConte. It is found abundantly in Owens Valley under stones, and particularly those under which ants are living. They live in colonies, as many as fifty or even one hun- dred having been found by myself in a single colony. Specimens have occurred also at Tejon, San Felipe and San Piego. It occurs at all seasons of the year. NOSODES SERRATA Lee. Is found rather commonly in the mountainous regions of north-east- ern California. It may be found in the flat, cottony fungi growing between the bark and wood on old pine stumps. With it may be found Peltis Pippingskwldi Mann, and P. f rate ma Kandall. GYASCUTUS OBLITERATUS Lee. From a letter lately received from Pr. Cronkhite, I learn that this Dr. Horn's Notes on the habits of Calif ornian Coleoptera. 291 insect occurs rather abundantly during the summer, on the low willows that are so plentiful in Owens Valley. I did not find the insect while in this section. AUCHMOBIUS INFAUSTUS Lee. This rare insect, of which the type has for years been lost, has oc- curred in my collection from Tejon,and may possibly be found in those from Owens Valley. It occurs in early spring under stones and fallen logs, with Eurymetopon and Coniontis. The Tenebrionidse of Califor- nia can be the better collected during the early spring; and to such as have the opportunity, I would strongly urge attention to that part of the year immediately succeeding the rainy season, while the ground is still moist. At this period, all the insects appear to be more abund- ant. Many of the Tenebrionidas live during several seasons, and these, together with the new brood, appear as before indicated. Though no specimens of Craniotus and Auclunobius were in Dr. LeConte's Cabi- net at the time of the preparation of his classification of the Tenebrio- nidoe of North America, the positions assigned these genera are un- doubtedly correct, and they may be readily recognized by the charac- ters given. CRANIOTUS PUBESCENS Lee. Dead specimens of this rare insect were found at Vallecito. Living specimens occurred on the Maricopa desert, under dead stems of Cere- us giganteus, in the months of March and November. DACODERUS STRIATICEPS Lee. This insect and Arseoschizus costipennis Leo. may be found in small colonies, under stones in very dry places during March and April. The specimens of Docoderits, found by Dr. LeConte at Fort Yuma, occurred under Cottonwood bark. This was evidently an accidental occurrance, as I found a pair under my medicine chest while camped at the same place. Vacoderus and Artxoscliizus have, evidently, the habits of the Stenosiini of South America, of which Lacordaire says, "they live in small colonies under stones, and are, in their movements, moderately agile." This latter is not the case with our species. Though I have seen probably a dozen of each, I have never been able to make them walk ; they feign death. A new species of Areeosthizusf occurred very abundantly in Owens Valley, California, under stones, generally with ants; this moves very slowly, and carries its antennae directly in front and parallel to each other. 292 Dr. Horn's Notes on the habits of Cah'fornian Coleoptera. APOCRYPHA AXTHICOIDES Esch. Occurs under chips, etc.. in very dry places. It is difficult of cap- ture as it is exceedingly agile in its movements. It occurs at Tejou during April and May. The Eleodes of California, more especially the elongate forms, denti- 2)es, gracilis, longicollis, grandicollis, etc., have the habit, if disturbed while walking, of elevating the hinder portion of the body so as to make them stand almost vertically. In this position they will remain sometimes for hours. If handled they emit an offensive, oily liquid from the anus, staining the hands, of a somewhat reddish color, becom- ing brown on the attempt to remove it with soap. CONOXOTUS SERICANS Lee. Adheres to the under side of stones. Occurs in very dry places and is more abundant in early Spring. They are generally in colonies, and have their heads all in one direction. They move almost as rapidly in hot weather as Telcphanus velox. To secure a whole colony the head one must be taken first, for if one be disturbed and runs forward among the others, all start. CYSTEODEMUS ARMATITS Lee. Very abundant during March and April. I have found it ranging over an extent of country equal to nearly three hundred miles, from the great bend of the Gila to Vallecito, California. During life this insect is covered with a whitish efflorescence, forming a band sugges- tive of the marking on the elytron of Megetra. This insect also lives on the Greasewood bush, a fact reported also by Dr. LeConte, in the original description of the insect. It is rather remarkable, that of an insect of which millions could be collected in season, so few remains are found in the fall. TEGRODERA EROSA Lee. Occurs rather abundantly in Owens Valley during the latter part of June, on a low plant bearing a blue flower. Though winged, I have never seen it fly. This insect was described from specimens brought from San Diego. It is a remarkable fiict that many of the species pre- viously reported from San Diego, and even from Arizona and New Mexico, have been sent me from Owens Valley since my departure from it. The numerous species of vesicants (Lytta, Epicauta, etc.) of Cali- fornia are found infesting the various species of Lupin, (Astragalus,) so common all over the State. Lytta vulnerata, however, occurred on Composite plants only. Dr. G. II. Horn on Usechtts lacerta. 293 rilOPAGA ALTICEPS Lee. This insect has also been reported from Owens Valley. Never hav- ing fouiul it there I do not know its habits in that particular region. "While travelling through Arizona I found specimens in the neighbor- hood of Greasewood or Creosote bush (Larrea mexicana). It flies but feebly, appearing rather to sustain itself in the air and to be blown about by the wind, than to make any actual progression by its own flight. Occurs in March and April. ULOCH^ETES LEOXIXUS Lee. This insect makes its first appearance during the latter part of July. I found a specimen at Fort Crook, under pine bark, and also a pupa which I was unable to bring to maturity. It is not rare. On TJSECHTJS LACERTA Motsch. BY GEO. H. HORN, M. D. This insect was originally described by Motschulsky, in Bulletin Moscow, 1845, I, p. 79, and has remained unknown to American en- tomologists until very recently. A few years since Motschulsky (Et- udes Entomologiques, Ann. V, p. 22) made the statement that Use.clius lacerta was identical with Rhagodera tuberculata Mann. This mistake could have occurred only by a confusion of types, as the original de- scription of Mannerheim could not be applied to the insect as figured by Motschulsky. The one is a Colydiide and the other a Teneb- rionide. The object of the present paper is to establish the relation- ships of U&echus, as Motschulsky omits all mention of the position it should occupy in a systematic arrangement. A single specimen of this rare insect is in my collection. For it I am indebted to Dr. J. G. Cooper, by whom it was collected near Santa Cruz, California. It probably occurs under the bark on oak stumps. The figure given by Motschulsky of this insect, though badly exe- cuted, serves to give an idea of its general appearance. The hind margins of the ventral segments are all corneous, and the middle coxa3 are squarely closed externally, not allowing the trochan- ters to become visible. These characters seem to fix its position as a member of the Sub-family of Tentyriidne. The apex of the ligula is visible beyond the mentum, which is rhoin- boidal, with the anterior angles broadly rounded. The bases of the 294 Dr. G-. H. Horn on Rhagodera tuberculata. maxillae are exposed. The gular peduncle distinct. lEpistoma scarce- ly emarginate; apex of labrum alone visible. Head immersed in thorax as far as the eyes, which are round and very coarsely granu- lated as in the Stenosiini, not narrowed behind the eyes. Thorax truncate anteriorly, with deep antennal grooves extending from the an- terior angles to nearly the middle of the lateral margin. Coxae widely separated. Tarsi not sulcate beneath. Antennae 11-jointed, joints dis- tinct, the last three broader. The pores of the antennae occupy spongy patches at the anterior distal angles of the ninth and tenth, and a si- milar position on the last joint, though extending towards the apex. The above assemblage of characters, though pointing to affinities with the Zopherini, require the formation of a separate tribe for the reception of this genus. The name Usechini is, therefore, proposed for the tribe, the position of which is undoubtedly near the Zopheri- ni, from which it may be readily distinguished by the rounded and coarsely granulated eyes. To enable this tribe to occupy its proper position, the following modification of the table of tribes, as given by Dr. LeConte, (Class. Coleop. iV. A.) is proposed : Tibial spurs very minute. Anterior coxse widely separated. Eyes transverse, finely granulated Zopherini. Eyes rounded, coarsely granulated Usechini. Anterior coxse narrowly separated ; antennse 11-jointed Stenosiini. Anterior coxse contiguous; antennas 10-jointed Dacoderini. On RHAGODERA TUBERCULATA, Mann. BY GEO. H. HORN, M. D. Having in the preceding paper made mention of the confusion of two distinct insects, members of different families, I have thought it of importance to entomological science to give more at length than has been done in American publications, a description of this genus and species, and briefly describe a new one from Arizona. The first notice of this genus occurs in the second Catalogue of Dejean. Erichson in his Insecten Deutchlands, III, p. 255, makes short mention of it, while Manuerheim (Bull. Mosc. 1843, p. 300,) gives a short description of the species. Generic characters. — Mentum transversely quadrate, rounded in front. Ligula rounded anteriorly, scarcely visible beyond the mentum. Lateral processes of the gula exceeding the mentum ; moderately broad. Dr. G. II. Horn on Rhagodera tuberculuta. 295 Palpi short, last joint of labial oval, acuminate ; Maxillary oval, trun- cate. Epistoma truncate. Labruui transverse, scarcely visible. Head quadrate, lobed over the insertion of the antennae, with supra-ocular ridge; narrowed behind into a neck. Antenua3 11-jointed, moderate- ly robust, one-half longer than the head; first and third joints cylin- drical, the others broadly conical, gradually becoming broader ; last joint smaller than the 10th, rounded and free. Antennae, in repose, received for part of their length, in deep sub-ocular grooves. Eyes round, very prominent and very coarsely granulated. Prothorax as broad as the elytra, moderately convex, with two acute ridges above, cmarginate in front, lobed at middle of emargination, the lobe itself being acutely emarginate between the ends of the thoracic ridges; base with a broad median lobe, emarginate near the angles, sides moderate- ly rounded, serrulate, beneath with a vague impression for the recep- tion of the antennae. Scutellum invisible. Elytra oblong, parallel, moderately convex, base emarginate at middle. Legs moderate; tibiae slender, without terminal spines. Segments of abdomen separated by straight sutures, not emarginate, the 1—4 inclusive with a fovea on each side. R. tuberculata. — Blackish-brown, moderately elongate and convex. Head quadrate, coarsely punctured, with lateral impressions, superciliary ridge acutely elevated above the eye. Thorax broader than long, sides moderately rounded, slightly denticulated, posterior angles rectangular. Elytra oblong, moderately convex, rounded at apex, base emarginate at middle, with nine eostse, including the sutural and marginal. The first costa entire, the second and third abbrevi- ated ; interspaces with two rows of coarse, deep punctures. Beneath coarsely punctured. Length .30— .32 inch. This insect has been found along the west coast of North America, from Sitkha (Eschscholtz) to San Diego (LeConte), my own specimens being from intermediate points in the Coast range of California, where it does not appear to be very rare. B. costata n. sp. This differs from the preceding by its somewhat greater size, more depressed form, and greater prominence of all the costas and deeper in- terstitial punctures. The superciliary ridge is not acutely elevated above the eyes. The thorax is more strongly rounded and obliquely narrowed behind; the posterior angles acute and produced backward. The humeral angles of the elytra are rectangular. Length .38 inch. I found this species in Arizona, near Gila bend station, under a fal- len branch of Mesquit. The authors who have written concerning the Colydiidae, make the 296 Dr. Horn's observations on Phodaga alticeps. statement that the posterior coxae are contiguous in two of the tribes, (Synchitini and Colydiini). The intercoxal process of the abdomen is well marked, and though not so broad as in Bothriderini, etc., yet separates very plainly the posterior coxae. Some observations on PHODAGA ALTICEPS, Lee. BY GEO. II. IIOEN, M. D. With the exception of Eupompha fissiceps Lee, there is no vesicant in our territories presenting so many curious characters. Between the male and female of Phodaga great differences exist, in the form of the legs and tarsi; the object of the present notice being to give these in detail, as no perfect male has ever been in collections until brought by myself from the deserts of Arizona. Recently specimens have been sent me from Owens Valley, California, by Dr. H. M. Croukhite, to whom I must acknowledge great indebtedness for liberality, and who recognized the insect, though I failed to find it during a year's resi- dence in that region. Male. — Head sinuous behind. Vertex elevated. Front channelled longitudinally with two prominent tubercles between the eyes and above insertion of the antennse. Epistoma concave. Antennae short, eleven- jointed, first joint longer, second joint very small, Mandibles toothed s jt.at tip, deeply grooved on outer face. Anterior j\ tibise flattened, sericeous on the inner face. K densely pilose externally, especially toward the apex; tarsi very much compressed, first joint 1. Front of male. much larger, contorted, and produced oblique- ' . 10 e ° ™ a e " It/ inward: spinous beneath; claws deeplv 3. Anterior tibia and , r ..... r " tarsus . cleft, slender, and yellowish in color. Middle 4. Middle tibia. legs flattened; femora thicker at base; tibiae 5 ' Claw. dilated and deeply longitudinally excavated on the inner face; tarsi conpressed, longer than the tibiae, first joint equalling second and third together. Posterior legs longer, tibiae and femora slightly arcuate; tarsi compressed, first joint nearly equal to the three succeeding joints; tibial spurs long, slender and acute. Female. — Excepting the particulars indicated above in italics there is no difference between the sexes. The anterior tarsi are simple, the middle tibiae not dilated. The frontal tubercles are not present. A. R. Grote's Notes on the Zytjsenidat of Cuba. 29" NOTES ON THE ZYGJENIDJE OF CUBA. BY AUG. R. GROTE. Curator of Entomology, Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. PART II.— With a Supplement. ISANTHRENE, Hubner. Isanthrene chalciope. Isanthrcne chalciope, Hubner, Zutr. 3rd Hund. p. 20, No. 235, figs. 469 — 470. (1825.) Glaucopis {Isanthrene) chalciope, Walker, C. B. M. Part I, p. 155. (1854.) Glaucopis chalciope, Lucas. Hist. Nat. Cub. p. 663. (1S57.) Glaucopis chalciope, Herrich-SehacHer, Corr. Bl. Reg. No. 8, p. 114. (August, 1866.) Two specimens. Habitat.— Cuba, (Poey.) Coil Ent. Soc. Phil. Number 136, Poey's MS. Catalogue. HIPPOLA, Walker. •• Hippola syntomoides." Glaucojns syntomoides, Boisd. Sp. Gen. Lep. Vol. I, PI. 16, f. 4. (1836.) Euchromla {Hippola) syntomoides, Walk., C. B. M. Lep. Ft. 1, p. 227. (1854.) Glaucopis syntomoides, Lucas, Hist. Nat. Cub. p. 659. (1857.) Glaucopis syntomoides, Herricb-Scbaeffer, Corr. Bl. No 8, p. 114. (August. 1866.) The specimens do not agree well with Boisduval's figure, and the species has been nowhere described to my knowledge. Since Prof. Poey in his MS. Catalogue and Dr. Herrich-Schaeffer in the Corr. Blatt, both give the specific determination without doubt or remarks, I give it, provisionally, under the generic name proposed, by Mr. "Walker in the British Museum Lists, for a number of dull cyaneous, albo-ma- culate Glaucopidians, which, though perhaps separable into distinct genera, may remain temporarily united by their coloration. The specimens ( £ and 9 ) sent by Prof. Poey, differ from Boisdu- val's figure of "Glaucopis syntomoides,'' which apparently represents a male, as follows : — The wings are narrower and distinctly dotted with white at base. There is no white dot on the median vein at the mid- dle of the wing as represented by Boisduval's figure. The white ma- culations are not so broad and prominent in the Cuban specimens and differ in slight details. In Boisduval's figure, the white at the base of the abdomen is carried entirely and evenly across as a broad band, whereas in the Cuban specimens, the white color is limited to the later- al glandular pouches, there being but a narrow line of white scales PROCEEDINGS ENT. S0C. IMIIL.U). JANUARY, 1867. 298 A. R. Grote's Notes on the Zygxnidee of Cuba. edging the basal abdominal segment, inferiorly, above. Finally, the ab- domen is spotted with white laterally in the Cuban specimens, and the antennae are curved towards their tips, but the first character is scarce- ly discernible from above, and the last may have been unnaturally changed by the French artist for the reason, perhaps, that these were thought to look better straight or slightly and methodically curved than with the twists given them by Nature. Perhaps it is hardly worth while considering whether a discordant figure, to which no description is appended, does or does not represent a certain insect, but I leave it to the Cuban Entomologists to decide the matter, and to retain or reject a specific name which rests on no safe foundation. Habitat.— Cuba, (Poey). Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil. Number 298, Pocy's MS. Catalogue. In the structure of the corporal parts, " Ilippola syntomoides" is closely allied to Hubner's Isanthrene chalciope. Hippola minima, n. s. (Plate 5, fig. 6, % ). Size, small. Dull blackish, with a bright cyaneous shade which is very prominent on the abdomen above. Primaries narrow, produced at apices; external margin very oblique, slightly rounded superiorly. A few white scales at base. At the mid- dle of the wing, a white subquadrate spot below median nervure. A larger white spot at the base of the median nervules, filling the inter- spaces opposite the discal cell. Above and within this latter spot, and obliquely placed with regard to it, is a smaller one below costa. Se- condaries, narrow, slightly rounded below apices, resembling primaries; an elongate white spot at base, subparallel with costa; beyond, an ovate, obliquely placed, similar spot, at about apical third. Under surface of both pair, same as upper surface. Head, well extended; eyes prominent. Palpi, slight, with a few whitish scales beneath; :i front," blackish cyaneous. Antenna?, moderate, not curved or twisted terminally, finely and evenly pectinate. The upper surface of the antennal stem is covered with brownish cyaneous scales , the under surface and pectinations are brown, with the last ones of quite a pale, somewhat yellowish shade. "Collar," blackish centrally, with very prominent white lateral spots. Tegulrc and thorax, blackish cyaneous, with white, lateral scale patches. Abdomen, cyaneous, with two large, lateral, white maculations over the basal pouches. Laterally, the segments are spotted with white. A. R. Grote's Notes on the Zygscnidse. of Cuba. 299 Legs, blackish cyaneous; hind tarsi fringed with longer concolorous hair, which extends above on the base of the tibiic, these latter well developed. Exp. % , 0.95 inch. Length of body, 0.40 inch. Habitat— Guba ? (Poey). Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil. Number 594, Pocy's MS. Catalogue. This species is very much smaller than the preceding, and I consider it generically distinct, but it resembles it closely in ornamentation, and it would naturally be referred to Hippola in the present state of our knowledge of these interesting insects. EMPYEETJMA. Hubner. Empyreuma pugione. J^mpi/reiana pvgione. Hubner, Zutr. 1 Hurul. p. 12, Xo. 21, figs. 41 — -42. (1818.) Empyreuma lichas, H-S., Coir. Blatt, No. 8 p. 115. (August, 18(56.) I purposely avoid giving further synonymy, owing to the fact that, while I see there are two closely allied species of Empyreuma, I have only one before me which I regard as intended by Hubner as above cited. The Latin diagnosis given by .Air. Walker to " Euchromia pugione." C. B. M. Lep. Het. Part 1, p. 211, 1854, agrees better with the Cu- ban specimens than that of "Euchromia lichas ;" yet to this latter a specimen from Cuba is cited. The antennal tips in the Cuban speci- mens are brownish fulvous, ("autennae apice fulvse," Walk.,') a charac- ter not indicated by Hubner, whose specimens came from St. Thomas; otherwise my specimens agree too nearly for me to doubt this determi- nation. Mr. Walker has evidently separated two species and after- wards (C. B. M. Lep. Het. Part 7, p. 1622) gives the additional ha- bitat of ''Jamaica" for specimens of "Empyreuma pugione, Walk.," although at first giving only "South America" for "Euchromia pugi- one, Walk." with the Latin diagnosis of which species my Cuban spe- cimens agree. Herrich-Schaeffcr determines the Cuban species as •• Empyreuma lichas, Cramer," while Cramer's miserable figure (PI. 45. f. J}.) is quite useless in the matter of closely allied species; the specific name of lichas, is first used by Cramer for a species from St. Thomas. Fabricius gives Cramer's Sphinx lichas, as a synonym of Zygsena pugione, Fair., {Sphinx pugione, Linn. Syst. Nat. 2, 807, 45) and his diagnosis (Sp. Ins. Vol. II, p. 163, No. 33) agrees entirely with the Cuban specimens. Fabricius afterwards separates two spe- cies in his " Mantissa," giving no authority for his Zygaena lichas, Fabr., (p. 104, No. 34) a name which is now used for a species which is not Cramer's Sphinx Helms, 45, B, but is, from the similarity of the diagnosis, Euchromia lichas, Walk. 1 am led to conjecture that Mr. 300 A. E,. Grote's Notes on the Zygsenidse of Cuba. Walker's citations of Empyreuma pugione, Hiibner, should be trans- ferred to " Euchromia pugione," Walk; the two species will then be Enipyreuma lichas, Hiibner, (Zygsena lichas, Fabr., (nee. Cram.) Mant. p. 104, 3-1,) and Enipyreuma pugione, Hiibner, (Sphynx pugi- one, Linn., Syst. Nat.; Zygseaa pugione, Fabr., Sp. Ins. Vol. II, 163, 33; Mant. Vol. II, p. 105; Sphinx lichas, Cramer, PI. 45, f. B.,) as which latter species I determine the Cuban specimens I have before me. The habitat of Mr. Walker's specimens of U E. lichas," will need confirmation, as it does not seem probable that the first species ("ab- domen atrum, cingulis duabus aureis " and "alae rufae striga media vi- ridi punctoque albo ") is also Cuban.* This genus is closely allied to the European Zygaena, Fabr., and as- sists our comprehension of the homogeneity of the family Zygasnida) as here considered. * I note here an erroneous determination of Mr. Walker's in the genus Anis- ota. Hiibner {Dryocampa, Harris). Dr. Harris (Ins. Inj. Veg.) has described our United States Anisota rubicunda, Grote. {Dryocampa rubicunda, Packard) as Dryocampa rubicunda, taking the speci- fic name from Fabricius' Bombyx rubicunda. This is evidently correct, our in- sect agreeing with Fabricius' diagnosis, which reads as follows :— "69. B. alis reversis : anticis roseis ; fascia lata flava. Habitat in Virginia. Mus. Dom. Bosc. Magnitudo B. populi. Antennae pectinate, flavse, apice nudae. Corpus villosum, flavum. Alaeanticae roseae fascia flava. quas imprimis ad costam extenditur. Pos- ticae flavescentes umbra tautum rosea. Pedes rosei." Ent. Syst. Vol. Ill, p. 429. (1793.) This species is described by Mr. "Walker in Supp. Cat. B. M. Lep. Het. Part 2, (32) p. 57-4, (1865,) as Dryocampa venusta, Walk., with the remark: i' The rosy costal stripe of the fore wings distinguish it from D. rubicunda.''' But it is evident from Fabricius' description, that this very rosiness of the primaries is a character of his B. rubicunda, while his habitat is decisive. Dryocampa venu- sta, Walk., must, therefore, be referred as synonym of Anisota rubicunda, while for the Brazilian representative of our species I propose the following name: — Anisota walkeri, n. s. Dryocampa rubicunda% Walk., C. B. M. Lep. Het. Part 6, p. 1497. (1S55.) Dryocampa Walkeri, Grote, MS. — " Fcem. Flava; palpi pedesque rosei ; antennae basi rosea; ; alae apud marginal rosea. Female. — Yellow. Palpi and legs mostly rose-color. Antennae rose-color at the base. Fore wings of a delicate bright rose-color about the base and on the Costa and along the exterior border. Hind wings rose-color along the costa and along the apical part of the interior border. Length of the body 7 — 8 lines; of the wings 22—24 lines. Var. (3. Hind wings with a broad, pale, marginal, rose-colored band, extend- ing from near the tip of the costa to half the length of the interior border." Habitat.—" Brazil," (Walker.) A. R. Grote's Notes on the Zygsenidse of Cuba. oOl Habitat.— Cuba, (Poey). Coll. Enfc. Soc. Phil. Number 155, Poey's MS. Catalogue. ECHETA, K-S. Echeta albipennis. Echeta albipennis. H-S., Corr. Bl. Reg. No. 8, p. 117. (Angust, 18C6.) This genus reminds one of Scepsis. Walk. E. albipennis, is unusu- ally light-colored ; the primaries are whitish above, except a brownish longitudinal stripe along internal margin. Habitat.— Cuba, (Poey)- Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil. Number 706, Poey's MS. Catalogue. Echeta subochrea. Correbia subochrea, H-S, Corr. Bl. Reg. No. 8, p. 115. (August, 1866.) I have a single male specimen of this species before me with muti- lated secondaries. In size it resembles E. albipennis, and approaches that species so nearly in the structure of the body and appendages, that I am disposed to regard the two species as congenerical. Habitat.— Cuba, (Poey). Coll. Eut. Soc. Phil. Number 157, Poey's MS. Catalogue. CAL0N0T0S, Hiibner. Calonotos thetis. Sphinx Thetis, Linn.. Mant. 1. 539. Sphinx Thetis. Drury, 111. Ex. Ent. Vol. I, p. 57, PI. 26, fig. 4. (1770.) Zygaena Thetis, Fabr., Sp. Ins. Vol. II, p. 100, No. 13. (1781). Zygoma Thetis, Fabr., Mant. Ins. Vol. II. p. 103, No. 15. (1787). Sphinx Leneus, Cramer, Exot. Vol. Ill, p. 95, PI. 248, fig. G. (1782). Zygaena Thetis, Fabr.. Ent. Syst. Vol. Ill, p. 391, No. 17. (1793). Calonotos Thetis, Hiibner, Verz. Schm. p. 123, No. 1331. (1816). Zygaena' Thetis, Westwood, Drury Ex. p. 52, PL 26, fig. 4. (1837). Euchromia Thetis, Walker, C. B. M. Lep. Het. Part 1, p. 262. (1S54). Glaucopis Thetis, Lucas, in R. d. 1. Sagra Hist. Cub. p. 667. (1857). Charidea thetis, Herrich-SchaefFer, Corr. Bl. Reg. No. 8, p. 116. (August, 1866). Three specimens ( S aud . 116. (August, (1866). lliibner gives "Cuba," as the habitat of his specimen. The figures of the species in the " Zutnege," seem too highly colored when com- pared with the specimens sent by Prof. Poey, while agreeing in the main with the representation of Iliibner's species, as well as with Mr. Walker's description above cited. Habitat.— Cuba. (Poey). Coll- Put. Soc. Phil. Number 319, Poey's MS. Catalog ac CTENUCHIDIA, Grote. Ctenuchidia virgo. Ctenucha? virgo, Herrich-Schaeffer, Lep. Ex. p. 74, fig. 301. (1850—1858). Mevania .' subcyanea, Walker, C. B. M. Lep. Het. Pt. 2, p. 44:5. (1854). Ctenuchidia virgo, Grote, Notes Bomhyc. Cuba, p. 1. (huj. scrip. Dec, 1S65). Ctenuchidia virgo, Herrich-Schaeffer, Cor. Bl. Reg. No. 9, p. 132. (September, 1 866). This genus is beautifully illustrative of the affinities of the spotted Pericopid genera with Apistosia, Ctenucha and Uranophora. Mr. Walker's description, above cited, appears to belong here, and is so re- ferred by Dr. Herrich-Schaeffer. C. virgo, however, cannot be refer- red, I should think, as congenerical with Mevania quadricolor, Walk.) while Mr. Walker, after doubtfully referring his species to Mevania, adds: "this species may form a new genus." If distinct from C. vir- go, Mr. Walker's species may be known as Ctenuchidia subcyanea j and this name might obtain for the present species in the case Mr. Walker's specific Dame prove earlier than Herrich-Schaeffer's, for, al- though I believe it to be later, I have no means of critically pronounc- ing upon the matter from the data furnished by the work of the latter author. Habitat.— Cuba, (Poey). Coll. Ent, Soc. Phil. Number 154, Poey's MS. Catatoguc. COMPOSIA. Hiibuer. Composia fidelissima. Composia Jidclissima, Ilerrick-SchaefTer, Cor. Bl. Reg. No. 9, p. 132. (Septem- ber, 1866). I have examined several specimens of this interesting and beautiful species which is regarded by Dr. Herrich-Schaeffer (1. c.) as undoubt- edly congeneric with C. credula. Hiibner, the latter a species which I 304 A. R. G rote's Notes on the Zygmnidse of Cuba. only know from Hubner's figures. The male of C. fidelissima, is smaller than the opposite sex, which it resembles quite closely in or- namentation; the antennae are finely and rather shortly bi-pectinate, the pectinations becoming obsolete at the base and tapering to the tips. The dark blue color of the secondaries reminds one of Ctenucha and Ctenuchidia ; the scarlet costal spots at base of primaries are shared by the following genus. Habitat.— Cuba, (Poey). Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil. Number 596, Poeijs MS. Catalogue. SPHiEROMACHIA, n. g. Head, small, held on a line with the body, not depressed, though but slightly advanced and impromiuent. owing to the very narrow, re- duced, prothoracic pieces. Labial palpi rather long, finely scaled, por- rect, advanced before the "front" which they exceed. Maxillae, short and slight. Legs, weak, unarmed. All the corporal parts are finely and thinly scaled, so as to show the structure of the body crust more plainly than usual. Thorax, globose, rather short, so that, with the small head, it is hardly half the length of the abdomen. Basal abdo- minal segment a little constricted, the lateral glandular pouches are spherical and prominent. Abdomen, cylindrical, long, linear, not wider ( 9 ) than thorax, evenly distended and terminating rather blunt- ly without anal pilosities ; the segments are broader than usual. Primaries, broad, large, triangulate; costa arched to apex which is not produced as in Composia, Pericopis, etc., but is blunt, the external margin being extraordinarily straight, very slightly rounded at inter- nal angle, while the internal margin is longer than usual and very straight. In shape the wing thus approaches very nearly a right-an- gled triangle, of which the costa would be the hypotheneuse. The first, second and third m. nervules are thrown off, at nearly equal intervals. at the extremity of the nervure; they are near together at base, and short, the second runs very straightly to external margin, the first and third, on either side of the second, are opposedly arcuate. The discal fold is prolonged beyond the closed discal cell, and is continued on the interspace above first m. nervule. The fourth m. nervule is very wide- ly separated from the third at base, since it springs from the nervure at a point about midway between the base and the point of origin of the third m. nervule; it runs straightly to the margin, but the inter- space, which is very wide at base, is narrowed towards the margin, owing to the arcuation of the third in. nervule and its downward course. .V prominent sub-median fold, parallel with internal margin and eontinu- A. R. G rote's Notes on the Zygxnidse. of Cuba. 305 cd. Internal, or sub-median nervure, nearly straight and parallel with the margin. Secondaries, large, somewhat pyriformj costa long, straight, depress- ed towards the apex, which latter is blunt but rather produced; exter- nal margin rounded, a little produced medially; anal angle impromi- nent ; internal margin straight. The nervulation recalls Callalucia ; the second and third m. nervules spring from one point at the extremi- ty of the nervure; first, a little removed, springs from the cross-vein which closes the discal cell ; fourth, at a point about two-thirds of the length of the nervure from the base, thus its position is here much nearer removed towards the extremity of the m. nervure, than its ana- logue of the primaries. This removal of the fourth m. nervule towards the base of the nervure, seems to influence the shape of the anterior wings. This finely and thinly scaled genus is very distinct, in the shape of the wings, from any of the genera allied to Pericopis, that I have been able to compare, and is readily distinguished from that genus by the singularly straight external margin of the primaries and their triangu- lar shape. Sph.aeromach.ia cubana. Pericopis cubana, Herrieh-Schaeffer, C. B. Reg. 2so. 9, p. 131. (September, 1866). 9. Head, blackish, with two lateral white bands on the "front," behind the antennal insertions are two white dots. "Collar," blackish, dotted with white. Thorax and patagia, anteriorly, blackish dotted with white; behind, the thoracic parts are very pale greenish-yellow. Abdomen, very pale greenish-yellow, without markings, except a later- al, brownish, distinct, stigmata] line. Legs and under thoracic surface, pale, the former striped with blackish or brownish outwardly. Wings, sub-diaphanous, very pale greenish-yellow. Primaries black- ish along costa to basal third; these dark scales are margined interior- ly by the median nervure, and enclose three scarlet patches, which are fused on the under surface and here hardly disconnected. At the ex- tremity of this dark costal patch, the dark scales are continued down- wards, forming a distinct oblique baud, joining the internal margin near tin' angle and fusing with the dark terminal color of the wing. Heyond this, the ground color of the wing forms a coincident, broad, oblique band. Terminally, the wing is blackish, the dark space being very wide on costa, commencing at about its middle, and very narrow at internal margin where it merely covers the angle. Superiorly, two sub-equal, oblique, sub-diaphanous, broad, pale bauds, intersected by PROCEEDINGS EXT. SUC. I'lIII.AI). JANUARY, 1867. 806 A. R. Grote's Notes on the Zygsenldse of Cuba. the s. c. nervules. Along and within external margin, three or four interspaceal, unequal, pale spots. Secondaries with a narrow, rather even brownish-black band along external margin, enclosing a larger, pale, apical spot, and three or four smaller, triangular spots before anal angle. Expanse, 9 , 2.60 inches. Length of body, 1.00 inch. Habitat.— €uba, (Poey). Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil. Number 597, Poey's MS. Catalogue. MELANCHROIA, Hubner. Melanchroia fumosa. n. s. S , $ . Smoky black. Head and thorax dark honey-yellow, legs pale smoky; abdomen, above, smoky black, beneath, except centrally, honey-yellow, a little paler than thorax. Antennae, smoky black. The anal valves in the male are very long and prominent, clothed with ho- ney-yellow scales and laterally at their base with paler spreading .scales. Primaries, smoky black, all the "veins" brought distinctly into re- lief by paler scales, an apical white patch j fringes, except where bor- dering the white apices, dark. Under surface resembling upper, except that the veins are not mark- ed with paler scales. Secondaries, smoky black, immaculate; fringes at apices broadly marked with white. Under surface resembling upper. In the single % specimen I have before me, the "veins" on the under surface are beautifully brought into relief by pale scales, unlike the female in this respect, and more distinctly than on the upper surface of primaries in either sex, perhaps partly owing to the somewhat darker hue of the posterior wings. Expanse, % and $ , 1.50 inch. Length of body, 0.60 inch. Habitat.— Cuba, (Poey). Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil. Number 599, Poeyh MS. Catalogue. In size and ornamentation this species bears a close resemblance to M. cephise, Hubner (" Verzeichniss"). It differs by the absence of the intense blue-black color of the wings which is expressed by Cramer, who originally figures the species, in the words: "sur le fond noir se trouve un chatoyant bleu obscur." — Exot. Vol. IV, p. 182. I have a specimen from Mexico, which I owe to the kindness of Mr. W. H. Edwards, which has this peculiar blue-black ground color, and differs in this respect from the Cuban species, as well as by certain less promi- nent and comparative characters, so far as I can judge from a siugle specimen. The general color of the two insects is very distinct, when compared together. A. R. Grote's Notes on the Zygrenidae of Cuba. 307 Melanchroia cephise, Hiibner, u Sammlung," (not " Verzeichniss") seems to me to represent the smoky black M. fumosa. and not the blue- black Phalsena chephise, Cramer, contrary to the intention of the Ger- man Entomologist, who intended to illustrate Cramer's species. Melanchroia geometroides. Melanchroia geometroides, Walker. C. B. M. Lep. Het. Part 2, p. 387. (1854). Glaucopis mors, Lucas, Hist. Nat. Cub. p. 663. (1857). Mr. Walker gives "Java," as the habitat of this species in the Bri- tish Museum Lists. The diagnosis there given agreeing exactly with my specimens, I was led to doubt the correctness of this locality, the more so as I regarded the genus as purely American in its character. Upon communicating by letter with Mr. Walker on the subject, I have been kindly informed that there is every probability that the British Museum specimens came from Jamaica, and that a mistake has arisen from the similarity of the customary abbreviations for these two locali- ties. I have examined several specimens ( % and $ ) of this slightly variable but very simply marked species, which I have no doubt, from the diagnosis, has been redescribed by Lucas as above cited. Habitat— Cuba, (Poey). Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil. Number 483, Poey's MS. Catalogue. DIOPTIS, Hiibner. Dioptis vinosa. Sphinx vinosa, Drury, Exot. Vol. I, p. 47, PI. 23, fig. 4, et Vol. II, App. (1770). Callimorpha / vinosa, Westwood, Drury, Vol. I, p. 43, PI. 23, fig. 4. (1837). Dioptis vinosa, Walker, C. B. M. Lep. Het. Part 2, p. 332. (1854). Hyalurcja vinosa, Herrich-Sehaefier, Cor. B. M. Peg. No. 9, p. 131. (Septem- ber, 1866). I adopt Mr. Walker's generic determination for this species, since this is apparently congeneric with D. cyma, Illlb. the type of Dioptis in the "Verzeichniss." Other species and groups referred here by Mr. Walker, seem to need revision. D. vinosa, is variable as to color and size; sometimes the sub-terminal, oblique, ferruginous or honey-yellow band, of the upper surface, is entirely obsolete. Its variability suggests, that Dioptis rica, Hubner, has been improperly considered as distinct from the present, the oldest illustration of the genus. Habitat.— Cuba, (Poey). Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil. Number 204, Poey's MS. Catalogue. 308 A. R. G-rote's A r otes on the Zj/gsenidse of Cuba. SUPPLEMENT. "With the present Paper I close my Notes on the first families of Cuban Moths, as represented by Prof. Poey's Collection. I have been fortunate in having the independent observations of Dr. Herrich- Schaeffer, of Regensburg, on very similar material, sent by Dr. Gund- lach, and it affords me pleasure to see that we have nearly always coincided in our specific determinations, that is to say as to what species were new to science, or had been previously recognized by Au- thors. With regard to our generic and family determinations, I have not been so fortunate as to agree with this distinguished Entomologist. It remains for me but to direct the attention of the student to the classificatory arrangement of the Sub-Order by Dr. Herrich-Schaeffer in the " Lep. Exot. Nov. etc.," in order to account for classificatory views, which, since they are singular with the Bavarian Entomologist, must be my apology for the want of unity displayed by our respective Papers as to the natural arrangement of the material therein discussed. I shall content myself for the present with a few remarks as to the artificiality and incongruity of one of Dr. Herrich-Schaeffer's generic groups, leaving my comprehension of the most natural arrangement of these Moths as discussed in my Papers, and as expressed in the suc- ceeding list of the Cuban species of Sphingidre, JEgeridte, Zygasuidae and Bombycidae. And first in correction ; Dr. Herrich-Schaeffer (Corr. Bl. No. 8, Aug. 18G6, p. 117) says : "Ini Eingange sagt er dass er Melanchroia und Ctenucliidia (yirgo) zu der Subfamilie der Lithosiinen setzt," etc. This is speaking of my paper on the Bombycidae of Cuba, where in the Introduction exactly the reverse of what Dr. Herrich-Schaeffer says is recorded. I wrote : " When we separate from this Family the Zygamid genera, Melanchroia, Ctenucliidia ,'' etc., showing that I did not consider these genera as Lithosians but as Zygaeuidas, and they will be found arranged with the other genera of the latter Family. Dr. Herrich-Schaeffer's genus " Charidea" contains not only per- fectly dissonant material, but even species belonging to two very na- tural and distinct Families, viz : Zygaenidae and Bombycidae. Typi- cally considered, Dal man's genus is Zygaenid, and should be limited to species such as C. fulgida, C. bivulnera, C. splendida, C. fulgens, C. fastuosa, etc. In the Corr. Blatt, No. 8 (Aug. 1866), p. 116, Dr. Herrich-Schaeffer refers Erithales guacolda , Poet/, Uranophora chalybea, Hiibner, and Carathis gortynoides, Grote, with other equally ill-selected material, to Charidea ; whereas the first and last are dis- A. R. Grote's Notes on (he Zygxnidx of Cuba. 309 tinct genera of Bbmbycidae, and the second is a Zygsenid allied to Apistosia, Ctenucha and Ctenuchidia, but affording a distinct generic type. No characters of generic or family significance hold together Urano- phora and Carathis; as well might both be referred to Sphinx, as to Charidea. 1 have altered the position of Carathis to the sub-family Arctiidse, where I am satisfied it most naturally stands. It is a difficult genus of unusual habitus, and the characters which induce my present reference are those which ally it to Eupseudosoma, and allied genera. But both Carathis and Erithales are valid genera, and both belong to the family Bombycidae. Dr. Herrich-Schaeffer is then accountable for his fresh synonyms of these species which had been previously properly named by Authors. Owiug to the circumstance that Dr. Herrich-Schaeffer and myself were contemporaneously engaged in writing on these Moths, the fol- lowing synonyms have occurred, which I here enumerate in the order in which the insects were given in the pages of the Correspondenz Blatt : BURTIA, Grote. Burtia rubella. Grote. (Plate 5, fig. l,% .) Burtia rubella, Grote. Notes Zyg. Cub. Part 1, P. E. S. P. Vol. 6, p. 186, (14.) (July, 1866.) Gundlachia cruenta, Herrich-Schaeff., Corr. Bl. No. 7, p. 108. (July, 1866.) The name Grundlachia,* having been previously used in Mollusca, the name which I have given to this species, at the same time, will be properly retained. There is also a " Glaucopis cruenta, Perty," which might cause confusion in the specific name proposed for this species by Dr. Herrich-Schaeffer. *This name lias also been provisionally used by Mr. E. T. Cresson for a genus of Cuban hymenoptera. I have since received three fresh ( % ) specimens of B. rubella, from Dr. Gund- lach, differing from my original specimens as follows; the legs, though "whit- ish" inwardly, are outwardly entirely sanguineous. The slender palpi are held apart and are projected beyond the "front." The two sanguineous spots of the primaries are obsolete. The anal hairs and margins of the wings are blackish, not •• brown." These differences are partly to be attributed to inconstancy and partly to the condition of the original specimens in which the palpi were defec- tive. This species, with its bright crimson or sanguineous body and frail, vit- reous, narrowly margined wings, is unusually beautiful in appearance, even when compared with its brilliant associates. 310 A. R. G rote's Notes on the Zi/gsenidse of Cuba. HORAMA, Hubner. Horama diffissa, Grote. (Plate 5, fig. 2, % .) Horama diffissa, Grote, Notes Zyg. Cub. Part 1, P. E. S. P. Vol. 6, p. 181 (9.) (July, I860.) Horamia pretellus, H-S., Corr. Blatt, No. 8, p. 113. (Aug., 1866.) CALLICARUS, Grote. Callicarus pennipes, Grote. (Plate 5, fig. 3,$.) Callicarus pennipes, Grote, Notes Zyg. Cub. Part 1, P. E. S. P. Vol. 6, p. 1S2 (10.) (July, 1866.) Horamia plumosa, H-S., Corr. Blatt, No. 8, p. 113. (Aug., 1866.) It will be seen that both Dr. Herrich-Schaeffer and myself have separated as new and distinct these Cuban species, which resemble the long since described Horama pretus, Cram, sp., and Callicarus plumipes, Drunj sp. In addition, I have shown the existence of a third species, Callicarus texanus, Grote, from Texas. The two genera are amply distinct in my opinion. By an error of spelling, apparently copied from Walker, Dr. Herrich-Schaeffer gives Hubner's genus as " Horamia." EUNOMIA, Hubner. Eunomia insularis, Grote. (Plate 5, fig. 4,% .) Eunomia insularis, Grote, Notes Zyg. Cub. Part I, P. E. S. P. Vol. 6. p. 188 (16.) (July, 1866.) Glaucopis elegantula, H-S., Corr. Blatt, No. 8, p. 114. (Aug., 1S66.) On the accompanying Plate (fig. 5 9)1 also illustrate Formiculue pygmaeus, Grote. EUSCIRRHOPTERUS, Grote. Euscirrhopterus poeyi, Grote. Euscirrhopterus poeyi, Grote, Notes Zyg. Cub. Part 1, P. E. S. P. Vol. 6, p. 178 (6.) (July, 1866.) Heterandra dispar -His, H-S., Corr. Blatt, No. 9, p. 134. (Sept., 1866.) I have received, through the kindness of Dr. Gundlach and Sen. Rafael Arango, specimens of the following species of Cuban Lepi- doptera : MACROSILA, Boisd. (Emend, m.) Macrosila afnicta. Sphinx affiicta, Grote, Notes Spiling. Cuba, p. 39. (August 1865.) Syzygia affiicta, G. & R., Syu. Cat. N. Am. Sphing. p. 41, PI. 3, fig. 5 %. (Nov. 1865.) Macrosila affiicta, Walker, C. B. M. Lep. Het. Pt. 35, p. 1855. (June 1866.) 9 . A female specimen of this species, sent me by Sen. Rafael Arango, differs from the male described by me, as above cited, in the obscure green tint of the ground color of the upper surface of primaries and body parts. Also, in that there are five lateral orange yellow abdomi- A. R. Grote's Notes on the Zygxnulx of Cuba. 311 Did segmentary maculations, distinctly margined with black scales. The Bpecies is Dearly allied to M. Carolina, but is smaller than Lin- nsBUs' species, and at once distinguished by its 'different color. The resemblance between these two species is analogous to that existing between Amphonyx antjeus, and A. dnponchel. I have been misled by the stained and defective state of the original ( £ ) specimen sent by Prof. Poey,and from which the figure of S. afflicta, as above cited, was taken. With the corrections here noted, the specific diagnosis and figure will sufficiently serve to identify the species. Mr. C. T. Robinson has called my attention to the fact that in its maxillary and other characters, this species agrees with Macrosila, as restricted by myself in late papers, and that the genus Syzygia, is not sufficiently distinct to be received as an independent structural form. The determination of this species remains, then, as proposed by Mr. Walker in the British Museum Lists, and the genus Syzygia is with- drawn. The species of Macrosila, as now amended, are as follows: GROUP I. 1. M. aper, Boisd., H-S. ! Tvi-k. 2. M. rustica. Walk., .' {Sphinx rus., Fabr., Sph. chionanthi, Smith). 3. M. ochus, Grote, .' (Sphinx och., King ; Macr. instita, Clemens). 4. M. afflicta, Walk.,! (Sphinx affl.., Grote). 5. M. Carolina, Clemens, '. (Sphinx Carolina, Linn). 6. M. quinquemaculata, Clem.,.' (Sphinx quinquem.,Ha,worth; Phleyeth- ontius celeus, Hilbnerj Macr. celeus,G. & R). GROUP II. 7. M. cingulata, Clemens, ! (Sphinx ring., Fabr. ; Sph. convolvulfy Drury, Smith; Sph. druroei, Donovan, Steph., Wood). 8. M. convolvuli, G. & R., .' (Sphinx convol., Linn). For the sequence of the initiatory genera of the Tribe Sphingini, I refer here to a recent Paper by Mr. Robinson and myself, contained in the Annals of the New York Lyceum, October, 186G. In this paper the position of the European Sphinx ligustri, Linn., is discussed with regard to the North American species of the genus. The elimination of the genus Diludia, G. t& R., renders the respective homogeneity of Macrosila and Sphinx, as now considered, sufficiently apparent, as to justify the view that these two latter are distinct structural forms. The North American species hitherto referred to Dolba, Walk., and Hyloi- cus, Hubner, may in future need a generic revision. Hyloicus conifer- arum, Hiibn., as illustrated by Abbot, has not been identified by us; the probability has been already suggested that Ellema harrisii, Clem., is the species intended by Abbot. 812 A. R. Grote's Notes on the Zi/gsenidse. of Cuba. CROCOTA, Hiibner. Crocota pallicornis, n. s. Wiugs, full; size,. moderate. Primaries dark ferruginous tawny, a little paler subterminally, with obsolete ornamentation. Costa arched from base to apex, the latter a little depressed. External margin nearly straight, a little rounded, hardly oblique. At extreme base a small aggregation of white scales, and the wing seems to be dusted very sparsely with whitish scales. A blackish discoloration beyond the discal cell, and one, fainter and smaller, situate above internal nervure. The subterminal space is indicated by a paler shade, which is rather distinctly margined inwardly, the wing gradually deepening in color again to external margin. Secondaries, pale dull rosy or red- dish oehreous, contrasting with the dark primaries and general color; a bl-ickish discal dot and one before the anal angle. Head, palpi and thorax, dark ferruginous tawny; palpi, approxi- mate at the tips, projected horizontally; the head is rather small. Antennae, moderate, rather short and stout, covered with dull, obscure whitish scales, which are characteristic. Abdomen, above, concolor- ous with secondaries. Under surface of the wings dull, reddish orange; primaries a little the darker; a blackish, discal dot on both pair, otherwise immaculate. Legs and under surface of abdomen, a little darker than prima- ries beneath; the former are mostly dull brownish externally. Exp. 9 , 1.10 inch. Length of body, 0.45 inch. IFah'dat. — Cuba, (Gundlach). Number 604, Gundlach' '.*>• MS. Catalogue. C. pallicornis, is the third Cuban species of the genus described. It is more nearly allied to C. disparilis, Grate, than to C. heros, but the thick, whitish autennEe and very different ornamentation will separate the two sufficiently. From what I have seen I conjecture that the Cuban Crocotas are more constant in their ornamentation than our United States species, but I would draw the attention of the Cuban Entomologists to the fact of the known variability of species of this LTenus. so that they may avoid the erection of species on slight differ- ences, as has been done with regard to our species from the Atlantic District.* I would finally mention the circumstance that, in the set Dr. Eerrich-Schaeffer, speaking of the Cuban C. heros, Groic. and ('. dispa- rilis, Grote, (Corr. Bl. p. 118, No. 8, Aug. L866) says: "Ausser diesen beiden cubanischen Arten besitze ich 7 aus den Vereingten Staaten, zu deren drei icb keine Be&chreibung finden kann, welche aber moglicher Weise zum Thei) oder alb; den Arten von Reakirt entsprechen." With a numerous series of spe- A. R. Grote's Notes on (he Zygicnulx of Cuba. 313 specimen of C. pallicornis, when the two blackish discolorations of the primaries are considered with the two dots on the secondaries, an imaginary line may be drawn, nearly straight, slightly bent inwardly, so as to include these four maculations. cimens before me, I am strongly inclined to doubt the existence of so many Bpecies from the Atlantic District of the United States. Judging from my ma- terial and Hilbner's figures of Eubaphe aurantica, and Crocota rubicundaria, I Bhould refer both of these (as well as probably Mr. Walker's C. rubicundaria) a> forms of the common C. ferruginosa, Walk. Indeed, where writers have referred to C. rubicundaria. I think their material has been immaculate specimens of this species of Mr. Walker's. As early as April, 1863, I have shown in these Proceedings, Vol. 2, p. 31, that Dr. Clemens' opinion, that the Arctia rubricosa of Harris was referable to Crocota. and was a " variable insect," was based upon a mistake, since Harris' species belongs to the very distinct genus Phragmato- bia, Stephens. At that time, also, I determined specimens in the Coll. of the Ent. Soc. as " Phragmatobia (Arctia) rubricosa, Harris," as will be seen by reference to the list of Bpecies, given as "determined by myself, on page 23 of the same Volume, under date of April 1863. Leaving Crocota treatii, Grotc, from present consideration, since this species is very distinct from any of the rest of the genus by its lithosiiform appearance and coloration (resembling somewhat the insect figured as " Lithosia lseto, Boisd," in Guerin,) I cannot find more than two species in the slight, tawny, specimens which belong to the more geometriform group of the genus, and are found from Maine to Georgia. These are the C. ferruginosa and C. brevicornis of Mr. Walker, to which I would refer also Hilbner's two figures under distinct names, as varieties. Dr. Packard has given nearer details respecting these spe- cies in his •' Synopsis," and my own material bears them out. I have even specimens of C. ferruginosa, with the "paler round spots quite distinct, re- minding us of C. quinaria." This latter species I have illustrated typically from a Canadian specimen with five pale blotches on the upper surface of the primaries; I have it now from Texas and Virginia, with three, two, and obsolete blotches. It will be recognized by the obliquity of the external margin of pri- maries and the heavier body compared with the two above cited species of Mr. Walker. It comes nearer to the Cuban species I have described, in the stout- ness of the corporal parts, and especially to C. disparilis, Groie, but has nar- rower wings, etc., than that species. It is not possible to do otherwise than to refer here C. choroina, Heakirt, a* a Bynonym, when we consider the known variability of C. quinaria. Indeed, without near details as to the comparative shape of the wings, etc., it will not be possible to describe species of Crocota, so that they may be identified unless, indeed, at the same time giving figures, and in this view it may be properly said, that the " Contributions towards a Monograph of the genus Crocota," by Mr. Tryon Reakirt,will not become available to the future Monographist of th« genus, whose task is. indeed, no enviable one. Finally, C. opella, Grote, may be readily distinguished by its large six.'. heavier ami most arctiiform habitus, and its simple ornamentation. It varies from the typical form which I have figured, and in which the pri- maries are darkest, the secondaries mosi reddish, with bright reddish under surface, through a variety of shades of obscure brownish to almost entirely PROCEEDINGS KNT. SOC. IMI1LAD. JANUARY, 1867. <> 14 A. R. Grote's Notes on the Zygsenidse of Cuba. ECPANTHERIA, Hiibner. Ecpantheria cyaneicornis, n. s. I have but a fragment of a male specimen of this species before me, which is at once distinguished from the only other described Cuban species of the genus, E. albicornis, Grote, by the dark bluish black antennae. The primaries are white with sis series of blackish sub- cyaneous, or brownish transverse annulations and spots, broadly marked on costa. The third band shows a very distinct and large sub-quadrate costal blotch spreading over the outer extremity of the discal cell, and covering the discal cross-vein, the latter covered with darker scales so as to resemble a <<; the terminal bands are composed mostly of inter- spaceal spots, while the basal bands are formed by annulations. The terminal series of reduced interspaceal spots, lying close to the external margin, is discontinued at the apex. Under surface reflecting the or- namentation of upper. What remains of the secondaries, show them to be whitish, sub-diaphanous, with a dark costal squarish patch, be- yond the middle, more apparent on the under surface. Vertex, white, immaculate; white scales on the antennal scape in front; "collar," white, with two super-lateral brownish spots ; " front," black. Thoracic disc, white, behind with blackish, sub-cyaneous scales : four median brownish annulations arranged in pairs; tegulse, white, with a central annulation and a small dot, superiorly, on the inner margins. Legs, blackish, narrowly annulate with white. Exp., £ , 1.80 inch. Habitat. — Cuba (Gundlach). Number |f §, Gundlach and Pori/s 3IS. Catalogue. Since E. cyaneicornis, may be readily distinguished from E. albicor- nis, Grote, of which latter species I, as also Dr. Herrich-Schaeffer, have examined several specimens, by its differently colored antennae, as well as by other characters here given, I feel authorized to give this partial description of a species which I trust will be more fully worked blackish brown; sometimes keeping the tawny tinge of primaries above and having the secondaries obscure, sooty brown on either surface. In these darker specimens the costa and anterior femora usually retain their reddish fulvous color, otherwise the insect is evenly saturated with obscure shades on the dif- ferent parts. As long as the ground color of the wings allows it, the simple, darker, discal, diffuse spots, are always perceivable; this species is never band- ed. Nine specimens average 1.20 inch in expanse, and 0.45 inch in length of body, as near as may be. If my views with regard to the variability of our United States species of Crocota are correct, we have not more than five well established species of the genus, which with three from Cuba makes eight in all, to say nothing of C. lreta, Walk., and C. eupraria, Walk., the latter South American, and neither of which I have ever identified. I place Cytorus, Grote, as a subgenus of Crocota, Hub. A. R. Grote's Notes on (he Zygzcnidje, of Cuba. 315 up by the Lepidopterists of Cuba. It is smaller than, and evidently different from, our United States E. scribonia, Hiibner, while it more nearly approaches our species than does E. albicornis. EUHALISIDOTA. Grote. Euhalisidota fasciata n. s. (Plate 5, fig. 7,% , 8, ? •) % . Pale yellowish testaceous. Anterior wings, pale, yellowish tes- taceous, crossed by six bands defined by geminate, acutely dentate and slightly irregular and interrupted brown lines, which are also slightly powdery or atomical; the spaces between these Hues is more yellowish and deeper colored than the ground of the wing. Base stained with brownish. In the first band, the geminate lines are widest apart, and apparently discontinued below the internal nervure. The second, is more irregular, and narrows below the median nervure, continued with the rest to internal margin. The third, crossing the discal cell and the middle of the wing, is most regular and evenly dentated. The fourth, is irregular, and the lines are more confused ; it forms an inward curve at the extremity of the discal cell, running thence constrictedly, the lines approximate, to internal margin. The fifth, is again wider, more regularly serrate and even in its width. The sixth, rests on internal margin, and the lines are more interrupted, the outer being sub-obsolete. On the interspace above the first me- dian nervule is a macular agglomeration of brown scales, which is of specific importance. The costal region is more yellowish than the rest of the wing included by the geminate lines. Beneath, the wing is dull testaceous, costal region stained with dull, pale brownish ; basally, the markings are obsolete; but terminally, the geminate lines of the upper surface are reproduced, superiorly most distinctly. Posterior wings, pale yellowish testaceous, with a faint, brownish tinge inferiorly along internal margin ; this darker shade is, however, diffuse and indistinctly limited. A small, pale, brownish discal spot at the extremity of the discal cell, immediately beyond which is a sub- macular, interrupted, pale brownish median band, apparent centrally but discontinued towards internal margin below the fourth m. nervule. Under surface paler than upper; on the costa, within its middle, a brownish maculation. The median band of the upper surface is here much more distinct and characteristic. It is interspaceal and broken above the discal fold; the discal dot is plainly part of the second clus- ter of brown spots, which form the lower part of the median band ; the latter is curved at the extremity of the discal cell so as to include it. Fringes short, concolorous with the wing on both pair. Head, large- 316 A. R. Grote's Notes on the Zygsenidse of Cuba. front stained with brownish. Antennae, long, very strongly, heavily and evenly pectinate; the antennal stem, above, covered with pale tes- taceous scales ; the pectinations pale, dull brownish. Collar, stained with brownish. Tegulre. dull yellowish testaceous, immaculate. Ab- domen, ochreous yellow above, stained with brownish laterally and towards anal segmeut, leaving this latter pale clay-color, or pale yel- lowish testaceous. Palpi, a little paler than front, with scattered brownish scales. Under thoracic parts clothed with mixed brown and yellowish hair. Legs, mostly pale clay-color; posterior tibia with a brown dot below the femoral joint. Exp., 1.75 inch. Length of body, 0.75 inch. 9 . Resembles the male ; the general color is lighter. The gemi- nate brown lines on the primaries are more interrupted and atomical, wider apart, and the space within them is more purely yellowish. The head, collar, base of the wings and abdomen, want the brownish dis- colorations of the male. The secondaries are immaculate, and want the median band, which is so characteristic in the opposite sex. On their under surface, however, there are two costal marks, indicating its obsolescence and a few dark scales, below the outer of these marks, on the discal cross-vein. Antenna), whitish testaceous on their upper surface ; beneath, shortly and evenly bi-pectinate. The thoracic squammation is mixed with a few blackish scale points. The eyes are covered with obscure reddish-purple hirusties. Exp., 2.40 inches. Length of body, 0.85 inch. Habitat. — Cuba (Gundlach.) Number 664, Gundlach's MS. Catalogue. A smaller species than E. luxa, Grote, which it much resembles. The marks on the secondaries, which are perhaps shared by other males of the genus, and the aggregation of brown scales on the outer geminate baud of the primaries above first median nervule, are dis- tinctional characters. The discovery of the male Euhalisidota, adds much to the compre- hension of the generic characters. The large head and plumose antennae, which remind one of Ammalo, Walker, together with the Pattern of the Ornamentation, combine, in addition to the other charac- ters I have elsewhere noted, to give a peculiar aspect to a very natural genus of Moths which may be purely Cuban, but will, perhaps, receive accessions from the other Islands of the Tropical Insular District. The squammatiou is thin and powdery, especially on the o abdomen, whence it is very easily removed by atrition. The genus appears to A. R. Grote's Notes on the Zyyxnidx of Cuba. 317 sustain a somewhat similar relation to Halisidota, HUbner, with that born by Leucarctia, Packard, to Spilosoma, Stephens. It is an out- growth, so to speak, with fresh affinities. I indicate the existence of another species of Euhalisidota, allied to V). fasciata and E. scripta, from a $ specimen sent me by Dr. Gund- lach. under the Numbers ||§, and which differs from the former b\ the uniform testaceous clay-colored primaries and by the continuity of the geminate lines. From E. scripta, this species differs by the immaculate legs and the faiuter markings of the primaries above. This specimen is similarly sized with E. fasciata, though perhaps a little stouter. I leave its description and elimination to the Cuban student. Euhalisidota scripta, n. s. (Plate 5, fig. 9, 9-) 9 . Size, moderate. Primaries, yellowish testaceous of a rather dull or obscure shade, covered by six very distinct bands defined by geminate brown lines, within which the spaces are filled in with darker scales than the ground color of the wing, and often brownish or but little paler than the lines themselves. The first of these bands, at base, is prominently dentate on median nervure. The interspace is dull yel- lowish. The second and third bands, before the middle of the wing, are approximate and fused five times, as near as may be, leaving the ground color of the wing to appear as paler spots between them. Their interspaces are clouded with brownish. The fourth band, with the fifth and sixth, is more oblique and is narrow, confused, somewhat irregular and constricted, most strongly filled in with brown, so as to render the marginal geminate lines indistinct. On internal margin the inner of the marginal lines joins the outer marginal line of the third band, so that the space between the third and fourth bands, where the paler ground color of the wing obtains, is broadest at costa, and tapers deutatedly to internal margin. The fifth and sixth bands are distinctly margined, broad (the marginal lines being wider apart), and but little darker than the ground color of the wing. Under surface pale testaceous; the markings of the upper surface are here faintly reproduced. Secondaries, testaceous ; towards the base and along in- ternal margin, the scales become denser and longer and are of an obscure, pale brownish testaceous hue. Under surface paler, with brown, costal marks. Palpi, rather small, yellowish testaceous, with linearily arranged brownish scales on their outer surface. Maxillae, as usual, moderate, opaque brownish. Head, yellowish testaceous; be- tween the antennal insertions, stained with brownish. Collar with 318 A. R. Grote's Holes on the Zygscnidse. of Cuha. two supra-lateral brownish anuuli, and fringed with brown scales. Abdomen, above, dull brownish ochraceous; this darker color very neatly defined, and contrasted with the whitish, clay-colored squamma- tion of the under and lateral abdominal surfaces. Legs, testaceous clay-colored, interruptedly maculate and annulate with brown ; fore femora distinctly ochreous on the inside. Exp., 1.80 inch. Length of body, 0.70 inch. Habitat. — Cuba, (Gundlach.) Number |||, Poey's and Gundlach' s MS. Catalogues. The smallest species of the genus yet discovered. The banded legs and distinct markings of the primaries are sufficiently characteristic. The upper surface of secondaries and abdomen are slightly mure ob- scurely colored than usual. Euhalisidota alternata, n. s. (Plate 5, fig. 10, $ •) 9 . Size, large. Primaries, white, with bright brown bands. These are, as usual, six in number, but want the usual geminate, marginal, narrow, darker lines. The basal band is strongly dentate superiorly, the outer projection fusing with the second band, interrupted with white interiorly and obsolete below internal nervure. The second band is broad, outwardly projected on the discal cell, and below the median nervure is inwardly arcuate to internal margin, where it is fused with the third band. Below the median nervure it is slightly interrupted with white scales. The third band is approximate to the second, and consists of two broad, bright brown, marginal scalloped bands or lines ; the space between these is white, except on costa and internal margin, where it is filled in with concolorous bright brown. The appearance of this band is suggestive of the fact, that the bands are in reality similarly composed with those in the other species, but that the marginal lines are broader, and the bands being generally filled in with con- colorous scales, are hence more homogenous in appearance. The fourth band is irregularly margined, entirely filled in with bright brown scales, and, with the fifth and sixth, more oblique and even than the basal bands. The fifth, is narrower, with a few central pale scales, and interrupted obsoletely above first median nervule. The sixth, is pro- duced inwardly on the nervules, broadest at apex and tapering to in- ternal angle, before which it becomes obsolete. Terminally the white color narrowly prevails on the interspaces. Fringes, white, interrupted with brown at apex and iuterspaceally, except between fourth median nervule and internal angle. Under surface, whitish; the markings of the upper surface are here faintly reproduced. A. R. Grote's Notes on the Zygaenulse of Cuba. 3 19 Posterior wings, whitish testaceous, thinly clothed with scales, which, however, become longer interiorly and at base, where they are slightly tinged with yellowish. Under surface, whitish, with two cos- tal brown macular diseolorations, of which the one nearest the base of the wing is much the larger. Head, whitish; clypeus narrower than usual; brown between the antenna? at base. " Collar," white, with two diffuse brown annulate marks. Patagia and thorax, whitish, with brown diffuse markings. Antennae, long, whitish clay-color above; beneath very shortly and finely pectinate. Abdomen, stout, ochreous above, whitish laterally and beneath with diffuse central and lateral brownish markings. Legs, whitish clay-color, interruptedly maculate with brownish. Anterior coxa?, femora and tibia?, ochreous on the inside, as are also very nar- rowly the middle and hind femora. Exp., 2.10 inches. Length of body, 0.85 inch. Habitat. — Cuba, (Gundlach.) Number 743, Gundlach' s MS. Catalogue. A very fine and distinct species, differing from the other species of this genus, in the slightly smaller head and finely pectinate antennae. There is great uniformity in the coloration of the abdomen and legs in the species of Euhalisidota, and E. alter nata, hardly differs from the rest of the genus in this respect. The palpi have been broken off in my specimen, which is otherwise in fine preservation. The abdomen is very stout with the same mealy squammation, and the species seems strictly congeneric with E. luxa, and the others that I have described under the genus Euhalisidota, Grote. NELPHE, Boisd. Nelphe confinis. Charidea {Nelphe) confinis, II-S., Lep. Exot., pp. 74 & 81, fig. 277. Dr. Gundlach sends me an old and faded 9 specimen which, while evidently belonging to this genus, I conclude belongs to the species figured by Dr. Herrich-Schaeffer as above cited. The black colors of the wings have become of a faded brown by etiolation. The genus falls in between Halisidota and Erithales, and is perhaps the last of a number of genera which prepare us for Erithales, from which latter genus Nelphe seems to take the peculiar abdominal style of ornamenta- tion. Habitat. — Cuba, (Gundlach.) Number |§9, Gundlach and Pocy's MSS. Catalogue. 320 A. R. Grote's Notes on the Zygsenidx of Cuba. ERITHALES, Poey. Erithales proxima, n. s. % . Anterior wings rather pale ashen, evenly and closely grained with darker scales; a distinct black discal dot; faint traces of two extra discal transverse lines, formed by an aggregation of the darker scales ; the inner of these lines appears to be angulated opposite the disc and slightly waved; a terminal series of black points. Posterior wings darker than anterior, brownish cinereous, immaculate. Under surface of both wings darker than secondaries above, without mark- ings, evenly colored, the primaries the darker. Head and thorax, above, nearly concolorous with anterior wings. Antennae plumose. Beneath, the thorax and legs are dull, pale brownish, like the under surface of the wings ; legs a little the darker. Abdomen, above, yel- low, at base covered with longer, pale brownish scales; beneath, the venter is dark brown, margined, laterally, by obscure whitish shade stripes, succeeded by pale brownish stigmatal vittee. Exp., 1.30 inch. Length of body, 0.50 inch. Habitat. — Cuba, (Gundlach.) Number 649, Gundlaclis MS. Catalogue. Somewhat larger than E. guacolda, Poey, and apparently differing specifically by the characters of the paler primaries, which are desti- tute of the numerous black maculations characterizing; Prof. Poev's species, as well as by the obsolescence of the abdominal dorsal dots. This genus is allied to Euchaetes, Harris. EUPROCTIS, Ilubner. Euproctis pygmaea, n. s. (Plate 5, fig. 11, % .) %. Size, small. White. Primaries pure white above, with abroad, distinct, zig-zag, perpendicular streak of bright ferruginous scales, rest- ing on the internal margin within the angle. On the median nervules. superiorly, slight aggregations of similarly colored scales. Fringes, rather long, white. Beneath, whitish, with a cinereous or smoky tinge, which deepens into blackish along the costa. Secondaries, above and beneath, whitish, with a faint, smoky tin^e ; fringes long, white. Antennae, rather short, pectinate, curved in the specimen so that the tips approach each other ; the pectinations arc blackish; at base, the antennal stem, above, is covered with white scales. Head, comparatively large, clypeus wide, smoothly scaled as are the small palpi — all white. Abdomen concolorous with secondaries above and beneath ; shorter than internal margin of secondaries. Legs, white, mostly finely scaled; tibiae, and tarsi at base, heavily fringed A. R. Grote's Notes on the Zyyxnklse. of Cuba. 321 with long, white hair; anterior legs narrowly blackish inwardly. Exp., % , 0.00 inch. Length of body, 0.20 inch. Habitat.— Cuba, (Gundla&h.) Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil. Number 750, Gwndlach's MS. Catalogue. Euproctis fumosa. n. s. 9 . Size, moderate ; wings rounded. Anterior wings white, slightly silky ; a broad, diffuse, oblique, pale, smoky brown band occupies the wings subterminally. leaving a narrow, white terminal space, and is intersected indistinctly by the white scales clothing the median ner- vules, its outer margin following the shape of the wing, roundedlv projected inwardly below costa, which latter it does not attain. The rather long fringes are pale, smoky brown. Posterior wings quite pale, smoky brown, becoming whitish at the base; fringes a little paler than on primaries. Under surface of primaries, largely pale smoky brown, whitish at base ; a very narrow, terminal whitish line. Se- condaries entirely whitish; fringes dark, as on upper surface, on both pair. Antennae, short, simple, white above. Head and thorax, white, "collar," a little stained. Abdomen whitish. Legs, whitish, pale brownish inwardly, as are the tarsi ; tibiae clothed with longer lateral white hair. Exp., 0.90 inch. Length of body, 0.35 inch. Habitat. — Cuba, (Gundlach.) Number 654, Gundlach' s MS. Catalogue. EDEMA, Walker. Edema insularis, n. s. o . Dull brownish. Palpi prominent, obliquely ascending, porrect, third article elongate. The superior caputal scales and the " collar" are paler than the thorax and patagia, which, with abdomen and legs, are dull brownish, but little paler than the wings. Inwardly, the legs are clothed with darker scales ; tarsi, narrowly subannulate with whitish. The primaries, in ornamentation, recall our United States E. albi- frons. Walk, j the external margin seems shorter and hardly so oblique, while the general color is obscure brownish, not cinereous, and the markings differ in detail. There is a basal geminate dentate half-line. Beyond, a geminate, dentate, distinct, transverse anterior line, which is outwardly arcuate superiorly. All the transverse lines are of a darker brown than the ground color of the wing, which shows scatter- ed, darker scales on the " veins." .Median space, narrow ; superiorly darker shaded than on internal margin ; a discal linear discoloration, below which a dark, shaded spot. Outwardly, the median space is de- PROCBEDINGS ENT. SOC. PHILAD. JANUARY, 1867. 322 A. It. G rote's Notes on the Zygsenidse of Cuba. fiued by a darker shade line, which is very prominently projected below costa, and is succeeded by a transverse double row of blackish dots with white accessory scales. A narrow, short, oblique whitish apical shade, which is far less prominent and continued than in E. albifrons. Beneath this, a diffuse, terminal dark shade. The terminal line is interrupted on the n^rvules, and is straight, not regularly lunu- late as in E. albifrons. Fringes darker, with a terminal, pale shade, and interrupted with paler stains at the extremity of the nervules. Secondaries, unicolorous brownish, immaculate, a little paler at base; fringes, whitish. Under surface, brownish, immaculate, becoming a little paler on the secondaries and at base of primaries; the apices of these latter tinged with whitish. Exp., £, 1.70 inch. Length of body, 0.80 inch. Habitat.— Cuba, (Poey.) Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil. Number 233, Poey's MS. Catalogue. This more robust species differs from E. albifrons, in the longer palpi; while I have detailed above, in the body of the description, the characters of ornamentation which separate it from its Northern con- gener. The remarks of Dr. Herrich-Schaeffer, Corr. Bl. Beg. No. 9, p. 134, Sept. 1866, called my attention to the Noctuidte contained in I'rof. Poey's Collection. Among them I found the specimen which I have above described under the Notodontid genus Edema, Walk. I had already examined a species of Crino, JBiibn., (No. 231) and Nys- talea, Guenee, (No. 307.) both of which latter I am still disposed to regard as Noctuidae and not Bombycidre. I have not been able to find any specimen with the etiquette "473," a No. mentioned by Dr. Her- rich-Schaeffer as attached to a specimen belonging to a Notodontid genus, and sent by Dr. Gundlach. Euthisanotia timais, Hilbn.. and HjUglyphia hieroglyphica, Walk., (Bombyx /estiva, Fabr. ; Euglyphia elegans, Hubn.,) the latter primarily illustrated by Cramer, and de- scribe! by Gruenea under the name of Noropsis /astuosa, are repre- sented in Prof. Poey's Collection by specimens from Cuba ; both of these species have already been properly referred to the NoctuidtB by various Authors. I mention this circumstance here in connection with a letter received from Prof. Poey on the subject, and also since these species are enumerated among the " Bombycites'' of the Collec- tion in the MS. Catalogue of the Professor. In the pages of the " Bepertorio fisico-natural de la isla de Cuba," will be found notices by Prof. Poey of certain of my Papers. In the A. 1\. G rote's Notes on the Zygscnidx of Cuba. 323 first of these notices, contained in the Number for December, 18G5, exceptions were taken to certain of my remarks, and additions were made to my synonyinical citations to a number of species of North American Sphingidse. Subsequently, however, what was objectionable to me in this notice, because it was also erroneous, was in great part withdrawn, and I have no desire to go again over the various points discussed, referring the student to my subsequent Papers, written with .Mr. lvobiuson. on the Synonymy of the North American Sphingidae. With reference to the expressions of friendly feeling and reppect towards myself, which have been elicited from Prof. Poey in the pages of the Eepertorio, I thank him kindly for his consideration, and take them rather as indices that the Cuban scientists are now looking to the United States for assistance in the development of the knowledge of their Entomological fauna, than that they are deserved by my brief Papers on Cuban .Moths. These tributes of appreciation are, however, more fully earned by my brother Entomologist, Mr. Ezra T. Cresson, whose work on the Cuban Hymenoptera, deservedly calls for expres- sions of approval. The Lepidoptera present, perhaps, greater difficulties to the student than the other Sub-Orders of Inseeta, owing to their peculiar struc- ture; so that opportunities have been offered for the erection of numer- ous classificatory arrangements, which, in proportion as they are arbitrary, idiosyncratic and artificial, will be found to be less just, and to contain the seeds of their rejection at the hands of science. The "•enera are to a great degree comparative. Clustered round some central point of structural peculiarity, which is often overlooked in a generic diagnosis, lie a mass of comparative differences, which alto- gether combine to give a generic aspect easily felt, but at times difficult to define with precision. Since science is progressive, and to advance it we need new facts, we must conscientiously laj hold of all structural characters, unhindered by a fear that subsequent discoveries may pos- sibly prove the untenability of our conclusions, and lead to the rejec- tion of our new generic determinations.* If our genera are fairly I would refer here to Hiibner's remarks in the introductionary Preface to the third Volume of the '• Zutrrege,'* pp. 3 — 4. These take the form of an apology fur the number of new generic names introduced by him, but the just- ness of his generic determinations is very evident in the great majority of instances. Whatever of corroborative value is conveyed to a genus by the discovery of fresh species, lias been added, in my present Papers on Cuban Zygsenidse, to the genera Horama, Apistosia, etc. The introductory remarks of llubuer to the first Volumes of the " Zutraege," are full of modest genius and de- 324 A. R. Grote's Notes on the Zi/rjxnidse of Cuba. founded under the circumstances, it is all we have to provide for. To be just, posterity will judge us by our own times, and not by the new light that will be then shining on the different departments of Zoology. I here insert a few general remarks on the homogeneity of the Zygaeniuae, and I may be the more readily excused for so doing, in that the group is first illustrated in my present papers on Cuban Moths, by an endeavor to practically arrange a portion of our numer- ous inter-tropical American genera. In rising to higher considerations as to the internal arrangement of the genera of Zygaeninae, we endeavor to select those which are most extreme in the concentration or in the diffusion of their physical parts. Taking the European genus Zygaena, as the comprehensive type from which the genera recede above and below, we seem to terminate above in Horauia, and below in Dioptis. Between these two lie the mass of generic forms, which we can arrange the more readily when we have appreciated the extremes. In selecting Horama, to lead the sub- family, we look for the greatest concentration of parts, and the least waste of material. Here the wings are strong and narrow, recalling the higher ^Egeriidse and Sphingidae. The stout legs, impectinate and thick antenna;, well developed head and thorax, the linear yet full votion to his science. These deserve to be carefully read by the student, while they are worthy of the attention of the cosmieal Zoologist, or the more aesthetic historian of the jirogress of the Natural Sciences. I know, indeed, that the publisher of the work has stated, that he has occasionally altered the phrase- ology (" Eigenthumliehen Sprache") of Hiibner, but I am of opinion that the direct sense of Hubner's remarks is in every instance original, and bears the evidences of the study and time which, from his extended works, he must have devoted to his subject. We see, indeed, in the descriptional partof the Zutrsege, which we may reasonably suppose, from his unacquaintance with the subject, the publisher would leave untouched, sentences which are very roughly com- posed, and even ungrammatically written, but which, by their sincerity and a certain quaintness of expression, should disarm the critic. (Compare, on this point, Ochsenheimer, Die Schmetterlinge von Europa, Einl, pp. 13 — 14. I do not agree, however, with the conclusions expressed in the following sentence, commencing: " Sein Sucht, ohne Noth neue Namen einzufuhren," etc.) Hiibner may be considered as Boisduval, according to Prof. Poey, says: "el mejor de los iconografos," — but not. in my opinion, as ungraciously added, by way of antithesis, "el peor de los sistematizadores." Rather has he limned with prophetic pencil, a sketch of the Sub-Order, to be filled out and perfected by succeeding scientists, and, considering the times in which he wrote and the generic conceptions of the period, his task was that of a great discoverer, of whom we may speak with reverence, even if we cannot metaphorically apply to him the wonts of Tasso, who writes of one more widely known: " avra ardimento All'incognito corso esporsi in prima." A. R. Grote's Notes on the Zygsenidee of Cuba. 325 abdomen, and the firm, dark, hymenopteriform tegument or body crust, together with the high development of the basal abdominal lateral valves. — arc characters that, by comparison, stand out in promi- nent relief. This genus, with Callicarus, Grote, overlaps and stands higher in certain characters than the lower genera of the Castniares, such, for instance, as Euscirrhopterus, Grote, Eudryas, Boistt. and ('iris, Grote : this latter with its pectinated antennae, seems the lowest in rank of its sub-family. Lower down, and leaving Ilorama and its ally, the wings become vitreous in Burtia, Grote, Ennomia, Hiibn. and Cosmosoma, Hiibn.; the antennae affect Bombycid forms, the colors brighten, the legs weaken, the abdominal conformation is less concise. Here the genera clustering round Zygsena, form a brilliant yellow, scarlet, black and scintellate group, commencing with Isanthrene, Hiibn.. and obtaining its fullest development in Histioea, Walk. Be- low come Echeta, H-S., Scepsis, W. 5. Eunomia insularis, Grote. 9 • C. Hippola minima, Grote. % . 7. Euhalisidota fasciata, Grote. %. 8. Euhalisidota fasciata, Grote. $?• 9. Euhalisidota scripta, Grote. £. 10. Euhalisidota alternata, Grote. $> 11. Euproctis pygmoea, Grote. %, A. R. Grote's Notes on the Zi/gsenuJse of Cuba. 327 often few species, as of a family affinity with their strongly charac- terized genus. In the purely American Iepidopterological faunal districts of our Northern Continent, north of the Gulf of Mexico, representatives of the genus Zygsena, are probably wanting, and we have but few forms, in the minority of cases with European analo- gues, such as Acoloithus* Clemens; Scepsis, Walk.; Ctenucha, Kirby; Callalucia, Grote; Pyromorpha. ff-S., and Lycomorpha, fiarm, though these are prophetic of the Southern development of the Sub-family, or, viewing the Zygaanime from their metropolis, these genera are the scanty feelers which are stretched towards our boreal regions. These contrast strongly with the prevalent Bombycidae by which they are surrounded. Compared with the stouter Sphingida? and Xoetuidae, the Zygamina; and Bombycida; are weaker in structure, and in effect seem more subject to climatal influence. In intertropical America, the most numerous representation .of the Bombycidae seems to be afforded by those Aretiidae, which, in their analogies, copy the Zygamina?. The weight of a prevailing Zoological structural form is thus best measured by its influence on its surroundings. I give here a list of all the species of Sphingidae, iEgeriidse, Bom- bycidaa and Zygaanidae, which I am led to believe have been authenti- cally determined as Cuban. I have elsewhere recorded Prof. Poey's opinion as to the species noticed by Lucas in the work of D. R. de la Sagra, and have only to add since examining the book, that it bears internal evidence of its unreliability as to the habitat of very many of the insects therein contained. Where these have not been mentioned by other Authorities as found in Cuba, I have accordingly very naturally disregarded them; while, in any case, the descriptions of many of the moths would prevent the recognition of the species. I have used the following marks in this list: -f after a species indi- cates that, while acquainted with the species, I do not know it from : From the circumstance that Dr. Clemens separated Procris americana, ge- cally form his Acoloi thus falsarius, the latter wis not recognised by Dr. Packard, who described the species subsequently as Bfarrisina Sanborni. This species being generically identical with Procris americana. Dr. Packard's genus becomes synonymous with Acoloithus, Clemens, while the latter apellation must be retained, following the law .if priority. Our species will then be as follows: ACOLOITHUS, Clemens. 1. Acoloithus falsarius, Clemens! (Harrisina Sanborni, Pack.) '1. Acoloithus americanus! (Procris amer., Boisd.; Procris dispar, Harris Cat.; Ctenucha amer., Walk. ; Harrisina amer., Packard; Aglaope amer., Clemens.) 328 A. R. G rote's Notes on the Zyyicnidx of Cuba. Cuba; — after a species, indicates that it is unknown to me; || signi- fies that the name has been previously employed ; t denotes erroneous determinations; Greek letters are employed to distinguish forms which are considered as races of the preceding species, Where no authority is appended to a specific name, it is believed to be used in its present connection for the first time in the present list. I am indebted to the able '• List of Coleoptra of North America," by Dr. John L. Le Conte. for most of the above-mentioned marks and the wording of their significations. SPHINGID.E. MACROGLOSSINI. HiEMORRHAGIA, G. & R. thysbe, G. & R.f Sesia thysbe, Fabr. Sphinx pelasgus, Cram. Sesia cimbiciformis, Steph. AELLOPOS, Hiibn. tantalus, Hiibner. Sphinx tant., Linn. Sphinx zonata, Drury. titan, Hiibner. Spinx tit., Cram. Macrogl. balteatum, Kirtl. Macrogl. annulosum, Swain. EUPYRRHGLOSSUM, Grote. sagra, Gn>te. Macroglossum sag., Poey. ENYO, Hiibner. lugubris, Walker. Sphinx lugub., Linn. Sphinx fcgcus, Cram. camertus, Htibner. Sphinx Cam., Cramer, danum, Hiibner. Sphinx dan., Cramer. HEMEROPLANES, Hiibn. pseudothyreus. Grote. PERIGONIA, Boisd. lusca, Walker. Sphinx lusca, Fabr. lefebvrii, Grote. Macroglossa lefeb., Lucas, divisa, H-S. CALLIOMMA, Boisd. lycastus. Walk. Sphinx licast. Cramer. Sphinx galianna, Burin. CHCEROCAMPINX PERGESA, Walk, thorates. Walk. Oreus thor., Hiibn. CH(EROCAMPA, Duponeh. gundlachii, H-S. irrorata, Grote. porcus, H-S. Oreus pore, Hiibn. nechus, Lucas. Sphinx nechus, Cram. Char. chiron%, Walk, robinsonii, Grote. Chceroc. falco%, H-S. tersa. Harris. Sphinx tersa, Linn. DEILEPHILA, Ochs. calverleyi, Grote. lineata, Harris. Sphinx /in., Fabr. (Syst. Ent.j FHILAMPELUS, Harris. vitis, Harris. Sphinx vitis, Linn. (id. Drury; Fabr.; W. V. ; Cramer, 267, C.j Smith.) Dupojussicuce, Hiibn. Sphinx fasciatus, Sulz. Phil amp. juss., Walk. Phi/amp. fasc, Lucas. linnei, G. & R. Sphinx vitis%, Cram. (268 E.) Dupo vitis%, Hiibn. Philamp. vitis%, Walk. Phi/amp. fasc.i, Grote. A. R. G rote's Note* on the Zygmnidx of Cuba. 329 lycaon, Grote. Sphinx Union. Oram. Pholns licaon, Ilulm. Philamp. satellitia\, II-S. labruscae. Walk. Sphinx labr., Linn. PACHYLIA, Boisd. ficus. Walk. Sphinx fie., Linn. t 'ha roc. ' 'rameri, Monet. inornata. Clemens. Sphinx ficu&%, Cram. 39-i D. Charor. ficus%, MencSt. resumens, Walk. AMBTJLYX, Boisd. Btrigilis, Walk. Sphinx sirig., Linn, gannascus, Walk. Sphinx gann., Stoll. SPHINGINI. DILUDIA, G. & R. brontes, G. & It. Sphinx bront., Drury. (H-S., Grote, non Boisd.) PSEUDOSPHINX, Bur tetrio, Burm. Sphinx tet, Linn. Sphinx hasdrubal, Cram. AMPHONYX, Poey antseus. Poey. Sphinx ant., Drury. Sph. jatrophoz, Fabr. Sph. medor, Cram, duponchel, Poey. cluentius, Toey. — Sphinx cluerit., Cram. MACROSILA, Boisd. rustica, Walk. Sphinx rustica, Fabr. Sph. chionanthi, Smith. JEGERIA, Fabr. cubana. Scsia cub., H-S. in (Emend.) Carolina, Clemens. Sphinx carol., Linn, afflicta, Walk. Sphinx affl., Grote. Syzygia «ffl-. G. & R. cingulata, Clemens. Sphinx convolvuli%, Drury. Sphinx cing., Fabr. Sph. convolvuli%, Smith. Sph. Druroei, Donov. HYLOICUS. Htibn. poeyi. Grote. Erinnyis poeyi, Gundl. DILOPHONOTA, Burm. rimosa. G. & R. Erinnyis rim., Grote. congratulans, Gundlaeh. caicus, Burm. Sphinx caic, Cram, ello, Burm. Sphinx ello, Linn. alope. Burm. Sphinx al., Drury. merianse, G. & R. Erinnyis mo:, Grote. oenotrus, Burm. Sphinx oznot., Cram, melancholica, G. & R. Erinnyis mcl., Grote. cinerosa, G. & R. Erinnyis cin., Grote. pallida, G. & R. Erinnyis pall., Grote. guttularis, G. & R. Anceryx gutt., "Walk. CAUTETHIA, Grote. noctuiformis,HGrote. I (Enosanda" noct., Walk. iEGERIIP.E. ZYG.ENIM!. Castniares. castniini. SEIROCASTNIA, Grote. tribuna. Grote. Ephialtias trib., Ilubn. PROCEEDINGS EST. SOC. PHILAD. EUDRYIXI. EUSCIRRHOPTERUS, Grote. poeyi, Grote. Heterandra disparilis, H-S. JAM' A 111 , 1867. 330 A. R. G-rote's Notes on the Zi/r/senidae of Cuba. Zyg.enin^e. HORAMA, Hiibn. diffisa, Grote. Hor. pretellus, H-S. CALLICARUS, Grote. pennipes, Grote. Hor. plumosa, H-S. FORMICULUS, Grote. pygmaeus, Grote. SETIODES, H-S. nana, H-S. — (an spec, preec. ?) BURTIA, Grote. rubella, Grote. Gundlachia\\cruenta, H-S. EUNOMIA, Hubn. insularis, Grote. Glaucopis ehgantula, H-S. Ditidula. — Glaucopis nitid., H-S. C0SM0S0MA, Hubn. omphale, Hubn. selecta. Glaucopis scl., H-S.* ISANTHRENE, Hubn. chalciope, Hubn. HIPPOLA, Walk, "syntomoides," Walk. Glaucopis s^/nt., Boisd. minima, Grote. TRICHJEA, H-S. pilicornis, H-S. — seticornis. H-S.— EMPYREUMA, Hubn. pugione, Hubn. ECHETA, H-S. albipennis, H-S. subochrea, Grote. Correbia suboch., H-S. CALON0TOS, Hubner. tbetis, Hub. Sphinx thetis, Linn. Sphinx Uncus, Cram. ACLYIIA, Hubner. heber, Hubn. % Sphinx heber, Cram. 9 Sphinx hah/s, Cram. APISTOSIA, Hubn. humeralis, Grote. Apist. j udas%, H-S. TJRANOPHORA, Hubn. chalybea, Hiibn. Apistosia? terminalis, Walk. CTENUCHIDIA, Grote. virgo, Grote. Ctenucha virgo, H-S. COMPOSIA, Hiibn. fidelissima, H-S. SPHiEROMACHIA, Grote. cubana, Grote. Pericopis cub., H-S. MELANCHROIA, Hubner. fumosa, Grote. Mel. cephise%, Hub. Sm. geometroides, Walker. Glaucopis mors, Lucas. AGYRTA, Hubner. auxo, Hiibn. — Sphinx auxo, Linn. DIOPTIS, Hubner. vinosa. Walker. Sphinx vinosa, Drury. ' DESIDERATA.** Glaucopis cximia, H-S. Charidca bicolor, H-S. Char idea cimicoides, H-S. * Walker gives " Eurate selecta, Boisd.," as the original name of this species, which I here temporarily consider as forming, with other species, a group in Hubner's genus Cosmosoma. A synonymical list of tbe species figured in "H-S. Lep. Exot. Nov. a. ni. Cog." would be a valuable addition to that beautifully illustrated work. * * Species that I am autoptically unacquainted with, and which are briefly de- scribed under generic names that are used in too wide a sense to allow me u> judge of the classificatory position of the insects. A. 11. Grote's Notes on the Zi/gxm'dx of Cuba. BOMBYCIDiE. 331 LITHOSIItfiE. TORYCUS, II-S. tricolor, II-S.— MIEZA, Walker. ? albatula, II-S.— (an Clemensia, Tack.?) CROCOTA, lliibner. heros, Grote. disparilis, Grote. pallicornis, Grote. Cytorus, Grote. lata. Cytorus latus, Grote. TJTETHEISA, Hubner. bella. Hiibn. Tinea bella, Linn. a. OKNATRIX, Hubll. Xoctua ornatri.v, Linn. /?. speci is \. Grote. Deiopeia spec., Walk. CYDOSIA, Westw. nobilitella. Weatw. Tinea nob., Cram. ARCTIID^E. SPILOSOMA, Stephens, jussisese, Walk. Arctiajuss., Pocy. ECPANTHERIA, Hubner. albicornis. Grote. cyaneicornis. Grote. EUPSEUDOSOMA, Grote. niveum. Grote. ? Cfiaridea ? nivea, II-S. ROBINSONIA. Grote. formula. Grote. CARATHIS, Grote. gortynoides. Grote. AMMALO, Walk, impunctus. Grote. EUHALISIDOTA, Grote. luxa, Grote. fasciata, Grote. scripta, Grote. alternata, Grote. HALISIDOTA, Hiibn. cinctipes, Grote. Mai. tessellarisX Walk. cubensis, Grote. NELPHE, Boisd. confinis, II-S. ERITHALES, Poey. guacolda, Poey. PAREUCHiETES, Grot.', cadaverosa, Grote. affinis, Gmte. DASYCHIRvE. ETJPROCTIS, Hiibn. argentiflua, Hiibn. pygmaea. Grote. ; fumosa, Grote. PHRYNE, Grote. immaculata, Grote. PSYCHID^S. THYRIDOPTERYX, Steph. thoracica. (See note.) Hymenopsyche thor., Grote. OIKETICUS, Guilding. poeyi, Lucas. PSYCHONOCTUA, Grote. personalis, Grote. PEROPHORA, Harris, packardii, Grote. PTILODONTES. EDEMA, Walk. insularis, Grote. HETEROCAMPA, Doubleday. cubana, Grote. HEPIALIN.E. COSSINI. XYLEUTES. piger, Grote. Note. — Since the presentation of this Paper, I have seen an article by Dr. Clemens, in which (Eeeticus coniferarum, Harris, (Down. Hort. 8, 185.3.) is n-- ferred as a synonym to Thyridopteryx ephemerseformis, Stephens. In this view of the ca e the genus Bymenopsyche, becomes synonymous with Thyridopteryx, and the species from Cuba will be called Thyridopteryx thoracica (Hymenopsy- che ' .Grote). Since, under the circumstances, my course in erecting the new genus was justifiable, and seems to be so regarded by Dr. Clemens. I «• q .y ■ I'Jj A. R. Grote's Notes on the Zygsenidse of Cuba. have little to add to the matter, except that I was then and am yet unacquainted with the species included under the Thyridopteryx by Dr. Packard in the "Sy- nopsis." By actual comparison, through the kindness of Dr. Packard, I ascer- tained at the time the identity of (Eceticus coniferarum, Harris, with a species occurring plentifully in New York. On a comparison of this species with the true (Eceticus (Oiketicus, Guilding.) from Cuba, I found the two forms to ba generi- eally distinct, so that, in noticing a new species congeneric with 0. coniferarum, I very naturally erected a genus to contain the two species. Dr. Clemens, with- out examining specimens of H. thoracicum from Cuba, doubts the validity of the species, but, having examined and compared the two, I am decided that the much smaller and differently colored T. thoracica, is distinct. And I see nothing sur- prising in this circumstance, since the Cuban Bombycidce are entirely distinct from our U. S. species of the Family with but one exception, and that — Utetheisa liella — one about which much remains to be ascertained. Perophora, another l'svchid genus, is represented by a peculiar and amply distinct species — P. packardii, m. — the validity of which lias been since supported by Dr. Herrich- Schaeffer, who lias examined specimens of P. packardii, sent by Dr. Gundlach. The remarks of Mr. Walsh on this subject in the November number of the "Practical Entomologist," have also been shown to me. I am sorry to see Mr. Walsh's statement that Dr. Clemens communicated to him by letter, that "Mr. Grote gave a third name to this same species, (i. e. Thyr. ephemeraiforrais, Steph. =0. coniferarum, Harris, teste Clem.) — Hymenopsyche thoracicum." In this ease we have Dr. Clemens' own printed Paper to refer to, and can see, that Dr. Clemens merely presumed, or suggested, that the Cuban was not sufficiently dis- tinct from the United States species : which latter I certainly never determined as "Hymenopsyche thoracicum," but, under Dr. Harris' specific name, simply referred the species to the same genus with H. thoracicum, as above explained. With this reference Dr. Clemens does not find fault, rather the reverse, since he says I "very properly" changed the generic determination of (Eceticus coni- ferarum of Drs. Harris and Packard. Under the circumstances also, that ''Ste- phens' specimen was doubtless nearly or quite denuded, the antennae were in- jured and the hind wings were almost entirely destroyed," much might be pro- perly urged to support both my genus and Dr. Harris' species, although, it is added, that "Stephens' generic description is sufficiently graphic, together with the description and figure given, to identify it at once with Hymenopsyche of Grote." The generic characters given by Stephens, become much less trench- ant when the species afterwards described and figured by Westwood under Oi- keticus, and subsequently "partially separated under distinct genera by Mr. Walker, are considered ; indeed, on comparing all these generic diagnoses in the British Museum Lists, I considered at the time, that our United States form had been hitherto unnoticed by Authors, and I was strengthened in my belief by l>r. Harris' reference of the species to (Eceticus. Under these impressions I was careful to give a detailed description of the structural characters of our species, and in particular I endeavored to bring out the neurational features, which seemed to be peculiar, and I am happy to see" my generic diagnosis commended in this respect by Dr. Clemens, so that I am not unreasonable in supposing my determination to have been of some assistance in the matter. Leaving, how- ever, the case as satisfactorily settled by Dr. Clemens, I desire to notice Mr. Walsh's remarks briefly in conclusion. Considering on what extraordinary grounds Mr. Walsh has separated certain of our Lepidoptera as distinct species, the remarks of this gentleman come with peculiar bad grace when they take the A. R. G rote's Notes on the Zyysenulx of Cuba. 333 direction of an admonishment to others to exorcise care in scientific discrimina- tions. The Bpeciea winch [ allude to as improperly separated by Mr. Walsh, .-ire as follows: — Walesidota antiphola, Walsh ( Hal. tessellaris, Smith ep., de- scribed "long after" Smith's "time"); Halesidota harrisii, Walsh (=Halis. tes- sellaris, Walsh, non Smith sp., apud Walsh, but in reality identical, inasmuch as the imagos are undistinguishable, and it' you rear the moths from larvae with "black" thoracic tufts, yon have one, if from larvae with "orange-colored" tho- racic tufts, you have the other of these so-called •■species," which Mr. W. has "shown" to be "absolutely undistinguishable" in the imago state, and yet has separated as distinct species. •• in process," too, " of formation - '): Sphingicampa (n. gen.) distigma, Walsh (=Dryocampa bieolor, Harris, WalshY. It is, in fact, no less a person than Mr. Walsh himself, who. in describing the above-men- tioned species of Halisidota-, has turned "varieties" into " species," and who, when erecting the genus Sphingicampa, manufactured actually two "genera" out of one "species." That it was in an attempt to palm off the Darwinian theory upon Entomologists, thai the above errors were committed, and that the detec- tion of these mistakes recoils upon that theory through its ill advised supporter, will be the only gratifying features attending these synonyms to those scien- tists, who have been led through their studies to reject the Developmental theory of Creation. But Mr. Walsh's critical insinuations in the article here alluded to. are not palliatives for his own short comings, however much he may have desired they should be, while in order to make as much of them as possible. Mr. Walsh has allowed himself to distort the true facts of the case, which are these : Dr. Packard cited Harris's MS. determination of the species, and so can- not he said to have -'named" it, and I. as stated above, never described " this same species" as "Hymenopsyche thoracicum," neither did Dr. Clemens charge me with doing so. Mr. Walsh, in all these instances, to the contrary notwith- standing. However, the position of Mr. Walsh, with regard to the validity of the above cited genera and species and to the success of the " Entomological speculation" dependent on thai validity, may be compared with that of Menecrates in the matter of bee-bread, a substance which was held by this Ancient to be a flower. Pliny (Hist. Nat. Lib. XI, c. 7), in recording this opinion of Menecrates, somewhat summarily disposed of both it and its Author, in adding : "but no one says bo but him." Were Mr. Walsh's Dryocampa bieolor, and Sphingicampa distigma, really and in fact distinct forms, it would appear that an important weapon were thereby placed in the hands of the Derivatists. But, since the statement of such distinctiveness is the result of erroneous assumption and supposition, the supposed species may be considered as a sort of entomological Professor Teufels-drockh of Weissnichtwo, or Mrs. Harris. One of Mr. Walsh's Papers, thai on Phytophagic Varieties and Phytophagic Species, contains erroneous statements which inferentially tell against the value of Mr. Walsh's evidence in such matters. For instance, a jJoint is made by the statement that Tropsea I una, feeds only on "walnut and hickory." which i- incorrect, since this species feeds commonly in certain localities, on the gum. L. styraciflua. In Putnam County, X. V., last October, Mr. Robinson and my- self, while "chestnutting," knocked a full-grown larva of T. luna, from the branches of a chestnut tree standing by itself in an open field; so that the "chestnut" is also a food-plantof this species. Platysamia cecropia, feeds on an immense variety of trees and shrubs of both native and foreign origin. In fact our Attaci, a sub-family of typical Bombycidse, are essentially polyphagic, 33-1 A. R. Grote's Notes on the Zygsenidse. of Cuba. and, as a whole, this habit is characteristic of the entire Family. The Dryo- campini do not feed on oaks to the extent that they may be called querciphagic ; Anisota (Dryocampa, Harris) is found also on Pines on which Citheronia sepul- cralis feeds, while its congener, C. regalis, feeds on plants as botanically dissimilar as Cephalanthus occidentalis and the different species of Carya. Ea- cles imperialis, has been several times taken by me on the horse-chestnut, a tree of European origin. We owe perhaps, the creation of the new genus and species by Mr. Walsh, to the circumstance that the problematical larva, (D. bi- color, Walsh) was found on oak, and hence, according to Mr. W.'s reasoning, must be a Dryocampa, and being Dryocampa, must have simple antennae in tin- 9- In these same Papers, the narrative of Mr. Walsh's breeding experiments with Halisidota larva? is a perfect farce, and makes the subject unnecessarily ridiculous. If it shows anything, beyond the style of Mr. Walsh's breeding- cages, it is, that certain Lepidoptera, when in a half-grown larval state, cannot be changed from their original food-plant with perfect impunity — a fact which has been known for some time — and that Halisidota tessellaris is one of these. Sweeping statements should not be made from the results of any single isolated personal experience, and in future, Mr. Walsh would do well to consult addi- tional evidence and to repeat his experiments before venturing on wholesale as- sertions, on the accuracy of which much depends. It is true, that where evi- dence is offered by other parties, Mr. Walsh has a cool way of rejecting it, where such rejection suits his purposes, as in the instance of Mr. Ridings' testimony as to the existence of intermediary ( J ) individuals between P. turnus and var. glaucus. That these exist, is a notorious fact; such an one has been long ag" fi- gured by Esper, and a number of intermediary ( 9 ) individuals, with the wings more or less sprinkled with yellow scales, have occurred to me in New York State. One taken by Mr. Ridings in Georgia, shows irregular j>atehes of yellow scales on the upper surface of primaries. The geographical limits assigned by Mr. Walsh to the melanitie form, glaucus, are also not strictly correct. Again, the manner in which Dr. Harris' description cf the larva of H. tessellaris, is ac- counted for, in the Paper before alluded to, is an illustration of another method of treatment which direct evidence, where such conflicts with his theories, re- ceives at the hands of Mr. Walsh, who has not been stopped in this instance by Dr. Harris' known reputation for accuracy as an Entomological observer, but has carried his remarks to the verge of unjustifiable aspersion. While thus, cm the one hand, positive evidence is overlooked or distorted by Mr. Walsh, negative, evidence is at times accorded undue weight by him. So, because Leucania uni- puncta, is omitted in a book on the Insects injurious to Vegetation in the East- ern States, the species is boldly stated not to occur there, (a manner of proving an alibi, which would at least be a novel one in a Court of Justice,) and a prob- lematical larva is determined as that of Dryocampa bicolor by the "process of exhaustion." A proper redress of the wrongs which Lepidopterological Science has received at the hands of Mr. Walsh, has not been offered, and is, perhapn, not to be expected from him — Nescio guo/ato res mala facta bona est. S. B. Buckley on North American Formicidse. 335 Descriptions of new species of North American FORMICIDiE. BY S. B. BUCKLEY. [Continued from ]>ar;e 172.] '■',7. Odontomachus texana, n. sp. Worker. Length 0.39 inch. Head, thorax and legs reddish-brown; abdomen black or bronze; head oblong, and widest anteriorly; eyes small, black, subelliptical; antenna filiform and inserted in front; two prominent ridges commence near the base of the antennae and diverge forwards ou each side of the epistoma, a channel extends back from the mandibles, on each side between the eyes, to a little beyond the middle of the head, where they form one channel which extends back, dividing the occiput into two rounded lobes; under surface of the head depress- ed and flattened between its outer margins ; mandibles long and pro- jected straight in front, being curved near their ends, and having two sharp teeth on each inner margin, at apex, the inner margins are also crenate or serrated with short blunt teeth; thorax long, large, and but little narrower than the head; prothorax short and rounded above; niesothorax largest and raised highest, with a small circular elevation on its posterior margin ; metathorax also larger than the prothorax ; the whole compressed, lateral, and with the divisions well marked; pe- dicle short; scale large, erect, wedge-shaped and pointed; abdomen oblong-ovate, acute; legs long, slender, and of a lighter color than the thorax and head. Has cells beneath rocks, in Northern Texas. ::^. Myrmica rubra, n. sp. Worker. Length 0.19 inch. — Reddish brown, legs and under sur- face of a lighter shade ; head subquadrate, with its sides a little rounded, oval above; occiput emarginate, its posterior angles not rounded ; antennae inserted at the base of the clypeus, approximate, short, clavate ; a short ridge midway between bases of the antennae; eyes minute, and like ocelli, placed on the upper sides a little back of the middle of the head, circular; under surface of the head rounded, smooth, with a deep concavity beneath the occiput; mandibles of me- dium size, curved inwards and downwards, toothed at their apices, enlarged anteriorly; prothorax J — •] less in width than the head, oblong, sub-compressed at the sides, rounded above; mesothorax depressed with a slight strangulation between it and the metathorax ; metathorax descends gradually to the pedicle ; nodes large, rounded and narrow- ed anteriorly, posterior one the largest; abdomen small, ovate; legs o 36 S. B. Buckley on North American Formicidse. long; coxae and trochanters large; upper surface of head, thorax and abdomen thinly sprinkled with hairs. Dwells in the ground near the surface, in McCulloch County, in Western Texas. 39. Myrmica subrubra, n. sp. Worker. Length 0.18 inch. — Reddish brown, abdomen paler, smooth and shining; head ovate, rounded above, at sides and behind ; antennae inserted near the base of the clypeus, hairy, long, filiform, and but little enlarged towards their apical joints; eyes small, circu- lar, lateral and midway; mandibles small, curved inwards and down- wards, acute ; prothorax narrower than the head, rounded above, at the sides, widest posteriorly; mesothorax depressed, inclined back, with a well marked division between it and the metathorax ; metathorax has two large divergent spines, somewhat inclined posteriorly ; pedicle long; scales nearly equal, anterior one smallest and somewhat wedge- shaped ; abdomen ovate, subacute; legs long, slender. Female. Length 0.18 inch. — Black; legs hyaline; head small; eyes large, prominent, lateral, and placed in front of the middle ; club of the antennae very short; flagellum slightly enlarged about its mid- dle, then somewhat attenuated ; mandibles hyaline ; prothorax wider than the head; mesothorax not dej)ressed, the whole thorax from the middle of the prothorax somewhat compressed, narrowed posteriorly; on the lower part of the metathorax are two short spines; scales nodose, about equal; wings extend beyond abdomen 0.10 inch; otherwise like the worker. Winged females obtained in August, under the bark of a decayed tree, near Washington, D. C., and also at Aquia, in Virginia. Quick in its movemeuts. 40. Myrmica californica. n. sp. Worker, Length 0.25 inch. — Reddish-brown or yellowish-red ; head subquadrangular, rounded above; occiput slightly emarginate ; eyes small, circular, lateral, placed about midway of the head; an- tenna} short, clavate, inserted at the base of the clypeus; mandibles large, widened in front, curved inwards and downwards, 7-toothed on the inner margin; head not channeled below; upper surface finely longitudinally striated; prothorax narrower than the head, rounded above, at the sides, and widest about the middle, divisions of the thorax not strongly marked; mesothorax subcompressed at the sides, as high as the prothorax, but not as wide ; metathorax rounded above, sloping gradually to the pedicle; whole thorax transversely striated ; pedicle S. B. Buckley on North Amtrican Formic Ulsc. 337 long, nodes rounded, anterior one smallest; abdomen round-ovate, sub- obtuse, smaller than the bead; legs long, slender; whole ant rather thickly sprinkled with short, white hairs. California (Xantus). From the Collection of the Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia. II. Myrmicanovaeboracensis.il. sp. F< moil. Length 0.2i> inch. — Head, thorax and abdomen piceous, with dark shades of reddish-brown on the pedicle, scales and legs; head broad-ovate, rounded above, at the sides and posterior angles; eyes small, circular, lateral, placed about midway of the head; antenna' inserted on the sides of tbe clypeus. short, clavate; ocelli 3, placed on vertex of occiput ; mandibles small, reddish-brown, sub triangular, toothed on their inner margins, which are tinged with black ; head a little wider than the prothorax ; prothorax rounded in front, above, and slightly so at the sides; mesothorax larger, rounded, and above the pro- or metathorax ; metathorax small, truncate, with two small spines near its posterior base; pedicle short; scales small, nodose, nearly equal ; abdomen broad-ovate, subtruncate in front; legs short, slender; whole ant of a compact, robust form, and thickly sprinkled with short hairs. Wings extend about a line beyond the abdomen. Bab. — New York. (Norton). 42. Myrmica (Monomarium) diversa, n. sp. Female. Length 0.27 inch. — Color, honey-yellow, or yellowish- brown ; wings project beyond the abdomen; head triangular, rounded above ; ocelli present in a triangle on the top of the head, a little back of the vertex; mandibles triangular, short, large, curved inwards and downwards, posterior angles of occiput slightly rounded, and occiput not emarginate, but nearly straight; antennas short, and somewhat en- larged towards the apical joint ; eyes small, circular, lateral, and placed in front of the middle part of the- head; the central part of the under surface of the head nearly flat, concave before and behind; prothorax about equal in width to the head, large, rounded, raised above the mesothorax; mesothorax small, not depressed; metathorax short and steep posteriorly, with two small spines; pedicle of medium length ; scales rounded, posterior one the largest ; abdomen oblong-ovate. Worker major. Length '11 inch. — Head, legs and thorax reddish brown; abdomen piceous; bead large, oblong, with its sides nearly parallel, and varying much in size; a longitudinal channel extend* from the clypeus over the top of the bead to the base of occiput ; occiput deeply emarginate. posterior lobes of the head rounded; eye* PROCEEDINGS BUT. S0C. PHILAD. FEBRUARY, 1867. 338 S. B. Buckley on North American Formicidse. small, circular, lateral and placed about midway of the head ; antennae long and enlarged anteriorly; mandibles large ; triangular, curved in- ward, and with two sharp teeth at the apex; head not grooved, and but slightly depressed below near the middle, and concave beneath the occiput; prothorax small, much narrower than the head, compressed and irregular in outline; divisions of the thorax strongly marked or stran- gulated; mesothorax rounded and raised to a point in the middle; the metathorax has two short spines; scales of the pedicle sub-equal and jagged ; abdomen smaller than the head, ovate. Worker minor. Length 0.13 inch. — Head aud abdomen piceous ; thorax and legs yellowish-brown ; head small, sub-triangular, rounded above and flattened below ; eyes large, lateral, and placed a little in front of the middle part of the head ; prothorax narrower than the head, rounded aud smooth above; legs long, slender ; otherwise like the larger worker. Hah. — Central Texas. Common- It has dwellings in the ground, twelve to eighteen inches beneath the surface, sometimes beneath stones and sometimes in open spaces, throwing the excavated dirt, without order, over the surface. The larger workers seem to do little, being seldom seen in the open air, nor do they assist in conveying the larvae to a place of safety when their abodes are uncovered. They are much less active than the smaller workers. 4:;. Myrmica (Monomarium) minima, n. sp. Female. Length 0.22 inch. — Color jet-black, the whole body smooth and shining ; legs and margins of the segments of the abdo- men brownish-black, or subhyaline; head triangular, rounded above; occiput not emarginate, the posterior angles rounded and of about the same width as the thorax ; mandibles small, curved, acute and tri- angular; eyes small, circular, lateral, and placed about midway of the head; antennae long, filiform, and enlarged anteriorly; thorax with its sides compressed, the divisions but slightly marked ; mesothorax the highest; scales large, the front one slightly compressed, incliued for- wards, and subacute, the other rounded; abdomen large, ovate, oblong, upper surface of the body aud head sprinkled with a few gray hairs ; slender in outline. Worker. Length 0.06 inch. — Black; head wider than the thorax; pedicle long ; abdomen but little larger than the head, ovate and acute; otherwise like the female. Lives under stones and beneath the bark of decaying trees. It also oxcavates into the ground, but two or three inches below the surface. S. B. Buckley on North American Formic idse. 331» Common in Central Texas, where it is often seen cuing in ranks on the ground or trees. It is rather slow in its movements. 44. Myrmica (Monomarium) coeca, n. Bp. Length 0.12 inch. — Reddish-brown; head subtriangular, smooth and oval above, a little rounded below, beneath the vertex, concave beneath the occiput; mandibles small, curved inwards and downwards, acute and brownish-black; eyes none; antennae 12-jointed, rather short, and inserted on the front of the head near the clypeus, slighth enlarged towards the apex; prothorax nearly equal in width with the head, smooth and oval above and forwards, and narrowed posteriorly ; mesothorax somewhat depressed; metathorax raised posteriorly, thence descending abruptly to the pedicle ; nodes of the pedicle large, of about equal size and somewhat rounded; abdomen small, oval, and but little larger than the head; legs long and slender. Has cells beneath meks. in San Saba County, Texas. 45. Myrmica i Monomarium) marylandica. n. Bp. Worker. Length 0.12 inch. — Abdomen black or piceous, the rest yellowish-red; head round-ovate, rounded above; antennae inserted at base of the clypeus; club and flagellnm of about equal length, the latter largely clavate ; eyes small, circular, lateral, and but a little back of the middle; mandibles small, curved in and toothed; prothorax ■£ narrower than the head, rounded somewhat at the sides, flattened above, widest in front; mesothorax small, depressed above and com- pressed at the sides; metathorax subquad rate, with two large divergent spines inclined back; pedicle incrassate, and inserted in the upper anterior part of the abdomen ; scales small, nodose, and subemarginate above, nearly equal; abdomen subtriangular, acute ; legs long, slender ; the whole ant rather thickly sprinkled with hairs. It often carries its abdomen turned up erect. Beneath stones, and also on the trees, near Washington, D. C, and also in Maryland, in the Druid lliil Park, Baltimore. 40. Myrmica (Monomarium) montana. n. sp. Worker. Length 0.14 inch. — Head, thorax and abdomen dark red- dish-brown, under surface spotted with pale yellow; legs pale yellow; antennae yellowish-red; head ovate, rounded above, occiput not emar- ginate; antennae clavate, inserted near the base of the clypeus; eye- very small, circular, lateral, placed about midway of the head; mandi- bles small, widened anteriorly, curved in and toothed on their inner margins; upper surface of the head longitudinally striated, stria* numerous; under surface not channeled; prothorax i narrower than o40 S. B. Buckley on North American Formiculx. the head, somewhat compressed, widest in front, a little flattened above; inesothorax not depressed, narrower than the pro- or rnetathorax ; rneta- thorax has two short spines on its upper posterior surface, from which it is steep to the pedicle, subpunctate near its base; scales large, anterior oue somewhat wedge shaped and obtuse, posterior one nodose; abdomen smooth, shining, ovate, subtruncate in front, obtuse behind ; legs long, slender; upper surface of head, thorax and abdomen thinly sprinkled with white hairs. On hills, beneath rocks, near Austin, Texas. 47. Myrmica (Monomarium) lineolata, n. sp. Worker. Length 0.17 inch. — -Head, thorax and abdomen piceous, varied with dark reddish-brown spots ; legs, antennae and mandibles reddish-brown ; head subquadrate, with its sides nearly parallel, round above, posterior angles rounded ; antennae inserted on the sides of the clypeus, short, clavate ; mandibles curved in and downwards, toothed on their inner margins; eyes small, circular, lateral, placed about mid- way of the head ; prothorax narrower than the head, round above, at sides and in front, widest in the middle ; mesothorax not depressed, its sides compressed, a little narrower than the pro- or rnetathorax ; rnetathorax with its sides a little rounded, and with two spines on its upper posterior part, diverging and inclined back a little, subtruncate; scales large, nodose, front one a little the smallest; abdomen round- ovate, subobtuse; upper surface of head and thorax finely and longi- tudinally striated ; striae rough and finely granulated ; abdomen smooth ; legs long, slender ; head, thorax and abdomen thickly sprinkled with short hairs. Female. Length 0.24 inch. — Head ovate, round above, at the sides and posteriorly; eyes large, prominent; mesothorax about the same width as the prothorax ; abdomen broad, round-ovate; otherwise like the worker. 18. Myrmica (Monomarium) columbiana, n. sp. Female. Length 0.39 inch. — Black ; pedicle, antennae, nodes and legs piceous; margins of the segments of the abdomen hyaline; head subovate, rounded above, posterior angles rounded, not emarginate ; ocelli placed near and back of the vertex ; eyes large, subelliptical, lateral, placed about midway ; antennae inserted at the base of the clypeus, short, clavate; mandibles reddish-brown, short, triangular and finely toothed ou their inner margins ; prothorax about equal in width to the head, rounded above, in front and at the sides, widest in the middle; mesothorax small, narrowed back and not depressed; me- 8. B. Buckley on North American Formicidae. 341 tathorax below the mesothorax, truncate, two short spines project hack from its upper surface; scales nodose, subequal ; abdomen oblong- ovate, subacute; legs short, slender; wings extend beyond the abdomen 0.13 inch ; whole ant rather thickly sprinkled with short, minute, gray hairs. Worker. Length 0.12 inch. — Eyes small, circular ; occiput slightly emarginate; head wider than the prothorax; mesothorax slightly de- pressed, and a small strangulation between it and the metathorax, on the posterior surface of which are two large spines projecting back ; pedicle short ; scales nodose, posterior one largest ; abdomen triangu- lar, acute ; otherwise like the female. In the ground beneath stones, near Columbia College, Washing- ton, D. C. 49. Myrmica Monomariuru) aquia, n. sp. Worker. Length 0.22 inch. — Abdomen piceous, the rest yellowish- red, or reddish-brown ; head ovate, rounded above; eyes small, circu- lar, lateral, placed about midway of the head; antennae at the sides of the clypeus, long, clavate; mandibles small, subtriangular towards the apex, curved inwards aud downwards near their apices, toothed; pro- thorax narrower than the head, rounded above, in front, at the sides, enlarged posteriorly ; mesothorax depressed and strangulated at its junction with the metathorax; metathorax raised a little, elongated, with two small spines on its posterior upper surface, which are a little inclined posteriorly; pedicle long; scales nodose, the anterior one somewhat wedge-shaped, and smallest ; abdomen round-ovate, scarcely larger than the head ; legs long, slender ; upper surface of the head, thorax and abdomen thickly sprinkled with hairs; of slender form throughout. Female. Length 0.2(5 inch. — Reddish brown, abdomen piceous; eyes large; ocelli 3, placed a little back of the vertex; wings extend 0.12 inch beyond the abdomen; prothorax J wider than the head, somewhat compressed at the sides and flattened at the top; mesothorax not depressed, of nearly equal width to the prothorax; metathorax inclined gradually to the pedicle, with two short spines near its centre; posterior scale nearly twice the size of the anterior; abdomen oblong- ovate; otherwise like the worker. In the ground, at Aquia, Ya.. and also in Western New York. 50. Myrmica (Monomariumi saxicola, n. sp. Length 0.12 inch. — Yellowish-brown, legs and whole surface be- neath honey-yellow ; head quadrate, rounded above, and posterior 342 S. B. Buckley on North American Formicidx. angles rounded, sides nearly parallel; eyes lateral, black, small, circu- lar, placed about midway of the head ; antennae short, clavate, head slightly channeled below, a small depression beneath the occiput ; madibles small, subtriangular. curved inwards, sharp-pointed, inner margins toothed; prothorax small, narrower than the head, rounded above; mesothorax depressed and sub-strangulated at its junction with the metathorax ; metathorax large, sloping gradually to the pedicle, smooth and oval above; scales large, nearly equal, rounded; abdomen ovate, subacute ; legs long, slender; whole ant smooth. Beneath rocks, in Buchanan County, Texas. 51. Myrmica (Monomarium) atra, n. sp. Worker. Length 0.15 inch. — Jet black, smooth and shining: tibiae and tarsi subhyaline; head ovate, round above, at the sides and pos- terior angles; eyes small, circular, prominent, lateral, in front of the middle; antennae clavate, at base of the clypeus ; mandibles small curved inwards and downwards, acute, head not channeled below ; prothorax a little wider than the head, rounded above, and slightly at thesldes; the divisions of the thorax slightly marked, being widest at the mesothorax, and gradually narrowed back ; metathorax slightly depressed, subtruncate ; pedicle long; scales subnodose, anterior one small and sub-wedge-shaped; abdomen large, ovate, oblong, subobtuse; legs short, slender; the whole ant smooth and without hairs. On trees, near Georgetown, D. C. Bare. 52. Myrmica (Tetmamorium) exigua, n. sp. Female. Length 0.16 inch. — Black or piceous, legs dark -brown or hyaline ; head very small, broad-ovate, somewhat rounded above and behind; antennae clavate, long, filiform, at base of the clypeus; eyes very large, prominent, subelliptical, lateral, and placed in front of the middle; mandibles small, curved inwards, acute ; ocelli at the top of the occiput ; prothorax large, wider than the head, rounded above and below, and slightly at the sides, larger than both meso- and meta- thorax ; mesothorax not depressed, somewhat rounded above; meta- thorax depressed, subtruncate; pedicle long; scales small, nodose, posterior one the largest; abdomen ovate, narrowed before and back, widest in the middle; legs short, slender; smooth throughout. Worker: Length 0.06 inch. — Tale-yellow, upper surface of the head yellowish-brown ; head oblong-ovate, rounded above and slightly so at the sides, widest in the middle, divisions of the thorax well marked ; mesothorax rounded above, and also the metathorax, which descends gradually to the pedicle; scales nodose, anterior one largest; abdomen small ; otherwise like the female. S. B. Buckley on North American Formicidse. 343 Beneath stones, in the vicinity of Washington, I). C. Winged females caught in July. 53. Myrmica (Diplorhoptrum) scabrata, n. sp. Worker. Length 0.29 inch. — Legs, antennae, pedicle, scale, mouth, and under surface of the two last segments of the abdomen yellowish- red, the rest black ; head ovate, rounded above, at sides and occiput; eyes none; antennas short, much enlarged towards their apical joints; mandibles widened anteriorly, toothed on their inner margins, small ; prothorax about ', narrower than the head, rounded at sides and some- what flattened at the top, widest in front ; mesothorax not depressed, narrower than the prothorax ; metathorax narrowed back, with two spines on its posterior upper surface, truncate; scales small, subnodose, back one largest; abdomen large, oblong-ovate ; upper surface of the head and thorax rugose and striated ; abdomen smooth ; legs long, slender ; head, thorax and abdomen thickly sprinkled with short hairs. Hub. — Connecticut, (Norton). 54. Myrmica t'Atta) sabeana, n. sp. Workt r. Length 0.20 inch. — Reddish-brown or brownish black, the upper surface of the head, thorax and abdomen piceous or black- ish brown ; head subqnadrate, and emarginate at the occiput, channeled slightly below; mandibles small, curved inwards, with two or three small, sharp teeth near the apex, inner margins of the mandibles pice- ous ; antennae clavate, inserted in front; joint very short, excepting the apical, which is long ; eyes small, circular, black, lateral and a little in front of the middle part of the head; prothorax narrower than the head, and not compressed ; mesothorax somewhat depressed ; metathorax small, rounded and smooth, pedicle long; scales nodose and of nearly equal size; abdomen ovate, legs long and slender ; whole ant sparingly sprinkled with gray hairs. Workers variable in size, but not in shape; the length of the largest is given. In the ground, about the roots of tufts of grass, throwing its excavated dirt above without order. Near the ford of the San Saba river, in Mason County, Western Texas. 55. Myrmica (Atta) sublanuginosa n. sp. Worker. Length 0.1G inch. — Color reddish-brown ; head subquad- rate, rounded above, occiput emarginate; eyes circular, black, small, lateral, and about midway of the head; antennae inserted in front, 12- jointed, joints short and enlarged anteriorly; mandibles small, triangu- lar, curved inwards, toothed and acute ; prothorax about half the width 344 S. B. Buckley on North American Formicidze. of the head ; rnesothorax depressed, with a strangulation, between it and the metathorax ; metathorax has two small spines ; pedicle Ion", scales large, nodose, the posterior one largest; abdomen ovate; legs long, slender; whole body moderately clothed with soft short hairs. Beneath rocks in San Saba County, Texas. 56. Atta Lincecumii, n. sp. Length 0.24 inch. — Smooth throughout and sparingly sprinkled with hairs, reddish brown; head subcordate, rounded above, occiput emar- ginate; 3 ocelli on top of the occiput; eyes black, large, circular, la- teral, and in front of the middle; antennae at base of the clypeus, short, clavate, head sinuate beneath ; mandibles small, curved inwards and of nearly uniform size throughout, toothed at their extremities; prothorax nearly as wide as the head, rounded above, at its sides, widest in the middle; divisions of the thorax well marked; rnesotho- rax not depressed, rounded up in the middle, a brownish-black raised border on its sides and between it and the metathorax; metathorax narrowed back, spineless; pedicle long; nodes nearly equal, wedge- shaped; abdomen ovate-obloug; legs rather short, slender, wings not seen. Worker major. Length 0.13 inch. — Reddish-yellow; abdomen brownish-black; eyes small, circular, lateral and in front of the mid- dle; thorax about £ the width of the head, smooth, somewhat rounded above and narrowed back ; rnesothorax depressed posteriorly, strangu- lated at its junction with the metathorax ; nodes slightly wedge-shaped ; abdomen small, round-ovate, and rather thickly sprinkled with hairs ; legs long, slender. The rest like the female. Worker minor. Length 0.10 inch. — Occiput rounded posteriorly, a deep strangulation at the rnesothorax ; metathorax small, nodose, whole ant slender. Otherwise like the worker major. Has cells in the ground 2 — 3 feet deep, throwing the excavated -dirt without order at the surface. Is active and warlike. Hab. — Central Texas, near streams. 57. Atta picea. n. sp. Worker major. Length 0.12 inch. — Black or piceous; head quad- rangular, rounded above ; occiput emarginate, posterior angles rounded; antennae at the base of the clypeus, short clavate ; eyes small, circular, in front near the bases of the antennae, sublateral; mandibles small, slender, curved inwards, acute; prothorax narrower than the head, rounded above, in front where it is widest; rnesothorax slightly de- pressed and rounded above; metathorax has two prominent spines. S. B. Buckley on North American Formiculse. 345 erect ami diverging, pedicle long, anterior one wedge-shaped, posterior one nodose; abdomen ovate, obtuse ; legs long, slender 5 abdomen and the whole upper surface of the body thickly sprinkled with long hairs. Worker minor. Length 0.08 inch. — Head ovate, rounded above, at the sides and posterior angles; not emarginate, antenna? long filliform, clavate; tarsi hyaline; very slender throughout, and less hairy than worker major; otherwise like the worker major. Beneath stones near Austin, Texas. 58. Atta brazoensis, 11. sp. Worker major. Length 0.21 inch. — Head, thorax and legs reddish- brown ; abdomen piceous; head broad-ovate, round above, sides and posterior angles rounded, occiput slightly emarginate; eyes small, la- teral, circular, about midway of the head; antenna? short clavate, at the base of the clypeus; mandibles small, curved inwards and down- wards, slightly enlarged in front, toothed ; prothorax \ less width than the head, rounded in front, at the sides, and but little above, widest in the middle; mesothorax a continuation of the prothorax, narrowed back to the metathorax, which is depressed and slightly rounded above, and at the sides, subtruncate; pedicle long ; front scale smallest and sub-wedge-shaped; posterior one nodose; abdomen large, oblong-ovate ; legs slender ; upper surface of head, thorax and abdomen thickly sprin- kled with bairs. Workt r minor. Length 0.12 inch. — Head sub-ovate, its sides nearly parallel, not emarginate, slightly channeled below, ]- wider than the prothorax; abdomen small, ovate; legs long, slender; otherwise like the worker major. Dwells in the ground in Northern Texas near the Brazos river. 59. Atta pennsylvanica, n. sp. Worker major. Length 0.23 inch. — Abdomen piceous, the rest reddish-yellow or pale yellow; head ovate, its posterior angles and up- per surface rounded, slightly emarginate; antennae short, the two api- cal joints much enlarged; eyes small, circular, lateral, and a little in front of the middle, two small ridges are on each side of the epistoma extending nearly back to the vertex ; mandibles small, curved inwards, acute; prothorax about •> the width of the head, rounded laterally, widest in front of the middle ; mesothorax depressed, sub-strangulated ; metathorax rounded above, at its sides, and gradually sloping to the pedicle; pedicle long; nodes subequal, front one smallest and sub- wedge-shaped ; abdomen oblong-ovate; legs long, slender; whole ant .-month and not hairy. PROCEEDINGS ENT. SOC. PHILAD. FEBRUARY, 1S67. 346 S. B. Buckley on North American Formicidse. Worker minor. Length 0.13 inch. — Differs little from worker ma- jor, except in size ; the small workers are the most numerous. Beneath stones in the vicinity of Philadelphia. 60. Atta coloradensis, n. sp. Worker major. Length 0.23 inch. — Reddish -brown ; abdomen pi- ceous aud sometimes part of the upper surface of the head and thorax ; head large, subquadrate, posterior augles rounded, a channel extends from the base of the clypeus over the top of the head to the base of the occiput, which is emarginate ; eyes small, circular, lateral, about mid- way of the head; antennae near the base of the clypeus; short, clavate; mandibles brownish-black, short, small, curved inwards, acute ; under .surface of the head not channeled ; prothorax J narrower than the head, rounded at sides and above; mesothorax depressed a little, a slight strangulation between it and the metathorax ; metathorax rounded Co / above and at the sides, and slopes gradually to the pedicle which is long; front scale sub-wedge-shaped and smallest, posterior one nodose; abdomen ovate; legs long, slender, whole surface sprinkled with gray hairs aud rather smooth and shining. Worker minor. Length 0.13 ineh. — Whole upper surface piceous or black, tibiae, tarsi and under surface of thorax pale yellow, under surface of head and abdomen piceous tinged with pale yellow or red- dish-brown ; head ovate, smooth, and rounded above, not emarginate ; smooth and shining throughout, with few or no hairs; otherwise like the worker major. Dwells in the ground near the Colorado river in Northern Texas. 61. CEcodoma virginiana, n. sp. Worker. Length 0.11 inch. — Yellowish-red; head triangular, some- what flattened above, its posterior angles not rounded and sides nearly straight; eyes rather large, blackj prominent, lateral, aud about mid- way of the head ; mandibles sub-triangular, acute ; antennae short, api- cal joint long and enlarged ; lateral margins of the head slightly raised and not rounded, under surface of head not channeled ; occiput slightly emarginate ; prothorax but little narrower than the head, with a short, rounded, spiuose protuberance on each side ; truncate in front and somewhat flattened above ; mesothorax slightly narrowed aud a depres- sion between it and the metathorax ; metathorax truncate and two- spined, the whole thorax rogose and sub-spinose above; first much smallest, sub-conical, with a rudimentary spine; abdomen round-ovate; legs not slender. Dwells in the ground on hills near Aquia in Virginia. Slow in its movements. S. B. Buckley on North American Formieidse. 347 The following description of the " cutting ant," of Texas, is now given, because when an attempt was made by the writer do describe it in the proceedings of the Acad. Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia for 1860, p. 233, he was in Texas, without a knowledge of Entomology, and without books on the subject, consequently said description is very im- perfect ; nor would it have ever been attempted had he not wished to tell of the wonderful doings of this ant. 62. (Ecodoma texana. Female. Length 0.62 inch. — Color reddish-brown; head triangu- lar, small, occiput truncate, and upper margin nearly straignt, two- spiued, 3 ocelli at top of occiput; eyes small, lateral, circular, and about midway of the head, antennae inserted near the base of the cly- peus, long, filiform, aud slightly enlarged toward the apical joint; man- dibles large, triangular, browuish-black and finely toothed on the inner margins, apical teeth long, curved inwards and acute; prothorax about } wider than the occiput, raised and rounded above and in front, and widest in the middle; mesothorax rounded above and subtruncate be- hind, a black narrow band extending around its margins; nietathorax below mesothorax, and truncated and has four short spines, petiole short ; front node smallest, truncated in front, has lateral spines, its upper surface scarcely raised above the enlarged petiole which connects it with the posterior node, which is large, broad longitudinally, a uar- row depressed band separating it from the first segment of the abdo- men ; abdomen larger, broad-ovate, obtuse ; legs slender and rather short ; anterior wings extend about six lines beyond the abdomen, upper surface of head, thorax and abdomen thickly sprinkled with hairs. 31ale. Length 0.54 inch. — Head very small; eyes large, circular and prominent, spines of metathorax wanting or rudimentary; abdo- men ovate, wings extend about five lines beyond the abdomen ; other- wise like the female. Worker major. Length 0.28 inch. — Color like the female. Head large, cordate, deeply emarginate, posterior lobes rounded, a deep sinus extends to near the vertex, dividing the head posteriorly into 2 lobes; eyes small, circular and prominent; ocelli none; spines of the occiput near its base ; prothorax about •> the width of the head and its upper surface, 4-spined, the two front spines longest, and slightly inclined forward ; mesothorax strangulated, upper surface of metathorax two- spined and spines inclined back; nodes sub-quadrangular, rough and warty above ; posterior node longest, abdomen about I the size of the 348 S. B. Buckley on North American Formicidse. head, round-ovate; legs long, slender; whole ant thickly sprinkled with hairs. Worker minor. Length 0.12 inch. — Occiput 4-spined, ant rounded posteriorly, upper spines minute, pedicle long, scales small, sub-nodose, posterior one largest; abdomen smaller than the head, ovate; other- wise like the worker. Central Texas. Common and well known as the Cutting Ant. For the same reason the following ant, noticed in the same volume as the preceding at page 455, is here redescribed : 63. Myrmica (Monomarium) molifaciens. Female. Length 0.48 inch. — Color reddish-brown ; head sub-trian- gular, sides rounded and also rounded above and behind; ocelli 3, a little back of the vertex; antenna? rather short and filiform, not elavate; mandibles black or brownish-black, rounded in front, large, curved in- wards and downwards, 7-toothed, apical tooth long and acute ; head nearly sa wide as long, sinuate beneath ; eyes black, prominent, sub-ellip- tical, lateral, and about midway of head; prothorax about equal in width to the head, rounded above and in front, where is a small sub-circular pro- tuberance, divided into two nearly equal parts by a slight longitudinal channel ; mesothorax slightly raised above the prothorax; metathorax depressed and has two short spines, posterior scale largest, and both sub-nodose ; pedicle long ; abdomen ovate, sub-acute ; legs slender ; wings extend but little beyond the abdomen ; head, thorax and poste- rior part of abdomen thickly sprinkled with hairs. Worker. Length 0.28 inch. — Head triangular, slightly emarginate behind and wider than the prothorax; prothorax rounded and smooth above and in front, widest in the middle, the whole thorax compressed and narrowed back, its divisions obscure ; metathorax has two promi- nent spines slightly inclined backwards, less hairy than the female; otherwise like the female. Central Texas. Common ; it is called the mound-building or sting- ing-ant; its excavated dirt being mound-like. 64. (Ecodoma pilosa, n. sp. Worker. Length 0.15 inch. — lleddish-brown ; head sub-quadrate, rounded above, posterior angles of the occiput also rounded, with the intervening space slightly curved inwards as seen from above; eyes small, lateral, black, and about midway of the head ; antenna? in front and enlarged towards the apical joint; under surface of the head con- cave before and behind and plane in the middle ; mandibles short, flat- tened, and of nearly uniform width, being slightly narrowed in the S. B. Buckley on North American Formicidse. 349 middle and curved inwards, with five teeth in the truncated inner api- cal margins; prothorax narrower than the head, compressed and round- ed above; divisions of the thorax not strongly marked; metathorax has two short spines near its base; pedicle long; scales nodose, poste- rior one the largest; abdomen small, round-ovate ; legs long and slen- der, the whole ant thickly sprinkled with short, gray hairs. Is slow in its movements. Has homes in the ground in Northern Texas at a depth not known. 65. (Ecodoma tardigrada, n. sp. Female. Length 0.21 inch. — Widened and curved, narrowed ante- riorly; inner margin of mandibles finely toothed; head about equal in width to the prothorax ; ocelli near the vertex of the occiput; mesothorax higher than the prothorax; abdomen short, broad ovate; legs slender and short ; wings extend nearly a line beyond the abdomen ; the whole body finely corrugated, and thickly sprinkled with short hairs, and with fewer spines than the worker; otherwise like the worker. Male. Length 0.17 inch. — Head small, narrower than the protho- rax ; eyes large, prominent in front, near the base of the mandibles, a slight depression between the meso- and metathorax : abdomen small, round-ovate; otherwise like the female. Worker. Length 0.21 inch. — Chestnut-brown or reddish-brown; head subtriangular ; occiput subemarginate ; two carinas diverge back from the clypeus to the occiput, the space between them being nearly in the same plane, and depressed backwards ; flagellum of antenna? clavate, its joints short ; eyes small, black, circular, and placed in the anterior part of the head ; under surface of the head has a broad de- pression beneath the occiput ; mandibles slender, curved inwards, sharp and toothless ; thorax narrower than the head, corrugated and spinous, having eight or more short spines; mesothorax strangulated; pedicle long; scales nodose, posterior one the largest; abdomen sub- ovate, obtuse; legs long and slender; whole ant rough and corrugated. Lives in the ground, descending to its cells, two or three feet beneath the surface, by a hole about half an inch in diameter. It has a vegetable paste in some of its chambers which is probably used as food during inclement weather. It is slow and deliberate in its movements, and throws the excavated dirt in the form of crater. Dwells in Central Texas, and is not uncommon. 66. Oecodoma (Atta) arborea. n. ap. Worker. Length 0.22 inch. — Head, thorax and legs reddish-brown ; abdomen black; head sub-quadrate, with its sides slightly rounded; 350 S. B. Buckley on North American Formicidx. occiput not emarginate. Head oval above, and concave beneath the occiput and back of the nientum to nearly the middle of the head ; mandibles small, dark-brown, smooth, sub-triangular, curved inwards, and sharp-pointed ; eyes circular, small, black, lateral, and about mid- way of the head ; antennae filiform, and inserted in front near the base of the mandibles; thorax slender; prothorax about half the width of the head, rounded above and in front ; mesothorax small, depressed, rounded above, with a strangulation between it and the metathorax; ou the back part of the metathorax are two straight spines inclined back- wards ; pedicle elongated ; scales small, nodose, and of nearly equal size; abdomen triangular, smooth and shining, sub-acute; legs long; coxae and trochanters large ; has cells in the decayed parts of trees, and when disturbed often turns up its abdomen into a nearly vertical position ; often seen going in ranks up and down trees. Female. Varies in color, in some the whole body is black, except- ing the abdomen, which is banded with yellowish-white on the margins of its segments; in others the head is of a pale yellow; head small, and narrower than the prothorax, subtriangular, and rounded above and behind ; thorax large ; prothorax raised above the head, the whole thorax compressed laterally and narrowed backwards, with its divisions strongly marked ; abdomen large, ovate ; wings not seen ; otherwise like the worker. Common in Central Texas. 67. Oecodoma (Atta) bicolor, n. sp. Length 0.12 inch. — Head, thorax and legs chestnut-red; abdomen piceous or reddish brown, shaded more or less with black ; head sub- triangular, rounded above, and emarginate behind; eyes small, circular, and situated about midway of the head on the upper margins of its sides ; flagellum of the antennae clavate and hairy, with its joints short, excepting the apical ; mandibles small, triangular, curved in- wards and acute ; prothorax narrower than the head, compressed and rounded above ; mesothorax small and depressed ; two spines, short and inclined backwards on the metathorax; scales of the pedicle small, and irregularly nodose ; abdomen ovate ; abdomen and thorax sprinkled with a few hairs. Dwells in the ground but a few inches beneath the surface in North- ern Texas. E. T. Cresson's descriptions of two new Trigonalys. 351 Descriptions of two new species of TBIGONALYS. BY E. T. CRESSON. Trigonalys pulchellus. Male. — Head black, polished, finely and rather sparsely punctured, except the middle of the front, which is rugose from the insertion of the antennce to the ocelli ; mandibles, except tips, clypeus, broad frontal orbits, cheeks and two small spots behind the ocelli, all white; palpi pale yellowish-white; antennae as long as the body, moderately slender, much attenuated towards the tips, 27- jointed. black, with a broad white annulus covering part of the 8th, the 9 — 13, and part of the 14th joints. Thorax black, shining, densely and finely punc- tured, slightly pubescent; mesothorax with two very deep longitudinal furrows, slightly diverging on the scutellum, and also a shallow longitudinal furrow on each side over the tegulse ; a large oblong spot on each side of the prothorax an- teriorly, and the lateral posterior margins of the same, ending in a spot beneath the tegulae, a sublunate spot on the disk of the mesothorax, tegulae, a spot he- hind the tegulae, sides of the scutellum, post-scutellum, and a transverse spot on each side of it, a large quadrate spot on each side of the metathorax, as well as two spots on each extreme side of the same, parallel with the posterior coxae, a large, subrhomboidal spot on each side of the pleura, between and a little above the insertion of the anterior and intermediate coxse, and a rather large double spot beneath the insertion of the anterior wings, all white; scutellum prominent, closely punctured, and channeled down the middle; metathorax ru- gose, with transverse sinuous, well-defined carina?. Wings entirely hyaline, slightly iridescent, nervures fuscous; second submarginal cell narrow, more than thrice longer than wide, and connected with the first discoidal cell by a short petiole; third submarginal cell subquadrate. Legs fulvous; coxae and trochanters white: posterior tarsi whitish. Abdomen ovate, polished, flattened ; first segment with a round, black spot at base, surrounded by a fulvous circle, posterior margin with a white oblique spot on each side; second segment ful- vous, with a large, subquadrate, black spot on each side, and a transverse, lateral, white spot at tip; remaining segments black, stained with fulvous on the sides, the third, fourth and fifth segments each with a whitish lateral spot at tip ; seventh segment very small ; apex of abdomen pointed, but slightly incurved; venter simple, flattened, pearly-white, transversely stained with pale dusky; extreme tip dusky. Length -i'i lines ; expanse of wings 9 lines. Ilab.-AX^t Virginia, (Ridings. Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.) The shape of the abdomen of the specimen from which the above description was taken is entirely different from that given in the gene- ic description of Trlijondlyx, (Westwood, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. iii. p. 270.) since it is depressed, and scarcely to be called convex, either above or beneath ; it is inserted immediately above and between the posterior coxse ; the first segment is triangular, and about equal in length with the second; the third as wide as the second, and a little shorter; the fourth narrower and a little shorter than the third; the three following segments rapidly decreasing iu size, and but slightly incurved, the three together forming a triangle; seventh segment very 352 E. T\,Cresson's descriptions of tico new Trigonalys. small and sub truncate at tip. The apical margin of segments 2 — 6 is slightly emarginate in the middle. The ventral segments are entirely simple, and proportioned about the same as the dorsal segments, the terminal one pointed, and extending slightly beyond the tip of the up- per segment. The legs are long and moderately slender; the posterior coxre are large and elongate, extending almost to the tip of the second ventral segment. Trigonalys (Lycogaster) costalis. Male. — Black j head opaque, rather deeply and very densely punctured, cloth- ed with a short, rather dense, pale pubescence, hoary in certain lights: the orbits, wider in front, a spot on each side of the clypeus — which is shining and feebly punctured — and upper margin of the mandibles extending down- wards at the base of the teeth, yellow: palpi fuscous; antennae brown, slender, about two-thirds as long as the body, 24-jointed, tip very slender. Thorax ru- gosely punctured, opaque, pubescent j mesothorax with two deeply impressed. longitudinal lines, converging on the scutellum: a short line on each side in front of the tegulre, ending in a spot beneath the insertion of the anterior win°-s, two medial abbreviated lines on the mesothorax anteriorly, tegulse, the scutel- lum, except a black line down the middle, the space on each side with a spot near the base of the wings, the postscutellum and a transverse line on each side, an oblique spot on each side of the metathorax at tip, a narrow, oblique, indis- tinct line on each side of the pleura, all yellow: metathorax finely rugose, ex- cept the sides at base, which are rough and carinated longitudinally. Wings hyaline, with a broad fuscous streak along the costa. nearly obsolete at the base of the wing, but becoming broader toward- the tip; second submarginal cell narrow, more than twice longer than wide, sub-petiolated with the first discoidal cell: third submarginal subquadrate, longer than wide. Legs short; posterior coxce short, scarcely attaining the middle of the first ventral segment; yellowish : femora, except base and tips, dark fuscous, the intermediate pair with an exterior yellowish streak : tips of posterior tibiae and of all the tarsi, dusky. Abdomen short, ovate, convex, tip much incurved, pointed ; black, shin- ing, closely but finely punctured : apical margin of the very small basal seg- ment, yellow, as well as the more broad posterior margins of the four following segments, much the broadest on the second; venter polished, the apical margin of the first segment narrowly yellow and interrupted in the middle; second seg- ment very large and prominent, the ti]> produced and emarginate in the middle, the posterior margin with a broad yellow stripe on each side and a rounded spot of the same color on the disk. Length 4^ lines ; expanse of wings 8J lines. Ilab.— Mass., (Hidings. Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.) Should LijcoijuMi ■■>• Shuckard. be established as a valid genus, this species, as well as Trigonalys Gundlachii Cresson, from Cuba, should be classed as members of that genus. I have not yet seen a Trigonalys 9 , but judging from the great structural differences between the two % specimens described above, I am inclined to believe that Lycogaster i> a distinct genus. 353 Revision of the FOSSORIAL HYMENOITERA of North America. I. Crabronid^e and Nyssonidje. BY A. S. PACKARD, Jr., M. D. [Continued from page 115.] THYREOPTJS, St. Fargeau et Brulle. Thyreopus, St. Fargeau et Brulle. Ann. Ent. Soc. France iii, 1837. Head transversely oblong, being one-half as long as it is broad, wider than the thorax ; in front deeply furrowed, being depressed from behind the eyes, sloping rather rapidly to the broad, deep, antennal groove. Ocelli arranged in an equilateral triangle on the elevated ver- tex ; front more broadly triangular than usual. % antennae thick and short, with 13 joints, 2nd much ciliated, 4 — 13 very broad and flatten- ed ; under side of 4th — 6th joints with short curved pencils of silvery pubescence; within dentate, terminal joint cylindrical. In the more aberrant species the % antennas are only slightly flattened or entirely simple. Iu the $ the antennae are simple, cylindrical, slender, fili- form, not thickened towards the tip. Clypeus one-half as long as broad, convex in front, edge smooth, base square, with a thin median ridge, most prominent at the base ; covered closely with a dense silvery pu- bescence. In $ the joints of the maxillary palpi are broader than in % , 3rd and 4th joints of nearly the same length ; 5th much swollen at tip; 6th long, cylindrical. Labial palpi much thicker than in % , 2 — 3 joints broadly triangular. Lingua nearly obsolete in S and often in $ . In one 9 it reaches a little beyond the mandibles, is compressed and deeply divided, the lobes being very narrow. Mandibles of even width, the teeth unequal, rounded, truncate. Thorax sub-globose, pro- thorax angulated on the sides, with a lateral tubercle, more acute in % . Meso-scuturu behind curving gradually around to the seutellum which is small and sublunate. Propodeum much as usual, but narrow- ed behind. Legs with broad triangular coxae, beneath provided with a large, acute tubercle, trochanters longer and narrower than the coxae; fore femora broad; fore tibia armed externally with a broad, triangular, shield-like expansion, often much longer than the length of the joint, sometimes lobed, the end acute or obtuse. The femora in T. latipes has a much smaller, though similar expansion, with a long, slender hook at the base of the opposite side. First joint of the tarsus short, broadly flattened, produced bluntly at the tip, remaining joints very short and broad, the terminal one produced laterally into a long vex- PROCEEDINGS ENT. SOC. PHILAD. FEBRUARY, 1867. 354 Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr's Revision of the hillum which ends in nearly as long a hook. In the two hinder pair of legs the coxse are provided with an outer tubercle at tip, short, the trochanters long and narrow, the femora somewhat angulated and swollen ; middle tibiae with a small spur ; hind tibiae triquetal, with a row of setiferous tubercles, with two very large spurs. First tarsal joint a third longer than the remaining ones, or as long as all the rest together. The $ has the fore-legs simple and rather slender, armed externally with spine-like setaa, there being six setae on the basal joint; tibiae tri- quetal, spined as usual. All the tibias have two unequal spines, the last pair being much the longest, 1st joint of hind pair nearly as long as the remaining ones together. Abdomen narrower than the thorax, slightly sub-pedunculated, longer than the head and thorax together, a little broader in $ , which has the tip broad, flat, triangular, the sides perfectly straight, not in- curved as in Crabro ; tips of % broad, spatulate. This genus may easily be distinguished from Crabro by its elongated body, the expanded fore-legs and antennae of the males, and the females can invariably be distinguished from those of Crabro by the broad spatulate, flattened triangular, supra-anal area, since iu Crabro cephal- lotes of Europe and C. septentrionalis of this country, which, in many of their characters, closely counect Crabro and Tliyreopus, the tip is mucronate, the spine being unusually compressed and deeply grooved. In this genus the % head in front narrows rapidly toward the cly- peal region, which is one-half as broad as the entire head behind the middle of the eyes; in 9 it is much broader, but still much narrower than in Crabro, as the head is much shorter, much broader than the body, and more deeply excavated in front. The pterostigma, compared with Crabro, is more distinct, the second median space is much shorter, regularly diamond-shaped ; the 2nd median recurrent terminates on the outer third of the length of the 1st sub-costal space, instead of at the end, so that the form of this space is five-sided, rather than dis- tinctly rhomboidal, as in Crabro. The submedian space is proportion- ally shorter aud broader than in Crabro, and the outer side, or second recurrent, is more obliquely curved outwards, where in Crabro it is curved nearly transversely, and is slightly angulated. The female differs from Crabro in the shorter, more transverse, much less cubical head. The antennae are slenderer toward the tips, propo- deuui more produced, the enclosure well developed and distinctly tri- angular, while it is nearly obsolete in Crabro. Fossorial Hymenoptera of North America. • 355 Synopsis of Species. A. Vexhillura present. a. Antennae broad and flattened, dentate. % . Vexhillum leaf-like, tip very acute T. latipes, Smith. % . Vexhillum suborbicular, lobulated, leaf-like T. coloradensis, Pack. % . Vexhillum obtusely triangular, scutellate, very con- vexly lobed behind, covered with dots; anterior margins obsolete T. cribrellifer, Pack. %. Vexhillum acutely triangular, semicordate. Ungues present T. argus, (Harr.) 6. Antennae subsimple. % . Vexhillum short sub-orbicular, scutellate; fuscous yellow spots on the thorax T. signifer. Pack. c. Antennae simple. % . Vexhillum less triangular, expansion short, half as long as joint itself T. pegasus, (Harr.) %. Vexhillum scpiare, brown, with a few yellow stripes, antennae slightly fusiform; basal joint of abdomen faseiate T. discifer, Pack. %. Vexhillum rboniboidal, anterior edge concave, poste- rior convex; abdomen with the basal joint tumid, black T. tumidus, Pack. B. Vexhillum absent, and instead a brush of hairs. %. Basal joint of abdomen with a yellow band T. singulatus, Pack. J. Very large, with large yellow fascia on second ring beneath. % unknown T. monticola. Pack. 9- Fore femora tipped with yellow T. advenus, Smith. 9. Unusually large broad band on basal abdominal ring, but one terminal continuous band T. conspicuus, Cress. 9 . One-half as large as preceding, thorax black, abdomen with two slight basal sinuate fasciae T. succinctus. Cress. 9. Yellow stripe on meso-scutellum, but one terminal band T. vemalis, Pack. Thyreopus latipes. Crabro gryphus, Harr. Cat. Ins. Mass. p. 68. (1835.) Crabro latipes, Smith, Cat. Hym. B. M. IV. p. 396. (1856.) not C. latipes, Cresson, Proc. iv, p. 477. (1S65). % . Closely resembles C. coloradensis, while the head is more transverse and smaller than in T. cribrellifer ; surface puncto-striated, but not so distinctly striated as in C. coloradensis, with a slight hir- suties between the ocelli and antennal groove; clypeal region a little longer and narrower than in C. coloradensis ; clypeus yellow on each side of the carina, mandibles yellow on the basal half, tips rufous, an- tennae as in T. coloradensis, flagellum being much wider than in T. cribrellifer ; scape compressed, yellow beneath, black above, flagellum black. Prothorax punctured, with a denticle on the side anteriorly, with a 356 Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr's Revision of the slight ridge leading from it towards the mesial line, surface of the me- so-scutum puncto-lineated, where in T. eoloradensis it is simply punc- tured ; scutellum punctured; post-scutellum minutely puncto-lineated longitudinally. Propodeum much more coarsely rugose than in the Colorado species, the mesial femora expanding into a broad diamond- shaped area much nearer the base of the segment than in the Colorado species. Wings much the same, but the costal nervures are much blacker than iu the two other species. Fore tibiae expanded into a long acute mucronate shield, which is much longer and narrower and less broadly leaf-like than in T. eoloradensis. It also differs in form from that of T. cribrellifer in being more acute at tip, and having a broad sub-acute lobe on the anterior edge. It is not covered with dots, but with three broad, black, parallel, longitudinal stripes, of which the outer is one-half as long as the inner; also on the inner black base each of the three straight broad lines go to the inner edge; tarsi much as in T. cribrellifer ; middle femora with a black line, above yellow; hind femo- ra yellow; middle tibine yellow, with a black line within; hind tibite broad towards tip, black within, grooved beneath, on the outer edge a row of spinules; middle tarsi yellow; hind tarsi fuscous beyond base of first joint which is yellow, being much paler than in the two other species named above. Abdomen as described in T. cribrellifer, being intermediate in size between it and T. eoloradensis, but the basal pair of fascias are more sinuate and slenderer, the third and fourth pairs are entire as in T. eoloradensis, not being excavated on the front edge as in T. cribrellifer; fifth pair united into a continuous band, entire; sixth pair separate again. Length of body, .86 inch. Connecticut, (Norton). Mass., (Harris' Coll.). Brunswick, Me., (Packard). The broad, long, acute, mucronate, shield-like expansion of the fore tibiae, with black, straight stripes at base, and on the outer edge, will distinguish it from C. eoloradensis, and on the other hand, its middle femora lined with black above, and beneath yellow, will readily distin- guish it from T. cribrellifer. It agrees closely iu these characters with the Colorado species, as also in its abdominal fasciae and antennae, dif- fering from both, however, in the sculpturing of the propodeum. Thyreopus eoloradensis, n. sp. Crabro latijies, Cresson, Proe. Ent. Soe. Vol. iv, p. 477. (1865). % . Body more elongated and slender than in T. latipes ; head a little shorter, and narrowing more rapidly behind the eyes; surface Fossorial Ihjmenoptera of North America. 357 puncto-striated, freer from hirsuties than in that species; clypeus yel- low, edge produced, angulated, covered densely with a silvery pubes- cence ; basal half of mandibles yellow externally, piceous ; antennae black, broadly dilated, flattened, concave beneath, with no curl of hairs en basal joint of flagellum ; scape yellow, lineatcd above with black. Thorax wholly black, with no yellow markings ; whole surface more than usually coarsely punctured, especially the scutum and scutellum pf mesothorax, and on the propodeum the strife are parallel to the me- sial furrow, rather indistinct though regular, while the transverse ru- gae are almost obsolete. This area is longer and more produced than in T. IcUipes. Fore coxa) black, trochanters dilated towards the tip where are two small spines, thrice as long as broad ; femora broadly dilated, but expansion is longer than broad ; at base two large incurved hooks, yellow ; tibiae dilated iuto a broad leaf-like expansion, nearly as broad as long, concavo-convex, acutely pointed behind, with six acute teeth or lobes ou the edge, yellow ; from the tibia itself radiate to the outer edge and terminate in the lobes like the veins of a cabbage-leaf, nine curvilinear brown lines, the shortest narrowest, the long ones being straighter and broader in the middle ; tarsal joints much as described in T. latipes, yellow, fuscous on the tips and edges ; just above the in- sertion of the legs the thorax more densely covered with silvery pubes- cence ; middle trochanters yellow ; femora yellow, with a black streak on the upper side, joint not so broadly dilated as in T. latipes, tibia; and tarsi yellow ; first tarsal joint twice as long as the remaining ones together; in T. latipes the same joint is hardly one-third longer, ter- minal joiuts fuscous ; hind femora black, tibiae yellow, with an outer black dot; basal joint more than three times as long as the remaining joints together. Abdomen long and slender, a little duller in hue than in the pre- ceding species ; a pair of lateral curved, not sinuated fasciae on the ba- sal joint, broadly ovate fasciae on the 2nd joint, more remote than the others; 3rd and 4th pairs nearly contiguous, narrower than the pre- ceding, the 4th divided iuto two fasciae, and not forming a continuous line as in T. latipes; 5th and 6th a continuous line, with a shallow regular sinus in the middle, otherwise the band is not indented on its front edge, which is very straight and parallel; terminal segment broad and spatulate, piceous, with no yellow spot in the centre. On the un- der side of the 2nd abdominal ring are two larger fasciae, comma-shaped, nearly meeting, and on the succeeding ring is a pair of dots; sometimes the fasciae are wanting and only a pair of dots remain. 358 Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr's Revision of the Length of body, .4-2; head and thorax, .20; abdomen, .22 inch. Colorado Terr., (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). Besides the much longer, slenderer, and more coarsely punctured body, the more broadly dilated antennae, and narrower posterior part of the head, and the different mode of sculpturing on the propocleum, this species differs in other respects from T. latipes as in the structure of the legs, and the coloration as above described. The expansion on the fore tibiae is shaped somewhat like a cabbage-leaf, the broad veins be- ing represented by the curved dark lines. There is no sieve-like ar- rangement of transparent dots, no dots whatever being present. Seen laterally when the limb is appressed to the body, the plate is seen to be broader, its upper edge remarkably dentate; and the anterior half of the tibial joint above is yellow, where in T. latipes the entire joint is yellow externally. Also the striking differences in the coloration of the thorax and of the abdomen, where the fasciae on the 4th ring take the place of the continuous one present in T. latipes, and the very even bands, not indented on their front edge, as also the presence of the fasciae and dots on the under side of the abdomen, together with the striking differences in the comparative length of the tarsal joint, serve to distinguish the two species. Though the present species is slenderer than the other, the thorax is not so high and is more elon- gated; the sides of the abdomen are unusually parallel, being thus ob- long, where in T. latipes the form is more ovate. Thyreopus cribrellifer, n. so. % . Head finely puncto-striated ; body finely punctured; head black, between the eyes covered sparsely with a thin pubescence ; orbits nar- rowly lined with a silvery pubescence ; mandibles yellowish testaceous at base. Antennae black with a slender scape, joints of flagellum ex- panded broadly on the sides, so that the outline of the flagellum is fusi- form when seen from above, the basal joint being broader than long, beneath flattened concave, with a curl of silvery hairs on the 2nd joint, terminal joint long, tapering, cylindrical. Thorax finely punctured, propodeum coarsely rugose, with a median, deep, straight furrow, and a lateral net-work of high, raised, irregular ridges; entirely black, ex- cept two remote dots on each angle of the prothorax. The tubercle is often black, but generally yellow. Fore trochanters dark fuscous, ringed with yellow at tip; femora twice as long as broad, angular, flat- tened beneath and at base, provided with a long curved spine nearly half as long as the femora ; above, the scutellate expansion, or vexhillum, spreads out posteriorly into a long, broad, obtuse point, longer than Fossorial Ilymenoptcra of North America. 359 the joint itself, and twice as broad as long; outer margin brown beneath , tibia; expanded into an unusually large, concavo-convex, sub-triangular plate, longer than broad, five-sided, the anterior edge inrolled and sinuate, thus making the anterior edge appear straight when seen from above ; posterior edge deeply excised ; base of vexhilluui thinly covered with yellow transparent dots, giving it a sieve-like appearance ; these disap- pear on the outer edge, where it is deep brown : beneath, these holes are arranged in sinuate lines over the tibial joint, no radiating lines on the anterior half; basal joint of tarsus long and expanded triangularly; mesial joints very short and broad, fused together, terminal joints hardly expanded, larger, thin, and terminating in a flat triangular expansion ; its edge broad, and abruptly terminating in a long, slender, incurved hook. Middle and hind trochanters and femora black; tips of the middle yellow ; inner side of the hind tibiae streaked with brown, ter- minal joints of tarsi fuscous. Abdomen with sinuate yellow fasciae on the three basal segments, the middle pair largest, nearly meeting on the median line of the body, the third pair indented on their front edge ; a narrow, transverse, con- tinuous band on the hind edge of 4th and 5th rings, dentated in front, a pair of fasciae situated in the middle of the 6th ring, separated by a triangular black space ; in middle of the 7th and terminal ring is a single yellow dot, sometimes nearly obsolete. Beneath, as usual, black. Length of the body, .42; head and thorax, .20; abdomen, .21 inch. Maine, common in August on Spiraea, (Packard), Mass., (Sanborn). Illinois, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.). Our most abundant species northwards, it can be easily recognized by the larger vexhillum and peculiar tarsi, and want of any yellow spot on the ciypeus, and by the dentated yellow lines on the terminal rings of the abdomen. T. argus, Pack. Crabro argus, Harris, Cat. Ins. Mass. p. 68. (1835). % . Head shorter and narrowing behind more than in any other spe- eies, front more deeply excavated, and thus the eyes and ocelli render- ed more prominent, the vertex being unusually convex, front broader, eyes more remote and clypeal region broader than in T. cribrellifer ; surface puncto-striated, but more coarsely punctured and less finely lin- eated than in T. cribrellifer. Orbits on anterior half of the front sil- very pubescent; ciypeus yellow, covered with a dense silvery pubes- cence ; mandibles yellow, tips corneous ; antennae with the scape dilated and longer than in T. cribrellifer, entirely yellow ; flagellum remark- 360 Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr's Revision of the ably broad and fusiform, the joints being greatly expanded, broader than long, and produced on the outer edge in front, so as to be sinuate, beneath very convex, 4 terminal joints cylindrical, short, the termi- nal one being scarcely two-thirds longer than broad. Thorax slender, but anteriorly punctured much as in T. cribreHifef. Propodeum with the enclosure more distinct than in the preceding species, the mesial longitudinal furrow obovate, with a lateral net-work of large sub-pen- tagonal fossae ; entirely black, no yeliow spots whatever. Fore tro- chanters long, black, yellow at tips, with no terminal spines ; femora long, broadly dilated, especially behind, with a long expansion termi- nating in a long thin hook, and a basal spine opposed to it ; yellow, with black basal spot ; tibia? expanded into an exactly semicordate con- cavo-convex plate, the outer half being exactly straight, as the convex edge is revolute beneath, while the inner side is convex, especially to- wards the base, and slightly sinuate, narrowly triangular in its general form, base half as long as the sides, basal half expanding out on to the femora ; yellow on basal half; throughout thickly dotted, seive-like, with fine transparent dots arranged in fine lines near the base; tai-sal joints unusually well developed, basal joint three times as long as the remainder, widening towards the broadly truncated tip, convex beneath; 3rd joint developed iuto a broad hainule much as in T. latipes; joints very broad and short, flattened, with a long spinule externally. Middle legs entirely yellow, only the trochanters striped with black above; posterior pair of same proportion between the length of the joints and tarsi as in T. latipes, but the joints are a little slenderer. Hind tro- chanters black, femora black, tibia? yellow, with an ovate black spot on both the outer and inner side ; spines on the terminal joints of tarsus fuscous. Abdomen very long and slender, arcuate; basal joint long and slen- der, with broad and arcuate fascia?, either united, or a little separated; followed with two succeeding rings by remote, ovate, minute fasciae, as in T. latipes ; on the 4th ring they are narrow, transverse, excavated on each side of the median line of the body on the front edge, where T. latipes has them bideutate ; on 5th ring are slight remote fasciae. Beneath black, edges of rings piceous, as usual. Length of body, .42; head and thorax, .19; abdomen, .23 inch. Brunswick, Maine, taken in August on flowers of Spiraea alba. Easily recognized by its very broadly dentate antenna?, the short head, retreating rapidly behind, the prominent eyes, the entirely yellow scape, immaculate thorax, and acutely triangular, semicordate, tibial expansion, the well-developed tarsal joints, the two yellow posterior pairs of legs, wherein it differs from its nearest ally T. cribrellifer. Fosso7-iaI ITymenojitcra of Norlli America. 3C1 Thyreopus signifer. n. sp. % . Head more cuboidal than in T. cribrellifer, being longer, and not narrowing so rapidly behind ; the front less deeply excavated, eyes of same size, ocelli arranged in a similar low triangle ; in front of them a transverse line of hairs extending towards the insertion of the antennae. Cljpeus as in T. latipes, a lateral line of silvery hairs along the front edge of the eyes, as usual. Antennae simple, joints cylindrical, long and slender, sutures well marked. 2nd joint a third longer than 1st or 3rd j joints showing a slight tendency to become flattened beneath; black, scape yellow, black at base on upper side ; mandibles black, a little yellowish at base. Prothorax above reddish-yellow, interrupted in middle ; thorax much as in T. cribrellifer ; a reddish-yellow stripe on scutellum ; hind edge of yellow tubercle very convex. Fore coxa), trochanters and femora black, tibia) expanded into a broad concavo-convex, shield-like plate, as long as broad, sub-pentago- nal, the angles much rounded, and the end obtuse, bein" angulated near the middle of the posterior edge, and near the base of the anterior edge; tibiae yellow, but the plate dark, with light lines radiating from the middle of the tibiae, with other independent lines. Tarsi large, well developed, fuscous; middle and hind femora black; tibiae yellow, with an external dark mark, tarsi fuscous. Abdomen smooth and shining as usual, yellow fascia) as in T. cribellifer, but they are broader and heavier, not indented, the stripes being continuous across the ab- domen on the 4th and 5th rings; edge of 6th ring obscurely yellow, tip spatulate. a little hirsute. Length of body, .42; head and thorax, .20; abdomen, .22 inch. Brunswick, Maine. August, on flowers of Spiraea alba. Easily known by its short, dark, shield-shaped plate or vexhillum, which is as broad as long, and the presence of a yellow band on the meso-scutellum ; its simple non-expanded antenna), the fuscous yellow spots on the thorax, and entire non-indented abdominal fasciae. It is of the same size as T. cribrellifer, but a little shorter. 9 . A female specimen received from Mr. Sanborn differs from the Other sex by its shorter head, more deeply excavated front, and more convex vertex ; the clypeus is longer, scape of antenna) more thicken- ed, otherwise the color is the same. The thorax is sculptured and spotted the same, but the enclosure of the propodeum is more deeply furrowed and rugose on each side of the mesial furrow. Fore and mid- dle legs colored as in T. pegasus, internal ring and two remote fasciae one-half narrower than in T. pegasus, where they form a broad, scarcely interrupted band; terminal band narrower, tip of abdomen a little PROCEEDINGS F.XT. SOC. PHILAD. FEBRUARY, 1867. 3G2 Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr's Revision of the broader. This 9 will probably be eventually found to be the 9 signi- fer, differing likewise from T. pegasus 9 in its brighter yellow spots and different arrangement of the abdominal fascia?. Mass. (Sanborn). In the following section (C) the head is shorter than in the preced- ing species, the clypeus rather narrower, raised in the middle, and the 13-jointed antenna? are cylindrical throughout, the 2nd joint of the fla- gellum long and slender, dilated, as long as the mandibles, which are narrow, longer, tooth somewhat pointed ; palpi short, thick, joints hardly dilated, unusually hirsute, rather broad. The thorax is short, globose, the tubercle not colored yellow, prothorax rather broader than in the preceding sections. The fore tibia? are provided with broad triangular expansions, much shorter than broad, or nearly simple, first joint of tarsus broad, as long as the remaining ones, tip a little produced, 2nd, 3rd and 4th short and very broad, of equal length, hind tibia? more dilated than in preceding species, the propodeum is roughly sculp- tured ; the outer sub-median recurrent is more oblique and angulated in the lower three-fourths than in the preceding sections. The abdomen is much longer than the head and thorax together, much narrower than the thorax, flattened beneath, not arcuate as usual; basal ring twice as long as wide, thickened and convex above, tip rather triangular than spatulate. Thyreopus pegasus. Pack. Crab ro pegasus, Harr. Cat. Ins. Mass. p. 6S. (1835). % . Body slender, black; head finely but distinctly punctured; or- bits and clypeus silvery; mandibles brown, testaceous at tip, at base yellow; two basal joints of antenna? yellow, remainder piceous black, with a brownish spot on the upper side near the base. Thorax punc- tured like the head, prothorax yellow, interrupted mesially ; tubercle vellow ; te"ula? testaceous, concolorous with the uervures of wing: two yellow dots on meso-scutellum, sometimes obsolete and black. Surface of propodeum coarsely rugose, with high transverse and longitudinal ridges; enclosure not so distinct as usual, mesial furrow, and ruga? more distinct posteriorly; on each side of the mesial line a deep fur- row ; sides straight, bordered by straight longitudinal ridges ; between these two furrows, a long, narrow triangular depression. Fore femora dilated, brown, with a longitudinal yellow stripe on the terminal half; on the yellow tibia? a triangular vexhillum, broadly angulated on the basal half of inner margin; surface covered with sinuate alternate light and dark lines, ofteu interrupted into spots most thick-set on the outer half of the vexhillum ; middle femora brown, with a yellow Fossoricd ITymencptcra of North America. 3GH streak on upper side of the tip, tibiae and tarsi yellow; hind femora wholly browu, tibiae yellow, with an external broad-oval, lanceolate spot, likewise shaded with brown internally. Abdomen black, on upper side of basal ring a pair of rather nar- row, arcuate yellow spots, succeeded by thin spots, one on each ring, straight and tapering towards the median line of the body; the three last pairs of spots form nearly connected bauds, especially the fifth pair which cover the posterior half of the ring. Tip yellow, finely hirsute. Length of body, .34; head and thorax, .16; abdomen, .18 inch. This is a smaller species than any of the preceding, and can be easily distinguished by the shape of the vexhillum, which is consider- ably smaller than in T. stgnifer, and by the simple antennas. 9 . A 9 specimen which in Dr. Harris' notes is referred with some doubt to the present species, differs beside the usual sexual characters in having the scape of the antennae entirely yellow. The prothoracic fasciae are united on the median line. The thorax is sculptured the same, and the legs are colored in much the same way. The trochan- ters and femora are dark brown, tibia? and tarsi yellow, femora shaded slightly with brown inside; middle and hind coxae, trochanters and femora brown-black; hind tibiae yellow, wanting the outer dark spot, but brown within. Abdomen colored the same, the fasciae being, however, a little heavier ; tip fuscous. Length, .40, head and thorax, .19; abdomen, .21 inch. Its cylindrical slender scape, rounded hind edge of the enclosure of the propodeum, and the broad, heavy fascias, will further distinguish the females of this species. Thyreopus discifer, n. sp. % . Head subcubical, transversely oblong, being a little more than half as long as broad, vertex flat and broad, front broad, rounded and narrowing a little towards the insertion of the jaws; surface more coarsely punctured than usual, piceous black ; antennae with the scape plainly clavate, entirely yellow; flagellum short and thick, a little thickened in the middle, but not towards the tips ; joints very short and slightly flattened, though not concave or denticulate, terminal joint very short, conical. Orbits silvery, clypeal region broad and long, silvery; mandibles black. Thorax stout, rather coarsely punctured, entirely piceous black, except two remote spots on the thorax, which is angulated on each side. Propodeum with the triangular enclosure very distinct, with a median, broad ovate, six-sided groove, much ■> 64 Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr's Revision of the broader than below, on each side of which are five rugae, directed obliquely outward ; posteriorly with short, transverse slight ridges, becoming larger on the flanks; slightly pilose on the side of the thorax. The femora are not much dilated, black, striped above with yellow ; tibiae broadly dilated into a concavo-convex square plate, with the edges as long as broad, corners rounded; front edge straight, much rounded externally, hind edge sinuate, lengthening externally; tibia? themselves yellow, vexhillum brown, paler on the edges, with a few spots and sinuate abbreviated lines near the inner edge, and a yellow spot at base ; tarsal joints large and well developed, basal joint twice as long as broad, the two next very short and broad, fringed externally with a hirsuties, fuscous like the rim of the vexhillum; middle femora black above, yellow beneath, tibia? entirely yellow, middle tarsi broad and fuscous; hind femora black; tibia? with rows of spines; tarsi fuscous. Abdomen smooth, as long as the rest of the body, arcuate, elongated ovate, basal joint a little swollen above; four large, slightly sinuate, yellow, lateral, remote fasciae; tip broad spatulate, brown. Length of body, .36; head and thorax together, .18; abdomen, .18 inch. This is a larger and stouter species than the succeeding members of the genus, and by its cubical head, nearly simple antenna?, simple squarish vexhillum and normal well developed fore tarsi, combines the characters of the two sections of the genus. The wing characters, the nodosities of the basal joint of the abdomen, together with the general shape of this region, ally it somewhat closely to T. tumidus, from which it is sufficiently distinct in its black scape, which is not clavate, but rather obscurely fusiform, and by its black and more coarsely punctured body; the basal joint of the abdomen is also fasciate where in T. tumidus it is unspotted. Thyreopus tumidus, n. sp. % . Head cuboidal, very finely punctured, black, lower part of the front near the clypeus covered broadly with a silvery pubescence ; mandibles yellow, corneous towards tip; antennae black, secoud joint yellow, with an oval black-brown spot on the inside, so that when the autenua? are appressed to the front, the two spots unite to form a mitre-shaped spot. Thorax finely punctured; prothorax with three dots, sometimes obsolete, on each side, one near the middle of the scutellum, the other two on the sides, which are often obsolete; a yel- low spot on each side of the mesothorax. Enclosure of the propodeum distinct, and deeply furrowed. FossoriaZ Hjt/menoptera of North America. 365 Fore pair of trochanters and coxae black, femora scarcely dilated within, the expansion (vexhillum) is convex on its inner edge, beneath irregularly concave, pale, straw yellow ; tibia dilated into a square, subrhomboidal convex plate, as broad as long - , both sides convex, hind margin convex, one-third shorter than the broad, concavo-sinnate an- terior edge, which is externally produced into a blunt, rounded spot; straw yellow, vexhillum becoming brown towards the outer edge, with three alternate light and dark sinuate stripes, parallel to the joint; on the under side of base of joint a blackish dot; tarsal joints testaceous, expanded portious darker without; two hind pairs of femora black, tibia yellow, under side of hind tibiae black-brown; tarsi testaceous brown, abdomen shining black, 3-spotted, the spots or short fascia 1 , broad ovate, not approximating on the median line; basal joint black, convexly swelled above, tumid; spots on 2 — 5 rings with minuter spots, especially the second pair, tip covered sparsely with a slight hirsuties. Length of body, .3-1; head and thorax, .lb' ; abdomen, .18 inch. 9 . differs from the male in having the second joint of antennas entirely yellow; prothorax yellow above, and the enclosure of the propodeum is transversely narrowly banded with yellow, and more hir- sute than in the other sex. Fore coxa and trochanters black; femora with the angles of the joint black, lineated with paler, externally a triangular yellow spot, running beyond the middle of the joint ; tibia simple, yellow, tarsi fuscous ; middle and hind trochanters and femora black; hind tibia yellow, with an internal brown spot near the tip. The abdomen is flatter and broader than in % , and the three fascia are correspondingly narrower, but still remote above. The fascia are sinuate, the third pair very narrow above, at the base broadly dilated ; beneath black in both sexes. 9 . Length, .40; head and thorax, .20; abdomen, .20 inch. Illinois, (Norton,) Penn.. (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.) The cuboidal head, the remote broad, ovate spots on the abdomen, together with the simple antenna and the broad, square plate on the fore tibia are characters easily separating this species, and throwing it into a distinct group of almost subgenera value. The female of the present species differs from the foregoing ones in the unusually cubical head, which is scarcely broader than long; ver- tex broad and flat ; front narrower between the eyes than usual, being wholly concealed when the antenna are folded back, the entire front of the head, including the eyes, is transversely oblong, not narrowing be- low at the insertion of the antenna so much as usual. The clypeal 366 Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr's Revision of the region is broad, but the two lateral pieces very short, though broad, while the clypeus is loug, very slightly truncated and raised before the euiarginate edge, being two-thirds as long as broad, and deeply convex in front, edge smooth, not indented ; mandibles long, slender, second tooth nearly obsolete. Palpi slender, joints scarcely flattened, terminal joint cylindrical, much as usual. The antennae are small and cylindrical, short, second joint subclavate, swelled slightly, beneath full and slight- ly angulated longitudinally; terminal joint not dilated, joints hardly longer than broad. The hind femora and tibiae differ in having the tibial spur much smaller, and the tibiae more spinulated, and in the longer tarsi. Those from Illinois differ a little from the Pennsylvanian specimens in having the meta-scutellum yellow, on the femora a mesial yellow line, on each side a small, black, broad stripe, tarsi brown, a pair of la- teral and yellow spots on each side of the basal ring of the abdomen, scape almost entirely yellow, orbital and clypeal region silvery; mandi- bles entirely black; middle femora yellow at tips and beneath, black in- stead of brown, and tibiae entirely yellow ; mesothorax with a very long, silvery pubescence. Thyreopus cingulatus, n. sp. % . Head black, very finely punctured; clypeal region silvery, a narrow Hue of silvery pubescence extends along the eyes, nearly half way from the clypeus to the ocelli ; antennae black, the two basal joints entirely yellow; thorax black, an interrupted yellow stripe on the prothorax, tubercle yellow; tegulae testaceous, concolorous with the nervures; two small, yellow dots on the meta-scutellum. Enclosure of propodeum sublimate, with six raised longitudinal striae and trans- verse acute rugae between them, the two mesial strias converging pos- teriorly ; on the posterior part the parallel longitudinal striae are bound- ed by raised crests, with transverse rugae. Fore legs yellow, tibiae dilated externally, but not greatly thickened, with a curved brush of fine hairs along the whole length of the joint, a similar line of hairs along the flanks of the thorax above the insertion of the legs; middle pair of legs entirely yellow, hind legs with the trochanters black above; yellow beneath, a slight longitudinal black streak on the upper side of the coxae; femora yellow beneath and on the sides, black above and at tip on the sides, terminal half of the tibiae black above, form- ing an ovate spot ; tarsal joiuts yellow, with a broadstripeon the upper side of basal joint; on the succeeding rings, a pair of broad, large spots, nearly meeting on the mesial line; on hind margin of each of Fossorial Bt/menoptera of North America. 307 the three succeeding segments is a transverse yellow band, indented on the median Hue; tip brown-black, slightly hirsute. Beneath black, with two large, yellow patches on 3d and 4th rings, separated on the 4th, and confluent on anterior portion of 3d. Length of body, .30; head and thorax, .10; abdomen, .20 inch. 9 . Besides the usual sexual differences, the 9 differs in having the yellow band on the prothorax wider on the sides, two angular spots on flanks of mesothorax, posterior one oblong, and the anterior one. or tubercle, triangular as usual. The mesoscutellum is almost entirely yellow; fore femora black, yellow at tips; middle trochanters black, yellow at tip; femora black, yellow at tip, tibite yellow; tarsi yellow, brownish towards the ungues; hind legs black, except the tibiae, which are testaceous towards the tips, with a blackish spot on the upper sides towards the tips. Length of body, .30; head and thorax, .18; abdomen, .18 inch. Illinois, (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.) Differing in the additional spot on the flanks behind the tubercle, and the yellow scutellum and black legs, the 9 i s referred with some hesitation to this species. This species may easily be known by its slender habit ; the fore tibiae are scarcely dilated; and there is a brush of hairs replacing the vexhillum, and the upper side of the basal joint of the abdomen is surrounded by a yellow band, while the remaining spots are broader and heavier than in any of the other species. Thyreopus monticola. n. sp. 9 . Head shorter and broader than in the preceding species; eyes shorter and smaller, and much farther apart, so that the front is much broader and larger than usual ; ocelli arranged in a curved line in a low triangle; antenna! groove not well marked, no pubescence on the orbits; in front of the ocelli are a few sparse brown hairs ; surface distinctly puncto-striated ; head rounding in front towards the inser- tion of the mandibles; clypeus one-half as long as broad, being short and broad, slightly carinated, lateral lobes broad but short, silvery. .Mandibles large aud heavy, slightly bidentate, but the upper tooth is nearly obsolete, so that it is almost unidentate. Antennae rather long and slender, scape large, clavate, more than usually thick at the ex- tremity, yellow, brown at base and tip on the upper side; flagelluni long and slender, black. Prothorax yellow above, the two fasciae slightly separated; meso- scutum distinctly furrowed in the mesial line, while the submesial 368 Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr's Revision of the ridges are nearly obsolete ; surface rather finely punctured ; scutellum with a mesial yellow ovate spot. Enclosure of propodeum with high, thin ridges of unequal length, radiating from the mesial furrow, which is unusually deep and narrow; posteriorly the rugae become transverse and finer. Fore femora black, above yellow, with a ferruginous stripe inside; tarsal joint yellow, tip and remaining joints ferruginous; mid- dle and hind femora black, tibite yellow, black at tip, with numerous thick tubercles ending in the spinules; joints much thicker and stouter than usual, tip of basal joint and terminal ones rusty black. Abdomen long and flattened above, beneath convex, with two large sinuate yellow bands on the basal ring, two long, ovate faseias on the two succeeding rings; on the fourth ring the bands nearly meet; on the fifth ring is a broad band, not indented on the median line, but sinuated at each end on the side of the abdomen. Tip broad and flat, spatulate, edges hardly raised, ferruginous. Beneath are two broad, large fasciae on the second ring; edges of the terminal segments hirsute on the sides. Length of body, .58 ; head and thorax, .28; abdomen, .30 inch. "Pinkhani Notch. Jackson, N. H.," Aug. 3. (Coll. Harris). Differs from the succeeding species not only in its unusually larger size, its smoother, more transverse head, smaller eyes, consequently farther apart, but also in having the ocelli arranged in a low triangle or curved line, with long antennae, thickened scape, together with the large, yellow fasciae on the under side of the second segment of the abdomen. Thyreopus advenus. Pack. Crabro advenus, Smith, Cat. Hym. Br. Mus. iv. p. 421. (1S5(5). Specimens from Connecticut agree in most respects with Colorado specimeus, but the fore femora are not so broadly tipped with yellow, nor are the abdominal fasciae quite so heavily marked. In one speci- men, apparently immature, the fasciae are greenish yellow; the meso- scutellum is entirely black, the body a little shorter and broader than usual, and the propodeum has the enclosure more finely striated at the base than in the other specimens, wherein the Western specimens all differ from those taken in New England. Tn the very minute fasciae on the basal joint of the abdomen, this species reminds us of the coloration of Philanthus ', this resemblance is aided by the short, broad head and slender form. This will ultimately be referred to some one of the species ( % ) no- ticed before. Probably one of the three allied to vicina, will here- Fosso7-iaI Bymenoptera of Norili America. 360 ferred to three distinct species as soon as the sexes are identified by taking them while united. Col. Ten-.. (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.) Maine, (Packard.) Connecticut, ( Norton). Thyreopus conspicuus. Pack. Qrabro conspicuus, Cross., Proc. iv. p. -ISO. (1S65.) Col. Terr. (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.) Thyreopus succinctus, Pack. Qrabro succinctus. Cress., Proc. iv. p. 479. (1805.) Col. Terr., (Coll. Ent. Soc. Phil.) Thyreopus vernalis, n. sp. 9 . Head very short and broad, not one-half as long as broad. Eyes reach behind the middle of the head, and the ocelli are set farther back on the head than usual, and in a curved line upon a tri- angular area, distinctly marked in front by two lines meeting to form the apex of the triangle. Vertex depressed in front of the ocelli, a well-marked mesial impressed line extends down to the antenna 1 groove; a slight long and silvery pubescence lines the orbits, not ex- tending so high up on each side of the antenna! groove as usual, above whicli are a few long, sparse, sandy hairs. Head broad in front, rounded towards the insertion of the mandibles; clypeal region broad, but short ; clvpeus shorter than usual, less than one-half as long as broad, flattened, but slightly ridged, not carinated ; mandibles long and slender, unequally bidentate; lower tooth the smallest. Antennae, slender, scape dilated clavate, black, tip yellow; flagellum black, hardlv clavate. sutures not well defined. Prothorax narrow, sides angular, but not dentate, mesial notch quite well marked, flat on each side, not carinated, greenish yellow. Sur- face of thorax finely, minutely and sparsely puueto-striated, with long hairs arising from them ; a brown-yellow stripe on the meso-scutellum and meta-scutellum ; on front part of the scutum is a long, distinct impressed mesial line; no Bubmesial lines present. A large, very dis- tinct lunate enclosure on propodeum, finely puncto-lineated on each side of the broad, shallow mesial furrow, which below extends triangu- larly towards insertion of abdomen, forming an unusually broad, smooth, depressed area, while the two halves of the scutum are irregu- larly striated, covered by an irregular net-work of ridges ; tegula* black, as are the hinge-pieces of wings which last are clear, not clouded, nervures bright ferruginous. Legs rather stout, femora unusually swelled, black, tibiae rather short, thickening towards the tip; fore and PROCEEDINGS EXT. SOC. PUILAD. FEBRUARY, 1867. 370 Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr's Revision of the middle tibia; black, within pale yellow, basal half of hind tibiae pale yellow, black beyond, the joint subtriangular, widening towards tip, finely and sparsely pubescent, with two rows of slight, slender minute ■spinules ; fore tarsi pale yellow, ungues blackish brown ; 2d — 4th joints of middle tarsi slightly ferruginous, ungues brown ; hind tarsi ferruginous, darker towards tips of joints and on sides. Abdomen not so long as the head and thorax together, somewhat flattened, hardly convex beneath, 1 — 5 rings with a pair of greenish yellow fasciae, of which the last pair nearly meet, and the others close- ly approximate, except those on 3d and 4th rings, which are more remote and ovate, 2d pair largest. Tip broad triangular, slightly channeled, surface flat. Length of body, .34 ; head and thorax together, .18 ; abdomen, .16 inch. Illinois, (Coll. Eut. Soc. Phil.) Easily known by its unusually short, transverse head, the nearly black antennae, unequally toothed mandibles, broad and short flattened clypeus ; the broad smooth tibiae aud the two large yellow stripes on the meso-scutellum and meta-scutellum. The body is highly polished, smooth, and the spots and fasciae are of a pale greenish hue. This species leads to the Nyssonidao by its short, transverse head, the shape of its abdomen, and general habit. BLEPHARIPUS, St. Fargeau. % . Head transversely oblong, being a little less than one-half as long as broad, narrowing slightly behind; front triangular, somewhat depressed below the margin of the rather globose eyes, median suture deeply impressed; clypeal region two-thirds as broad as the entire head ; clypeus itself full as long as broad, front edge convex, acutely serrated; antennae rather long and slender ; 2d joint slightly swelled; tip tapering, not thickening as in $ ; joints of palpi weak, broadly com- pressed, terminal one slender, cylindrical; mandibles long, slender, bidentate, teeth subequal. Thorax subglobular, longer than in Crabro; propodeum being more sensibly produced; prothorax broad as usual, smooth, convex above ; mesoscutum uniformly a little longer than in Crabro, as is the mesoscutellum. Propodeum with a broad, subcor- date smooth area, which is longer than in Crabro, where it is invariably .striated. Wings with the pterostigma unusually distinct; all the cells are broader and shorter than in Crabro ; 2d subcostal space shorter than usual, 2d subcostal recurrent terminating within the middle of the 2d costal cell, while also the 2d median recurrent terminates in the Fossorial Hymenoptcra of North America. 371 middle of the subcostal area; 2d median cell much shorter than in Orabro; 2d submedian space shorter, and its outer side much more oblique and curved than in Orabro, when it is more or less angular. Legs slender, smooth, joints not slightly spinulated. Abdomen longer than the head and thorax together, slender and narrow, subclavate, slightly pedunculate, basal joint being narrower and longer than in Crabro, and the entire region more arcuate ; tip spatulate. 9 . Head transversely oblong, being a little more than one-half as long as broad, broader than in % ; front even with the margin of the eyes; quadrilateral, but rounding inwards a little, towards the inser- tion of the mandibles; front between the eyes rather narrow triangu- lar median line deeply impressed, does not spread out so broadly on the vertex as usual ; clypeal region one-half as broad as the head ; clypeus itself trapezoidal, full as long as broad, well raised in the centre; eyes rather narrow, not globose as in Crabro; antennae nor- mal, thickening a little towards the tip ; joints cylindrical, a little en- larged in the middle ; mandibles as usual, bidentate, teeth equal; palpi not very slender, joints broad, compressed. Femora more swollen and spinulated than in % . There is a tendency in the $ abdomen to thicken towards the tip, where in Crabro it is thickest in the middle ; tip triangular, acutely produced, flattened above with prominent lateral ridtres. o This genus may be easily distinguished from Crabro, by its shorter head, which is much more transverse, being less cubical; the eyes are less globose, more aligned with the surface of the front, or epiera- nium. and smaller and narrower; the front is not so deeply impressed by the antennal groove, and the 2d joint of the scape of the antennae is more cylindrical, less liable to become angular, as are the terminal joints which are cylindrical, where in Crabro they are sometimes den- tate beneath. One of the best distinctive characters lies in the very narrow clypeal region, as in this genus the eyes completely cover over the lateral clypeal region which is so characteristically exposed in Crabro, while the clypeus itself is longer, with its front edge more rounded and deeply toothed. The palpi are smaller and weaker than in Crabro, besides being more compressed. The thorax is more pro- duced behind, as is the abdomen v also, being longer than the anterior part of the body, while in Crabro, though this is not a constant char- acter, the abdomen is apt to be either equal in length to both the head and thorax taken together, or even shorter; the triangular tip of the 372 Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr's Revision of the abdomen is also longer than in Crabro. But in the neuration of the wings arc excellent characters for separating the two genera, as the small, short 2d median cell is very regular diamond shaped, and the 2d submedian, of which the outer recurrent for side) is curved obliquely, where in Crabro it is straight, or if slightly oblique, is always angu- lated below its middle. The species vary much in coloration and sculpturing. B.